innovative low-mass cooling systems for the alice its upgrade detector...
Post on 22-Apr-2020
2 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
Innovative low-mass cooling systems for the ALICE ITS Upgrade detector at CERN
LTCM, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Doctoral Programme in Energy (EDEY)
11th May 2016
Student: Manuel Gómez Marzoa
Thesis director: Prof. John R. Thome
EPFL Thesis 6993 public defence
Goals
17/05/2016 M. Gómez Marzoa 2
1. Lightweight cooling system for ALICE ITS Upgrade
2. Flow boiling heat transfer in a polyimide channel
§ Design parameters § Experimental setup & methodology § Cooling performance results
ALICE ITS Upgrade
17/05/2016 M. Gómez Marzoa 3
Inner Barrel (3 layers)
ITS Upgrade (2019)
ALICE
Silicon pixels Cooling structure
STAVE:
Layer
290 x 15 mm
Middle & Outer Barrel (2+2 layers)
843 x 60 mm
1475 x 60 mm
Power dissipation
17/05/2016 M. Gómez Marzoa 4
ITS Upgrade sectional view
Charged and neutral particles cross detector chips:
1. Ionizing current: signal
2. Non-ionizing current: radiation damage → power dissipation
Ø If Tchip ↑ 7 K, 2x radiation damage (irreparable!!)
12.5 GPix “camera” 100-400 kHz
Design parameters
17/05/2016 M. Gómez Marzoa 5
[%]100Xx0
[cm]ρ
Z287ln1)Z(Z
A716.4X N0
+
⋅=
x=1 mm of material x/X0 [%]
Copper 6.94 Polymide (Kapton®) 0.34 CFRP (K13D2U-2K) 0.42
Power dissipation 0.10 W cm-2 (2015) 0.15 W cm-2 (1.5 FS)
Chip temperature < 30°C Temperature non-uniformity 5-10 K
Global material budget
Water (liquid) 0.28 Two-phase R245fa 0.06*
* ε = 0.85
IB: x/X0 ≤ 0.3% per layer MB/OB: x/X0 ≤ 1.0% per layer
17/05/2016 M. Gómez Marzoa 6
Ultra-light cooling concept
Graphite foil λ~1000 W m-1 K-1
[1] Gómez Marzoa et al., ExHFT8, Lisbon, 2013.
9 Chips 270 x 15 mm
Spaceframe
CFRP λ=620-1000 W m-1 K-1
Polyimide, 1 mm ID z
y
x
17/05/2016 M. Gómez Marzoa 7
Single-phase water
261 6
1
coolant,intcoolant,ou
iNTCilantheater-coo
TTTΔT
+−= ∑
=
< 15 K
Cooling performance:
+ Radiation hard + Loop simplicity
- Leak-less (Δp < 0.3 bar) - Liquid: ↑ x/X0
17/05/2016 M. Gómez Marzoa 8
Two-phase C4F10 loop
G =Eheater
ilv!xin-out
1Ai
x5 =
Eheater !Eair
GAi+ i4 ! i5,l
i5,lvx4 = f (p4, i4 )
+ Radiation hard, dielectric + psat =1.9 bar @15°C + ↓ x/X0
- More complex loop - Flow distribution (346 staves)
Inner Barrel staves
Inlet
Outlet
17/05/2016 M. Gómez Marzoa 10
Inner Barrel: stave layouts
IB1
IB2
IB3
1.4 g
1.8 g
1.7 g
