introduction to android testing - oscon 2012

introduction to android testing

a hands-on approachOSCON 2012

diego torres milanoandroid system engineer

flextronics

http://dtmilano.blogspot.com

“Never test the depth of the water with both feet.”

-- Anonymous

agenda

android testing background

test driven development

code coverage

continuous integration

behavior driven development

operating systems

Others

Android400M

iOS250M

May 2012

android testing background

?WhenWhat

howWhy

types of testtests

unit functional

integration performance

types of test

unitby programmers for programmers

in a programming language

JUnit is the de-facto standard

test objects in isolation

in a repeatable way

usually rely on mock objects

types of testtests

unit functional

types of test

by business & QA people

in a business domain language

test completeness & correctness

BDD has gained some popularity

FitNesse can help

functional

types of testtests

unit functional

types of test

how components work together

modules have been unit tested

android components need integration with the system

testing framework facilitates integration

integration

types of testtests

unit functional

types of testmeasure performance in a repeatable way

if cannot be measure cannot be improved

premature optimization does more harm than good

measure-change-measure

performance

types of testtests

unit functional

class diagramAssert

TestCase<<iface>>Test

AndroidTestCaseInstrumentationTestCase

ActivityInstrumentationTestCase2

ActivityUnitTestCase

InstrumentationTestCaseinstrumentation instantiated before application

allows for monitoring interaction

send keys and input events

manual lifecycle

direct or indirect base class of other tests

class diagramAssert

isolated testing of single Activity

minimal connection to the system

uses mocks for dependencies

some Activity methods should not be called

class diagramAssert

functionaltesting of a single Activity

has access to Instrumentation

creates the AUT using system infrastructure

custom intent can be provided

class diagramAssert

access to Context

access to Resources

base class for Application, Provider and Service test cases

Context stored in mContext field

can start more than one Activity

AndroidTestCase

class diagramAssert

strategy of writing tests along development

test cases written prior to the code

single test added, then the code to satisfy it

advantages:

•the tests are written one way or another

•developers take more responsibility for the quality of their work

activity diagramwrite test

refactor

[passes]

[fails]

design decisions are taken in single steps and finally the code satisfying the tests is improved by refactoring it

temperature converter

fahrenheit

celsius

keyboard

autoupdate

requirements

converts between temperature units

one temperature is entered and the other is updated

error is displayed in the field

right aligned, 2 decimal digits

entry fields start empty

understanding requirements

to write a test you must understand the requirement

destination is quickly identified

if requirement change, changing the corresponding test helps verify it

github

$mkdir myworkdir

$ cd myworkdir

$ git clone git://github.com/dtmilano/I2AT-OSCON-2012.git

creating the main project

TemperatureConverter uses conventional settings

select build target

TemperatureConverter uses Android 4.0.3

creating the test project

Automatically selected values for TemperatureConverterTest

project

running the tests

[13:21:28 - TemperatureConverterTest] Launching instrumentation android.test.InstrumentationTestRunner on device XXX[13:21:28 - TemperatureConverterlTest-local] Failed to launch test

creating the test case

Use: ActivityInstrumentationTestCase2

as the base classTemperatureConverterActivity as

the class under test

warning due to the parameterized base class

creating test stubs

Select: onCreate(Bundle) to create a method stub

fix constructor/** * Constructor * @param name */public TemperatureConverterActivityTests(String name) { super(TemperatureConverterActivity.class); setName(name);}

running the tests

junit.framework.AssertionFailedError: Not yet implemented at com.dtmilano.i2at.tc.test. TemperatureConverterActivityTests. testOnCreateBundle( TemperatureConverterActivityTests.java:50)

fixtureprotected void setUp(String name) throws Exception { super.setUp();

mActivity = getActivity(); assertNotNull(mActivity);

mCelsius = (EditText)mActivity.findViewById( com.dtmilano.i2at.tc.R.id.celsius); assertNotNull(mCelsius); mFahrenheit = (EditText)mActivity.findViewById(com...); assertNotNull(mFahrenheit);}

references the main package

layoutsatisfy the test needs

assign celsius and fahrenheit ids

fix the test! /**! * Test method for {@link TemperatureConverterActivity #onCreate(android.os.Bundle)}.! */

