influence of elevated temperature on physical properties and
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INFLUENCE OF ELEVATED TEMPERATURE ON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
AND COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE CONTAINING LATERITE AS
PARTIAL FINE AGGREGATE REPLACEMENT
FATIN AJEERAH BINTI MAD DIN
Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for award of the degree of
Bachelor of Civil Engineering (Hons)
Faculty of Civil Engineering & Earth Resources
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG
JULY 2015
v
ABSTRACT
Negative impact of sand mining includes erosion, loss of biodiversity, and soil
contamination by chemicals from mining processes also one reason why laterite is being
used as replacement. The impact of temperature rise on mass loss, compressive strength,
and physical appearance on performance of concrete containing various percentage of
laterite replacement has been investigated. Depletion of fine sand aggregate has led to
production of concrete containing laterite as partial fine aggregate replacement. Laterite
concrete can be used for structures such as buildings and also special structures for
special purposes. The behaviour of laterite concrete upon fire outbreak is important to
be known. In this study, the physical properties and compressive strength of concrete
containing laterite aggregate as partial fine aggregate replacement has been carried out.
Two types of mix have been used in this experimental work that is plain concrete
(control specimen) and laterite concrete of various percentage of laterite aggregate. All
the specimen were water cured for 28 day before testing. The specimens were exposed
to a range of temperature beginning from 28°C until 800°C. Water cooling method was
used to cool down the specimen after exposed to subjected temperature. It was found
that the mass loss and compressive strength of the concrete decreased as the temperature
increase. From the results, the strength of laterite concrete with 20% replacement of fine
aggregate is better than plain concrete.
vi
ABSTRAK
Kesan negatif perlombongan pasir termasuk hakisan, kehilangan biodiversiti dan
pencemaran tanah oleh bahan kimia daripada proses perlombongan juga salah satu
sebab mengapa laterit digunakan sebagai gantian. Kesan kenaikan suhu pada kehilangan
jisim, kekuatan mampatan, dan penampilan fizikal ke atas prestasi konkrit yang
mengandungi pelbagai peratusan penggantian laterit telah diuji. Susutan pasir agregat
halus telah membawa kepada pengeluaran konkrit yang mengandungi laterit sebagai
sebahagian penggantian agregat halus. Konkrit laterit boleh digunakan untuk struktur
seperti bangunan dan struktur khas untuk tujuan khas. Sifat konkrit laterit apabila
terdedah kepada suhu tinggi penting untuk diketahui. Dalam kajian ini, sifat fizikal dan
kekuatan konkrit laterit yang mengandungi batu laterit sebagai pengganti agregat halus
separa di dalam konkrit telah dijalankan. Dua jenis campuran telah digunakan dalam
kerja-kerja eksperimen ini iaitu konkrit biasa (spesimen kawalan) dan konkrit laterit
pelbagai peratusan agregat laterit. Semua spesimen diawet dalam air selama 28 hari
sebelum diuji. Spesimen telah terdedah kepada pelbagai suhu bermula dari 28°C hingga
800°C. Kaedah penyejukan air digunakan untuk menyejukkan spesimen selepas
terdedah kepada suhu tertakluk. Didapati bahawa kehilangan jisim dan kekuatan
mampatan konkrit menurun apabila suhu meningkat. Daripada keputusan, kekuatan
konkrit laterit dengan penggantian 20% daripada agregat halus adalah lebih baik
daripada konkrit biasa.
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
SUPERVISOR’S DECLARATION ii
STUDENTS’S DECLARATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF FIGURES xi
LIST OF SYMBOLS xiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiv
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Problem statement 2
1.3 Objectives 2
1.4 Scope of study 3
1.5 Significance of research 3
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction 4
2.2 Laterite rock 5
2.2.1 Properties of laterite rock 5
2.2.2 Availibility in the world 8
2.3.3 Use of laterite in construction industry 9
2.3 Effect of elevated temperature on normal concrete 13
2.3.1 Compressive strength 13
viii
2.3.2 Mass loss 16
2.3.3 Physical changes 18
2.4 Factors influencing the resistance of concrete towards
elevated temperature 20
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 22
3.2 Materials for concrete preparation 22
3.2.1 Ordinary Portland cement 22
3.2.2 Coarse aggregate 23
3.2.3 Fine laterite aggregate 24
3.2.4 Sand 25
3.2.5 Water 27
3.2.6 Superplasticizer 27
3.3 Experimental programme 29
3.4 Concrete mix proportion 30
3.5 Concrete preparation 30
3.7 Testing procedure 31
3.7.1 Exposure to elevated temperature test 31
3.7.2 Compressive strength 33
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction 34
4.2 Impact of temperature rise on physical appearance of
concrete 34
4.2.1 Impact of temperature rise on discolouration 34
4.2.2 Impact of temperature rise on cracks 40
4.3 Impact of temperature rise on mass and compressive strength
of concrete 44
4.3.1 Impact of temperature rise on concrete mass 44
ix
4.3.2 Impact of temperature on compressive strength of
concrete 45
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
FOR FUTURE STUDY
5.1 Introduction 52
5.2 Brief conclusion 52
5.2.1 The impact of temperature rise on physical
appearance of concrete containing laterite as
partial fine aggregate replacement 52
5.2.2 The impact of temperature rise on mass and
compressive stength of concrete containing laterite
as partial fine aggregate replacement 53
5.3 Recommendations 54
REFERENCES 55
x
LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Title Page
2.1 Properties of laterite rock and granite 6
2.2 Major element analysis of laterites 7
2.3 Average weights of specimens (kg) after heating at
different temperatures 17
2.4 Change in concrete as function of temperature 19
2.5 Physical effects of temperatures on concrete 20