Total x/X0=0.29% (water, services
included [2])
z
y
x
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
!T
hea
ter-
wat
er [
K]
Water flow rate [L h-1
]
Re=2300
IB1
IB2
IB3
6.4 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.86.76.8 6.8
6.06.0 6.1 6.3 6.3 6.1
6.06.16.2 6.2 6.3
6.46.5
17/05/2016 M. Gómez Marzoa 11
Water: ΔTheater-water, 0.15 W cm-2
3
Heat load [W]
17/05/2016 M. Gómez Marzoa 12
Water: total Δp (inc. singularities)
0.3 ü
Vwater = 3 L h-1
[3] [4]
17/05/2016 13
IB2: 2-Ph C4F10, 0.30 W cm-2
* ε = 0.85 as by Steiner [5] void fraction method
C4F10 vs. H2O: 10.5% MB save*
M. Gómez Marzoa
17/05/2016 14 M. Gómez Marzoa
Δp=0.32 bar ; ΔTheater-max=6.0 K 14.9°C
17.3°C
H2O, 3 L h-1
ΔTsat=4.6 K ; ΔTheater-max=6.5 K Tsat,out=16.2°C
Tsat,out=11.6°C
C4F10, 270 kg m-2 s-1
xin=0.15
xout=0.72
IB2: Water vs. C4F10, 0.30 W cm-2
30 mm
Outer Barrel staves
17/05/2016 M. Gómez Marzoa 16
Outer Barrel: half-stave layouts
OB1
OB2
OB3
20.4 g
20.7 g
22.0 g
Total x/X0=0.770% (inc. water, services)
Total x/X0=0.741%* (two-phase C4F10, services included)
* ε = 0.85 as by Steiner [5] void fraction method
z
y
x
Water: ΔTheaters-water, 0.15 W cm-2
17/05/2016 M. Gómez Marzoa 17
0
2
4
6
8
10
5 7 9 11 13 15
!T
hea
ters
-wat
er [
K]
Water flow rate [L h-1
]
Re=2300
OB1
OB2
65.765.7 66.8 67.9
67.665.8
67.4 67.667.6
63.9 64.7 65.3 65.4 66.1 65.7 65.866.267.4
6 Δp=0.2 bar ü
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 200 400 600 800
4 8 12 16 20
!T
hea
ters
-co
ola
nt [
K]
C4F10 mass flux [kg m-2
s-1
]
Water flow rate [L h-1
]
OB1, waterOB3, waterOB3, two-phase C4F10
17/05/2016 M. Gómez Marzoa 18
OB3: 2-Ph C4F10: 0.15 W cm-2
xin [-] xout [-] ΔTheaters-C4F10 [K] 0.16 0.59 5.9 0.03 0.43 6.1
SC=3.5 K 0.34 8.1
17/05/2016 M. Gómez Marzoa 19
OB3: Water vs. C4F10, 0.15 W cm-2
xin=0.07
xout=0.67
Goals
17/05/2016 M. Gómez Marzoa 20
1. Lightweight cooling system for ALICE ITS Upgrade
ü Innovative solutions: plastic tubing & CFRPs.
ü Robust, low material budget.
ü ΔTheater-coolant < 7 K @0.15 W cm-2. Water or two-phase C4F10.
2. Flow boiling heat transfer of R245fa in a polyimide channel
Heat Transfer Research Group (Prof. Ribatski), Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos, USP.
9-month project funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) Doc.Mobility Project no. 155264
Ø No data in literature on flow boiling in plastic channels
Ø HTC vs. G, q, Tsat ??