! public void testOnCreateBundle() {! ! assertNotNull(mActivity);! }

ui tests: visibility

@SmallTestpublic void testFieldsOnScreen() { final View origin = mActivity.getWindow().getDecorView(); ViewAsserts.assertOnScreen(origin, mCelsius); ViewAsserts.assertOnScreen(origin, mFahrenheit);}

annotations@SmallTest

@MediumTest

@LargeTest

@UiThreadTest

@Suppress

@FlakyTest

ui tests: alignment

@SmallTestpublic void testAlignment() {! ! ViewAsserts.assertRightAligned(mCelsius, mFahrenheit);! ! ViewAsserts.assertLeftAligned(mCelsius, mFahrenheit);}

ui tests: initialization

@SmallTestpublic void testFieldsShouldStartEmpty() {! ! assertTrue("".equals(mCelsius.getText() .toString()));! ! assertTrue("".equals(mFahrenheit.getText() .toString()));}

ui tests: justification @SmallTestpublic void testJustification() {! ! final int expected = Gravity.RIGHT|Gravity.CENTER_VERTICAL;! ! assertEquals(expected, mCelsius.getGravity());! ! assertEquals(expected, mFahrenheit.getGravity());}

running the testsvideo plays on click >>>

gravityadd right and center_vertical

gravity for celsius

and fahrenheit

running the testsvideo plays on click >>>

temperature conversion! @UiThreadTest! public void testFahrenheitToCelsiusConversion() {! ! mCelsius.clear();! ! mFahrenheit.clear();! ! final double f = 32.5;! ! mFahrenheit.requestFocus();! ! mFahrenheit.setNumber(f);! ! mCelsius.requestFocus();! ! final double expected = TemperatureConverter.fahrenheitToCelsius(f);! ! final double actual = mCelsius.getNumber();! ! final double delta = Math.abs(expected - actual);! ! assertTrue(delta < 0.005);! }

run on the main thread

specializedclass

converterhelper

errors are underlined in red

EditNumber classEditNumber class extends EditText

TemperatureConverter

TemperatureConverter is a helper class

refactorpublic class TemperatureConverterActivityTests extends ActivityInstrumentationTestCase2< TemperatureConverterActivity> {

private TemperatureConverterActivity mActivity; private EditNumber mCelsius; private EditNumber mFahrenheit;

new class

! @UiThreadTest! public void testFahrenheitToCelsiusConversion() {! ! mCelsius.clear();! ! mFahrenheit.clear();! ! final double f = 32.5;! ! mFahrenheit.requestFocus();! ! mFahrenheit.setNumber(f);! ! mCelsius.requestFocus();! ! final double expected = TemperatureConverter.fahrenheitToCelsius(f);! ! final double actual = mCelsius.getNumber();! ! final double delta = Math.abs(expected - actual);! ! assertTrue(delta < 0.005);! }

temperature conversion! @UiThreadTest! public void testFahrenheitToCelsiusConversion() {! ! mCelsius.clear();! ! mFahrenheit.clear();! ! final double f = 32.5;! ! mFahrenheit.requestFocus();! ! mFahrenheit.setNumber(f);! ! mCelsius.requestFocus();! ! final double expected = TemperatureConverter.fahrenheitToCelsius(f);! ! final double actual = mCelsius.getNumber();! ! final double delta = Math.abs(expected - actual);! ! assertTrue(delta < 0.005);! }

all compiler errors corrected

[TemperatureConverterTests-OSCON-2012] Test run failed: Instrumentation run failed due to 'Process crashed.'[TemperatureConverterTests-OSCON-2012] Test run finished

exception in logcatjava.lang.ClassCastException: android.widget.EditText at com.dtmilano.i2at.tc.test. TemperatureConverterActivityTests.setUp (TemperatureConverterActivityTests.java: 52)

