insecticides. pesticide characteristics age best used when mixed, don’t store after mixing

InsecticidesInsecticides

PESTICIDE CHARACTERISTICSPESTICIDE CHARACTERISTICS

AgeBest used when mixed, don’t store

after mixing

PESTICIDE CHARACTERISTICSPESTICIDE CHARACTERISTICS

ThatchExcessive thatch (>1/2”) binds

insecticide

PESTICIDE CHARACTERISTICSPESTICIDE CHARACTERISTICS

UV degradationBreaks chemical bondsBiologicals most susceptible

PESTICIDE CHARACTERISTICSPESTICIDE CHARACTERISTICS

pH impactNeutral pH is best

PESTICIDE CHARACTERISTICSPESTICIDE CHARACTERISTICS

Microbial degradationBacteria and fungi feed on organic

portion of pesticideCan break down within hours

GENERAL CLASSIFICATIONGENERAL CLASSIFICATION

Stomach poisons Enter insect through the gut when

eaten

GENERAL CLASSIFICATIONGENERAL CLASSIFICATION

Systemic poisons Translocated within plants Insects exposed when feeding Most effective on piercing-sucking

insects Receive greater dose

GENERAL CLASSIFICATIONGENERAL CLASSIFICATION

Contact poisons Enter body when insect walks over

treated surface

GENERAL CLASSIFICATIONGENERAL CLASSIFICATION

Insect Growth Regulator (IGR) Interferes with normal growth Prevents molting (juvenile

hormones) Very safe, delayed effect

GENERAL CLASSIFICATIONGENERAL CLASSIFICATION

Biorational (Biological) Beneficial fungi, nematodes or

bacteria

MODE OF ACTIONMODE OF ACTION

Nerve poisons: most conventional insecticides

a) Narcotics Physical action in

nervous system

MODE OF ACTIONMODE OF ACTION

Nerve poisonsb) Synaptic Interrupt synaptic transmission of

nervous system Synapse (gap) is the junction

between a neuron and another cell (muscle, gland, etc)

MODE OF ACTIONMODE OF ACTION

Nerve poisonsb) Synaptic In central nervous system,

acetylcholine transmits an impulse across synapse to next cell

Chemicals tie up acetylcholine and cause malfunction

MODE OF ACTIONMODE OF ACTION

Muscle poisons Disrupting muscle membrane

MODE OF ACTIONMODE OF ACTION

Physical toxicants Horticultural Oil

Clog the spiracles that breathe

MODE OF ACTIONMODE OF ACTION

Physical toxicants Insecticidal soap

Strips cuticle and dehydrates insect

MODE OF ACTIONMODE OF ACTION

Physical toxicantsDiatomaceous earthCrushed fossilsCut insects walking over itDehydrate

SOURCE CLASSIFICATIONSOURCE CLASSIFICATION

Inorganic: lack carbonOrganic: possess carbon

Natural are produced from natural substances: botanicals and oils

Synthetics are manmade

MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTSINGREDIENTS

Pesticide rotationRotate chemical classes

Change mode of action (MOA)http://www.irac-online.org/

MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTSINGREDIENTS

ORGANOPHOSPHATES (OP)Unstable in lightWas most widely used insecticides

MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTSINGREDIENTS

ORGANOPHOSPHATES (OP)Malathion, Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos (Dursban)

Cancelled

MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTSINGREDIENTS

CARBAMATESLow persistence in environmentNoted toxicity to pollinators

MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTSINGREDIENTS

CARBAMATESCarbarylGreatest use is fruit

productionControls insects

and fruit-thinning agent

MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTSINGREDIENTS

CARBAMATESCarbofuran (cancelled) Ineffective when used continuouslyMicroorganisms quickly degrade

MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTSINGREDIENTS

CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONSMost persistent insecticide class

MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTSINGREDIENTS

CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS

DDT Cancelled in US in 1973

Extremely stableExtremely stable Resistant to MO, heat, and UV light

Fat solubility Fat solubility Other classes broken down in animals by

enzymes

MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTSINGREDIENTS

CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONSDDT: 2 characteristics for cancellation1. Stability allows more to be taken up by

animals2. Accumulates in body fat

Found traces in milk fat and in human body fat

MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTSINGREDIENTS

CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONSDDTBiomagnificationAs predators consume organisms,

DDT accumulates in fat of predatorThin egg shells, reproductive failure…

MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTSINGREDIENTS

BOTANICALSDerived directly from plantsOrganic gardeningConsidered safer, some exceptionsMost are expensive and impractical

on commercial scale

MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTSINGREDIENTS

BOTANICALSPyrethrum Extracted from Chrysanthemum Wide spectrum and rapid knockdown Breaks down rapidly in sunlight

MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTSINGREDIENTS

BOTANICALSRotenoneSecond most used botanicalExtremely toxic to fish

MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTSINGREDIENTS

BOTANICALSRotenoneNew research released in the United States on

Monday shows a link between the use of two pesticides, rotenone and paraquat, and Parkinson's disease. People who used either pesticide developed Parkinson's disease approximately 2.5 times more often than non-users.

MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTSINGREDIENTS

BOTANICALS NeemOil from neem treePrimarily repellentAlso medicinal and toothpastehttp://www.azasol.com/

MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTSINGREDIENTS

PYRETHROIDS (SYNTHETIC)Replacing many older insecticides:

effective and safeSynthetic pyrethrum

MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTSINGREDIENTS

PYRETHROIDS (SYNTHETIC)Permethrin High toxicity at low rates Quick knockdown More stable Permethrin, Cyfluthrin, Deltamethrin

MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTSINGREDIENTS

PHENYL PYRAZOLESLow mammalian toxicityVery effectiveFipronil, season long control of ants

MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTSINGREDIENTS

CHLORONICOTINYLSTranslocates within plantMerit is absorbed through

rootsSuspected in CCD (bees)Banned in Canada

Colony Collapse Disorder Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD)(CCD)

• Adult bees fly off to die• Causes include parasites, viruses,

bacteria, poor nutrition and pesticides• No proof of cell tower

MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTSINGREDIENTS

BIORATIONAL (Biological)Not substitute for conventional

insecticidesMore scouting and repeat applications

MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTSINGREDIENTS

BIORATIONAL (Biological)Bt (Bacillus thurigiensis)Protein produced by Bt that damages

gutDeath in couple days

MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTSINGREDIENTS

BIORATIONAL (Biological)Bt (Bacillus thurigiensis)Varieties have specific hostVar. kurstaki kills caterpillars (Dipel)

Genetically modified corn contains protein

Monarch butterflies?

MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTSINGREDIENTS

BIORATIONAL (Biological)Bt (Bacillus thurigiensis)Var. israliensis kills mosquitoes

MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTSINGREDIENTS

BIORATIONAL (Biological)SpinosadDerived from bacteriumEffective flea control