intercellular communication and signal transduction

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INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATION AND SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION

DR. ZAHOOR ALI SHAIKH LECTURE--- 4

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INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATIONHOW CELLS COMMUNICATE WITH

ONE ANOTHER ? Intercellular communication can

take place either directly or indirectly.

The most common means of communication between the cells is indirect.

We will study both.

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INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATIONIntercellular Communication: 1) Direct 2) Indirect Direct Intercellular

Communication It involves physical

contact between the cells.

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INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATION DIRECTMethods of Direct Communication i) Through Gap Junctions ii) Through Surface Markers

i) GAP JUNCTIONS In some tissues minute tunnel or gap

are present between the neighboring cells. Through gap junctions, small ions and molecules are exchanged between the cells, without ever entering the extracellular fluid. Gap junctions are present in cardiac muscle.

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INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATION DIRECT ii) Through Surface Markers Some cells like those of

immune system, have specialized markers on the surface of membrane that can recognize body own cells and selectively destroy only undesirable cells e.g. cancer cells.

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INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATION INDIRECT

Indirect Communication Between Cells

Most cells communicate Indirectly through Extracellular Chemical Messengers or Signal molecules.

There are FOUR types of indirect communication

1) Paracrines 2) Neurotransmitters 3) Hormones 4) Neurohormones

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INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATION INDIRECT 1. Paracrine These are local chemical

messengers, therefore its effect is on only near by cells. Effect occurs due to diffusion of chemical messenger within interstitial fluid.

Chemical messenger does not go into the blood in significant quantity as it is destroyed by local enzymes.

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INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATION INDIRECT Paracrine Example of Paracrine Indirect

Communication: Release of Histamine by

connective tissue cell during tissue injury. Histamine causes local vasodilatation to increase blood flow.

–Paracrine Secretion• Local chemical messengers• Exert effect only on neighboring cells in immediate environment of secretion site

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INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATION INDIRECT

2. Neurotransmitter Nerve communicate with

the cells, they innervate by releasing Neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitter diffuses through narrow extracellular space (cleft) to act locally on target i.e. another neuron, muscle, or gland.

–Neurotransmitter Secretion• Short-range chemical messengers•Diffuse across narrow space to act locally on adjoining target cell (another neuron, a muscle, or a gland)

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INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATION INDIRECT

3. Hormones Hormone are long range

chemicals messengers, secreted into blood by Endocrine glands. They effect on target cells, some distance away from their site of release.

• Long-range messengers• Secreted into blood by endocrine glands

in response to appropriate signal• Exert effect on target cells some

distance away from release site

Hormonal Secretion

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INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATION INDIRECT

4. Neurohormones Hormones released into blood by

Neurosecretory neuron. E.g.– Vasopressin is the hormone

produced by nerve cells in the Brain. It goes in the blood and acts on the kidney to cause increased water reabsorption.

–Neurohormone Secretion• Hormones released into blood by

neurosecretory neurons• Distributed through blood to distant

target cells

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SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION

Signal Transduction refers to a process by which incoming signals (instructions) coming to the target cell, are transformed into required cellular response.

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How Signal Transduction Occurs?It depends on messenger and

receptor . Response occurs by three ways:

1. By opening or closing chemically gated receptor channels e.g. Na+, K+

2. By activating receptor – enzyme e.g. protein kinases

3. By activating second messenger via G-Protein

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1. By Opening & Closing Chemically Gated Receptor-Channel

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2. By Activating Receptor Enzyme

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3. G-Protein Coupled Receptor

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Activating Through G-ProteinMost extra cellular chemical

messengers activate second messenger pathway via G-Protein – coupled receptors.

[a]. When first messenger, which is chemical messenger brings signal to the receptor.

[b]. Binding of first messenger to the receptor activates G-Protein.

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Activating Through G-Protein [c]. G-Protein acts via second messenger - Cyclic Adenosine Mono Phosphate [cAMP] - or It may be Ca2+. And causes required bio-chemical

reactions in the cell

NOTE – About half of all the drugs used, act via G-Protein coupled receptors e.g. drugs used for blood pressure, asthma, pain.

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Second Messenger Cyclic AMP How cAMP works ?

First messenger acts on receptors on the cell membrane and activates G-Protein.

G-Protein activates Adenylyl Cyclase enzyme.

Adenylyl Cyclase induces conversion of ATP to cAMP by clearing off two phosphates.

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Second Messenger Cyclic AMPcAMP acts as intracellular second

messenger. cAMP activates specific intracellular enzyme, protein kinase A.

Protein kinase A activates protein enzymes which bring the desired response.

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Ca2+ SECOND MESSENGER PATH WAYSome cells use Ca2+ as Second Messenger

instead of cAMP.In this case, first messenger causes G-

Protein to activate the enzyme phospholipase C.

Ca2+ stored in endoplasmic reticulum is mobilized – Ca2+ acts as Second Messenger.

Ca2+ activates calmodulin [Ca2+ binding protein].

Calmodulin activates required proteins to bring the final response.

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REMEMBERSecond Messengers are 1. Cyclic AMP [cAMP] 2. Ca2+

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WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW FROM THIS LECTURE?What in intercellular communication?Types of intercellular communication - Direct – through gap junction - through surface markers - Indirect – paracrine, - neurotransmitters - hormones - NeurohormonesSignal transduction - By opening or closing chemically gated receptor

channel - By activating receptor enzymes - By activating second messenger by G protein

coupled receptors

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THANK YOU