52:!! mCelsius = (EditNumber) mActivity.findViewById( com.dtmilano.i2at.tc.R.id.celsius);

change widget typeSelect

com.dtmilano.i2at.tc.EditNumber

layout

<com.dtmilano.i2at.tc.EditNumber android:layout_height="wrap_content"! ! android:layout_width="match_parent" android:inputType="numberDecimal"! ! android:id="@+id/celsius" android:gravity="right|center_vertical">! ! <requestFocus /></com.dtmilano.i2at.tc.EditNumber>

running the tests

celsius to fahrenheit

-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40

Fahrenheit

Celsius

f = 9/5 * c + 32c = (f-32) * 5/9

converter

public class TemperatureConverter {

! public static double fahrenheitToCelsius(double f) { // TODO Auto-generated method stub! ! return 0;! }

TemperatureConverterTestsTest case as base classcreate method stubs

TemperatureConverter as CUT

method stubsselect the methods you want

stubs created for

conversion test

public final void testFahrenheitToCelsius() {! ! for (double c: sConversionTableDouble.keySet()) {! ! ! final double f = sConversionTableDouble.get(c);! ! ! final double ca = TemperatureConverter.fahrenheitToCelsius(f);! ! ! final double delta = Math.abs(ca - c);! ! ! assertTrue(delta < 0.005);! ! }! }

conversion tableprivate static final HashMap<Double, Double> sConversionTableDouble =! ! ! new HashMap<Double, Double>();!static {! ! sConversionTableDouble.put(0.0, 32.0);! ! sConversionTableDouble.put(100.0, 212.0);! ! sConversionTableDouble.put(-1.0, 30.20);! ! sConversionTableDouble.put(-100.0, -148.0);! ! sConversionTableDouble.put(32.0, 89.60);! ! sConversionTableDouble.put(-40.0, -40.0);! ! sConversionTableDouble.put(-273.0, -459.40);}

add f -> c conversion

public class TemperatureConverter {

! public static double fahrenheitToCelsius(double f) {! ! return (f-32) * 5/9.0;! }

run the tests

this assertion fails

creating test case

use AndroidTestCase as base class

use EditNumber as CUT

method stubsselect the constructorsselect other methods

fixture

/* (non-Javadoc) * @see android.test.AndroidTestCase#setUp() */protected void setUp() throws Exception { super.setUp(); mEditNumber = new EditNumber(getContext());

public final void testClear() {! ! final String value = "123.45";! ! mEditNumber.setText(value);! ! mEditNumber.clear();! ! final String expected = "";! ! final String actual = mEditNumber.getText().toString();! ! assertEquals(expected, actual);}

implementation

public class EditNumber extends EditText {

// ...

! public void clear() {! ! setText(null);! }

test set number

public final void testSetNumber() { final double expected = 123.45; mEditNumber.setNumber(expected); final double actual = mEditNumber.getNumber(); assertEquals(expected, actual);}

set number

public class EditNumber extends EditText {

// ...

public void setNumber(double f) { setText(Double.toString(f)); }

test get number

public final void testGetNumber() {! ! final double expected = 123.45;! ! mEditNumber.setNumber(expected);! ! final double actual = mEditNumber.getNumber();! ! assertEquals(expected, actual);}

get numberpublic class EditNumber extends EditText {

// ...

! public void getNumber() { final String s = getText().toString(); if ( "".equals(s) ) { return Double.NaN; }! ! return Double.valueOf(s);! }}

run the tests

testFahrenheitToCelsiusConversion is still failing

what’s the problem ?clear() works

requestFocus() works

setNumber() works

fahrenheitToCelsius() works

getNumber() works

temperature converter

fahrenheit

celsius

keyboard

autoupdate

TemperatureChangeWatcher

create it as an inner classcheck abstractimplements TextWatcherinherited abstract methodscreate 2 EditNumber fields mSource & mDest

generate constructor

use the fieldspublic accessomit call to super()

the watcherpublic abstract class TemperatureChangeWatcher implements TextWatcher {! ! private EditNumber mSource;! ! private EditNumber mDest;! !! ! public TemperatureChangeWatcher( EditNumber source, EditNumber dest) {! ! ! this.mSource = source;! ! ! this.mDest = dest;! ! } // ...}

on text changed@Overridepublic void onTextChanged(CharSequence s, int start, int before, int count) {! if ( !mDest.hasWindowFocus() || mDest.hasFocus() || s == null ) return;! final String str = s.toString();! if ( "".equals(str) ) {! ! mDest.setText(""); return;! }! try {! ! final double result = convert(Double.parseDouble(str));! ! mDest.setNumber(result);! }! catch (NumberFormatException e) {! ! // WARNING: this is thrown while a number is entered, for example just a '-'! }! catch (Exception e) {! ! mSource.setError("ERROR: " + e.getLocalizedMessage());! }}

we should define it

abstract convert method

public abstract class TemperatureChangeWatcher implements TextWatcher { //...