Polyimide channel
17/05/2016 21
§ Dimensions measured in microscope:
§ Statistical aver. roughness: 12 nm, AFM (Fiorenza et al. [6])
§ λPolyimide= 0.12 W m-1 K-1
M. Gómez Marzoa
Ø ID=2.689±0.025 mm
Ø w=0.063±0.011 mm
Test rig
17/05/2016 22
1. SC R245fa SC=10-20 K
2. SS Preheater (PH) 2.3 mm ID
3. Polyimide channel 4. Visualisation Quartz, 2.1 mm ID 4000 fps High-speed camera
M. Gómez Marzoa
§ Glass ID = 4.925 mm
§ ΔTwater= 0.9-2.5 K § Rewater = 3500-5500 Q = !mcp!Twater
Experimental apparatus
17/05/2016 23
Facility: Tibiriçá and Ribatski (2010) [7]
M. Gómez Marzoa
Parameter Uncertainty T (type K) 23-79°C 0.10-0.11 K Water flow rate 40-80°C 0.031 L min-1
Δp (differential) 150 Pa P transducer 4.5 kPa Coriolis flow meter 0.1% g s-1
hts,mean 13-39% xts,mean ~ 4%
Two-phase tests: data reduction
17/05/2016 24
G [kg m-2 s-1] q [kW m-2] Tsat [°C] xmean [-] 100-500 15-55 35, 41, 47 0.1-0.9
§ Mean vapour quality (xts,m):
§ Mean HTC (hts,m):
Rconv,int =Twater,m !TR245 fa,m
Enet
! Rcond,wall ! Rconv,annKW"
#$%
&'
hts,m =1
Rconv,int (! Lheated Di )
Water-water tests
xts,in =
Qph
GphAi,ph+ iph,in
!
"##
$
%&&' il,ts,in
ilv,ts,inxts,out =
Qph
GphAi,ph+
Qnet
GtsAi,ts+ iph,in
!
"##
$
%&&' il,ts,out
ilv,ts,out
M. Gómez Marzoa
Petukhov [8] (validated)
Results: influence of G
17/05/2016 25
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
x 103
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
xts,mean [-]
h ts,m
ean [
W m
-2 K
-1]
200200
Tsat=41°C, qts,mean=15 kW m-2
300300
100100G [kg m-2 s-1]
1 23
4
Dryout
M. Gómez Marzoa
Results: influence of G
17/05/2016 26
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
x 103
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
xts,mean [-]
h ts,m
ean [
W m
-2 K
-1]
Tsat=47°C ;
ExperimentalExperimental
Liu-WintertonLiu-WintertonKanizawa et al.Kanizawa et al.
400 kg m-2 s-1G=300
qts,mean=45 kW m-2
Kandlikar-Balas.Kandlikar-Balas.Cioncolini-ThomeCioncolini-Thome
M. Gómez Marzoa
[9] [10]
[11] [12]
Results: influence of q
17/05/2016 27
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
x 103
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
xts,mean [-]
h ts,m
ean [
W m
-2 K
-1]
Tsat=41°C; G=200 kg m-2 s-1
1515
2525
qts,mean [kW m-2]Δxin-out≈ 0.18
Δxin-out≈ 0.30
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
x 103
0
1
2
3
4
5
xi [-]
h ts,m
ean [
W m
-2 K
-1]
15
Tsat=41°C
2525
G=200 kg m-2 s-1
qts,mean [kW m-2]xIn xOut
M. Gómez Marzoa
Results: influence of q
17/05/2016 28
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
x 103
0
2
4
6
8
10
xts,mean [-]
h ts,m
ean [
W m
-2 K
-1]
35
Tsat=41°C; G=300 kg m-2 s-1
15152525
4545
Kanizawa Exp
qts,mean [kW m-2]
et al. (2016)[10]
M. Gómez Marzoa
Results: influence of q
17/05/2016 29
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
x 103
1
2
3
4
5
6
xts,mean [-]
h ts,m
ean [
W m
-2 K
-1]
35
Tsat=41°C; G=300 kg m-2 s-1
15152525
4545
qts,mean [kW m-2]
ExpLiu-Winterton
Cioncolini-ThomeCioncolini-Thome
M. Gómez Marzoa
[9]
[12]
Results: influence of Tsat
17/05/2016 30
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
x 103
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
xts,mean [-]
h ts,m
ean [
W m
-2 K
-1]
41
G=200 kg m-2 s-1
3535Tsat [°C]
qts,mean=15 kW m-2
M. Gómez Marzoa
Results: influence of Tsat
17/05/2016 31
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
x 103
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
xts,mean [-]
h ts,m
ean [
W m
-2 K
-1]
41
G=300 kg m-2 s-1; qts,mean=25 kW m-2
3535
4747
Tsat [°C]ExpCioncolini-Thome
M. Gómez Marzoa
[12]
Concluding remarks
17/05/2016 M. Gómez Marzoa 32
1. Lightweight cooling system for ALICE ITS Upgrade
2. Flow boiling heat transfer in a polyimide channel
ü ↑ HTC with ↑G, ↑xmean
ü HTC not depending on q
ü ↑ HTC with ↓ Tsat at high G, high q.