protected abstract double convert(double temp); //...}

find views@Overridepublic void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView( R.layout.activity_temperature_converter); mCelsius = (EditNumber) findViewById(R.id.celsius); mFahrenheit = (EditNumber) findViewById(R.id.fahrenheit);}

add change listeners@Overridepublic void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { // ... mCelsius.addTextChangedListener( new TemperatureChangeWatcher(mCelsius, mFahrenheit) {! ! ! @Override protected double convert(double temp) {! ! ! ! return TemperatureConverter.celsiusToFahrenheit(temp);! ! ! }! }); mFahrenheit.addTextChangedListener( new TemperatureChangeWatcher(mFahrenheit, mCelsius) {! ! ! @Override protected double convert(double temp) {! ! ! ! return TemperatureConverter.fahrenheitToCelsius(temp);! ! ! } });}

we should create it

add conversionpublic class TemperatureConverter {

! public static double celsiusToFahrenheit(double c) {! ! // TODO Auto-generated method stub! ! return 0;! }}

adding testpublic class TemperatureConverterTests extends TestCase { // ...! /**! * Test method for {@link TemperatureConverter#fahrenheitToCelsius(double)}.! */! public final void testCelsiusToFahrenheit() {! ! for (double c: sConversionTableDouble.keySet()) {! ! ! final double f = sConversionTableDouble.get(c);! ! ! final double fa = TemperatureConverter.celsiusToFahrenheit(c);! ! ! final double delta = Math.abs(fa - f);! ! ! assertTrue("delta=" + delta + " for f=" + f + " fa=" + fa, delta < 0.005);! ! }! }}

running the tests

implementing conversionpublic class TemperatureConverter {

! public static double celsiusToFahrenheit(double c) {! ! return 9/5.0 * c + 32;! }}

running the tests

test xml attributespublic final void testSetDecimalPlacesAttributeFromXml() { LayoutInflater inflater = (LayoutInflater)getContext() .getSystemService( Context.LAYOUT_INFLATER_SERVICE); View root = inflater.inflate( com.dtmilano.i2at.tc.R.layout.activity..., null); EditNumber editNumber = (EditNumber) root.findViewById(com.dtmilano.i2at.tc.R.id.celsius); assertNotNull(editNumber); // i2at:decimalPlaces="2" is set in main.xml assertEquals(2, editNumber.getDecimalPlaces());}

decimal placespublic void setNumber(double d) { final String str = String.format("%." + mDecimalPlaces + "f", d); setText(str);}

public void setDecimalPlaces(int places) { mDecimalPlaces = places;} public int getDecimalPlaces() { return mDecimalPlaces;}

define attributes

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><resources> <declare-styleable name="i2at"> <attr name="decimalPlaces" format="integer" /> </declare-styleable> </resources>

add attributes

xmlns:i2at="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/com.dtmilano.i2at.tc"

<com.dtmilano.i2at.tc.EditNumber android:id="@+id/celsius" i2at:decimalPlaces="2" android:ems="10" ... > <requestFocus /> </com.dtmilano.i2at.tc.EditNumber>

init using attributes

public EditNumber(Context context, AttributeSet attrs) { super(context, attrs); init(context, attrs, -1);}

private void init(Context context, AttributeSet attrs, int defStyle) { final TypedArray a = context.obtainStyledAttributes(attrs, R.styleable.i2at); setDecimalPlaces(a.getInteger( R.styleable.i2at_decimalPlaces, DEFAULT_DECIMAL_PLACES)); a.recycle();}

know decimal places

protected void setUp() throws Exception { super.setUp(); mEditNumber = new EditNumber(getContext()); mEditNumber.setDecimalPlaces(2);}

test signed number@SmallTestpublic void testFahrenheitToCelsiusConversion_input() throws Throwable { runTestOnUiThread(new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { mCelsius.clear(); mFahrenheit.clear(); } }); final String c = "-123.4"; getInstrumentation().sendStringSync(c); assertEquals(c, mCelsius.getText().toString()); final double expected = TemperatureConverter.celsiusToFahrenheit(Double.parseDouble(c)); final double actual = mFahrenheit.getNumber(); final double delta = Math.abs(expected - actual); assertTrue(delta < 0.005);}

add attributes<com.dtmilano.i2at.tc.EditNumber android:id="@+id/celsius" android:layout_width="match_parent" android:layout_height="wrap_content" i2at:decimalPlaces="2" android:ems="10" android:gravity="center_vertical|right" android:inputType="numberSigned|numberDecimal" > <requestFocus /></com.dtmilano.i2at.tc.EditNumber>

running the tests

code coverage

measures the amount of source code tested

android relies on emma (http://emma.sf.net)

supported coverage types:

method

coverage report

overall coverage summary

overall stats summary

coverage breakdown by package

building with antdisable project’s Build Automatically in Eclipse

convert project to ant

$ android update project --path $PWD \ --name TemperatureConverter-OSCON-2012 \ --target android-15 --subprojects

$ android update test-project \ --main $PWD \ --path $PWD/tests

run configuration

run build.xml as Ant build...use emma transient target

clean, emma, debug, install,

ant 1.8specify ant 1.8 home

Ant home...

coverage

run build.xml

coverage analysis report is generated

is currently only supported on the emulator and rooted devices

get coverage file

$ adb pull /data/data/com.example.i2at.tc/files/coverage.ec coverage.ec

on some user devs

Give the app WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE permission

Add emma.dump.file build property

Use an external storage location (i.e. sdcard)

coverage report

coverage breakdown

name class% method% block% line%

TemperatureConverter

TemperatureConverterActivity

EditNumber

100% 67% 82% 67%

100% 100% 91% 93%

100% 100% 98% 96%

constructor not covered

private constructorpublic class TemperatureConverter {! private TemperatureConverter() {! ! // do nothing! }! public static double fahrenheitToCelsius(double f) {! ! return (f-32) * 5/9.0;! }! public static double celsiusToFahrenheit(double c) {! ! return 9/5.0 * c + 32;! }}

access private constructor

public final void testPrivateConstructor() throws Exception {! Constructor<TemperatureConverter> ctor = TemperatureConverter.class.getDeclaredConstructor();! ctor.setAccessible(true);! TemperatureConverter tc = ctor.newInstance((Object[])null);! assertNotNull(tc);}

circumventrestriction

returning NaN

missing tests

public final void testGetNumber_emptyText() { mEditNumber.setText(""); final double actual = mEditNumber.getNumber(); assertEquals(Double.NaN, actual);} public final void testGetNumber_nullText() { mEditNumber.setText(null); final double actual = mEditNumber.getNumber(); assertEquals(Double.NaN, actual);}

finished application

this is the final result

requirements

converts between temperature units

one temperature is entered and the other is updated

error is displayed in the field

right aligned, 2 decimal digits

entry fields start empty

running tests

alternatives

eclipse

command line

android application

run configurations122

am instrument

-wWaits until the

instrumentation terminates before terminating itself

-r Outputs results in raw format

-e <key> <value>

Provides testing options as key-value pairs

command line$ adb shell am instrument -w \ com.dtmilano.i2at.tc.test/\ android.test.InstrumentationTestRunner

$ adb shell am instrument -w \ -e func true \ com.dtmilano.i2at.tc.test/\ android.test.InstrumentationTestRunner

all tests:

functional tests:

Activitypublic class TemperatureConverterTestsActivity extends Activity {

! private static final String TAG = "TemperatureConverterTestsActivity";

! private static final int TIMEOUT = 15000;!! private TextView mResults;! private LogcatAsyncTask mLogcat;...