ü Cioncolini-Thome [12] convective method fits experimental data.
ü Innovative solutions: plastic tubing & CFRPs.
ü Robust, low material budget.
ü ΔTheater-coolant < 7 K @0.15 W cm-2. Water or two-phase C4F10.
Convective boiling
Next steps
17/05/2016 M. Gómez Marzoa 33
§ ALICE ITS Upgrade
§ Flow boiling heat transfer in a polyimide channel
Ø Cooling tests on fully assembled staves (chips, glue, FPC, power bus).
Ø Cooling test full staves assembled IB, OB layer.
Ø Loop design (water).
Ø Influence of diameter (1.024, 2.052 mm ID), fluid (R134a).
Ø Direct flow visualisation (transparent Kapton® tube).
Ø Improve test section: thermopile, local HTC measurements.
Ø Condensation tests.
Acknowledgements: CERN EN-CV Group, CFD-Team ALICE Collaboration M. Battistin, Prof. E. Da Riva, C. Gargiulo (CERN) Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) Heat Transfer Research Group, EESC-USP Prof. G. Ribatski LTCM Prof. J. R. Thome Lucia & my family
Thank you!
References (1/2)
17/05/2016 M. Gómez Marzoa 35
[1] M. Gómez Marzoa. et al. (2013). Thermal Studies of an Ultra-Low-Mass Cooling System for ALICE ITS Upgrade Project at CERN. In Proc. of the 8th World Conference on Experimental Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon. [2] The ALICE Collaboration (2013). Technical Design Report for the Upgrade of the ALICE Inner Tracking System. Technical Report CERN-LHCC-2013-024. ALICE-TDR-017, CERN, Geneva. [3] I. E. Idelchik and E.Fried (1966). Handbook of hydraulic resistance. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. [4] S. W. Churchill (1977), Friction factor equation spans all fluid-flow regimes, Chem. Eng., 91 [5] D. Steiner (2010). H3.1 Flow Patterns in Evaporator Tubes. Verein Deutscher Ingenieure. VDI Heat Atlas: Second Edition. [6] G. Fiorenza et al. (2013). An innovative polyimide microchannels cooling system for the pixel sensor of the upgraded ALICE Inner Tracker. Proceedings, 5th IEEE International Workshop on Advances in Sensors and Interfaces (IWASI 2013), pages 81–85. [7] C. B. Tibiriçá, and G. Ribatski (2010). Flow boiling heat transfer of R134a and R245fa in a 2.3 mm tube. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 53(11), 2459-2468.
References (2/2)
17/05/2016 M. Gómez Marzoa 36
[8] B. S. Petukhov, B. S. (1970). Heat transfer and friction in turbulent pipe flow with variable physical properties. Advances in heat transfer, 6(503), i565. [9] Liu, Z. and Winterton, R. H. S. (1991). A General Correlation for Saturated and Subcooled Flow Boiling in Tubes and Annuli Based on a Nucleate Pool Boiling Equation, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer , 34, pp. 2759-2766 [10] F. T. Kanizawa, C. B. Tibiriça ́, and G. Ribatski (2016). Heat transfer during convective boiling inside microchannels. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 93:566–583. [11] S. G. Kandlikar and P. Balasubramanian (2004). An extension of the flow boiling correlation to transition, laminar, and deep laminar flows in minichannels and microchannels. Heat Transfer Engineering, 25(3):86–93. [12] A. Cioncolini and J. R. Thome (2011). Algebraic turbulence modeling in adiabatic and evaporating annular two-phase flow. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 32(4):805–817.
top related