lifecycle methods@Overrideprotected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {! ! super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);! ! setContentView(R.layout.main);! ! mResults = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.results);}@Overrideprotected void onDestroy() {! ! super.onDestroy();! ! if (mLogcat != null) { mLogcat.cancel(true); }}

getInstrumentationInfo

private InstrumentationInfo getInstrumentationInfo(final String packageName) {! ! final List<InstrumentationInfo> list = getPackageManager()! ! ! ! .queryInstrumentation(packageName, 0);! ! return (!list.isEmpty()) ? list.get(0) : null;}

run testspublic void runTests(View v) { final String pn = getPackageName().replaceFirst(".test$", ""); final InstrumentationInfo info = getInstrumentationInfo(pn); if (info != null) {! final ComponentName cn = new ComponentName(info.packageName,! ! ! info.name);! if (startInstrumentation(cn, null, null)) {! ! mLogcat = new LogcatAsyncTask();! ! mLogcat.execute(TIMEOUT);! } } else {! Toast.makeText(this,! ! ! "Cannot find instrumentation for " + pn, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT) .show();! }}

task to read logcatprivate class LogcatAsyncTask extends AsyncTask<Integer, String, Void> {! // TestRunner and silence others! private static final String CMD = "logcat -v time TestRunner:I *:S";! private BufferedReader mReader;! private Process mProc;

! public LogcatAsyncTask() {! ! try {! ! ! mProc = Runtime.getRuntime().exec(CMD);! ! ! mReader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(! ! ! ! ! mProc.getInputStream()));! ! } catch (Exception e) {! ! ! Log.e(TAG, "Creating proc", e);! ! }! }

progress update

@Overrideprotected void onProgressUpdate(String... values) {! ! if (!TextUtils.isEmpty(values[0])) {! ! ! mResults.append("\n" + values[0]);! ! }}

do in background@Overrideprotected Void doInBackground(Integer... params) {! ! final long timeout = System.currentTimeMillis() + params[0];! ! try {! ! ! do {! ! ! ! Thread.sleep(50); publishProgress(mReader.readLine());! ! ! } while (System.currentTimeMillis() < timeout);! ! } catch (Exception e) {! ! ! publishProgress("ERROR: " + e);! ! } finally {! ! ! publishProgress("END"); mProc.destroy();! ! }! ! return null;! }}

in action132

agile technique for software engineering

received broad adoption in recent years

prevents “integration hell”

integrate changes frequently

requirements

version control system

automated build

self tested

artifacts and tests results easy to find

installation

download war from http://jenkins-ci.org

$ java -jar jenkins.war

jenkins home

android plugin

new job

ant properties

build artifacts

build dependency

android emulator

invoke ant

Create test project

Set repository URL

Trigger build after main project

Build with ant

test project

xml test results

download xmlinstrumentationtestrunner.jar

replace instrumentation byandroid:name="com.neenbedankt.android.test.XMLInstrumentationTestRunner"

customize project configuration

junit test result

build step

PKG=com.dtmilano.i2at.tcOUTDIR=/mnt/sdcard/Android/data/$PKG/files/OUTFILE=test-results.xmlADB=/opt/android-sdk/platform-tools/adb

$ADB pull "$OUTDIR/$OUTFILE" "$WORKSPACE/TemperatureConverter-OSCON-2012/tests/bin/$OUTFILE"

test report

coverage trend

Enable record emma coverage

Specify emma XML report files

Change health reporting

Modify build.xml to support XML reports

code coverage

line coverage

evolution of Test Driven Development

inclusion of business participant

common vocabulary

based on Neuro Linguistics Programming

fitnesse

test suite

slim test fixturepackage com.example.i2at.tc.test.fitnesse.fixture;import com.example.i2at.tc.TemperatureConverter;

public class TemperatureConverterCelsiusToFahrenheitFixture {! private double celsius;

! public void setCelsius(double celsius) {! ! this.celsius = celsius;! }

! public String fahrenheit() throws Exception {! ! try {! ! ! return String.valueOf(TemperatureConverter.celsiusToFahrenheit(celsius));! ! } catch (RuntimeException e) {! ! ! return e.getLocalizedMessage();! ! }! }}

test run

questions ?

android application testing guide

Apply testing techniques and tools• Learn the nuances of Unit and

Functional testing• Understand different development

methodologies such as TDD and BDD• Apply Continuous Integration• Improve applications using

performance tests• Expose your application to a wide

range of conditions

thank you

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