3.1 Sieve analysis of laterite 24
3.2 Sieve analysis of sand 26
3.3 Physical and chemical properties of Rheobuild 1100 (HG) 28
3.4 Composition / Information on ingredients 29
3.5 Concrete mix proportion 30
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Title Page
2.1 Laterite soil 5
2.2 Maps of lateritic soil 9
2.3 Laterite bricks 10
2.4 Laterite bricks 10
2.5 Laterite concrete wall 11
2.6 Laterite coarse aggregates 12
2.7 Lateritic road 13
2.8 Variation of compressive strength with cement content 14
2.9 Variation of relative compressive strength of normal
strength concrete as a function of temperature 15
2.10 Variation in mass of concrete with different aggregate
as a function of temperatures 16
2.11 Variation of specimen weight with temperature for
various values of laterite content at 7 and 28 days 17
2.12 Spalling of concrete 18
2.13 Cracking on concrete 19
3.1 Grain size distribution of laterite 24
3.2 Fine laterite aggregate 25
3.3 River sand 25
3.4 Grain size distribution of sand 26
3.5 Heat treatment furnace 32
3.6 Water cooling method 32
4.1 PC and LC at 28°C 35
4.2 PC and LC at 100°C 36
4.3 PC and LC at 300°C 37
4.4 PC and LC at 500°C 38
4.5 PC and LC at 800°C 39
4.6 Crack of PC and LC on 300°C 41
4.7 Crack of PC and LC on 500°C 42
4.8 Crack of PC and LC on 800°C 43
xii
4.9 Effect of elevated temperature on mass loss of PC
and LC after heating 44
4.10 Impact of temperature on compressive strength of
plain and laterite concretes 45
4.11 Effect of compressive strength on plain (0%) and laterite
concretes (20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%) at 28°C 47
4.12 Effect of compressive strength on plain and laterite
concretes at 100°C 48
4.13 Effect of compressive strength on plain (0%) and laterite
concretes (20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%) at 300°C 49
4.14 Effect of compressive strength on plain (0%) and laterite
concretes (20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%) at 500°C 50
4.15 Effect of compressive strength on plain (0%) and laterite
concretes (20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%) at 800°C 51
xiii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
% Percent
MPa Megapascal
°C Degree celcius
mm Millimetre
fc Compressive strength in MPa (N/mm2)
F Maximum load at failure
Ac Cross-sectional area of the specimen
N/mm2 Newton per millimetre square
xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
OPC Ordinary Portland cement
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
BS British Standard
DOE Department of Environmental
PC Plain concrete
LC Laterite concrete
LC20 Laterite concrete with 20% replacement
LC40 Laterite concrete with 40% replacement
LC60 Laterite concrete with 60% replacement
LC80 Laterite concrete with 80% replacement
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Concrete is a material that widely used in the construction as a primary materials
for buildings and also special structures for special purposes, such as nuclear reactors or
chimneys. It is possibly exposed to an unexpected fire of extreme temperatures. As the
concrete had been used for a special purpose, there is increasing of risk of exposing it to
a high temperatures. The physical properties such as colour and mechanical properties
such as strength and performance must have some changes. The chemical composition
of the concrete also change considerably. The strength of concrete reduce with
increasing of temperature and rate of strength loss is influenced by compressive strength
of the concrete.
Generally, concrete may provides the best resistance properties towards fire of
any building materials. This good resistance is due to materials of concrete used which
when they react with fire, the materials will has high heat capacity, low thermal
conductivity, and also has low strength degradation with temperature. This low rate of
heat transfer and loss of strength will enables the concrete to act as an effective fire
resistance to protect itself from damage of fire and also between adjacent spaces. When
a high temperature is subjected to a concrete structure, for example a building on fire, it
is necessary and required that the people inside the building can leave safely before the
structure of the building collapse.
2
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Depletion of natural fine aggregate has lead to production of concrete containing
laterite sand as partial fine aggregate replacement. Laterite sand can be used as partial
fine aggregate replacement in concrete. However, the effect of using laterite aggregate
as partial fine aggregate replacement towards fire resistance is unknown. In this project,
laterite rock is used as a partial fine aggregate replacement in concrete to see what will
happen on physical and compressive strength properties when the concrete is subjected
to an elevated temperature.
1.3 OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this project is :
i. To study the effect of elevated temperature on physical properties of concrete
containing laterite rock as partial fine aggregate replacement.
ii. To identify the compressive strength properties of the concrete containing
laterite rock as partial fine aggregate replacement.
3
1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY
To reach the objectives of this project, several analysis and testing were carried
out in the laboratory to get the results. Variables of this project are temperatures and
contents of laterite rocks used as partial fine aggregate. Two types of mix have been
used that is plain concrete and laterite concrete of various percentage of laterite
aggregate. The samples size about 150 x 150 x 150 mm were heated in the oven with
different elevated temperatures from 28°C to 800°C for one hour. The changes in
properties of samples for every temparatures were identify. Water cooling method were
used to cool down the specimen after heating in the furnace.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH
Concrete have a high probability to expose to an extreme or very elevated
temperatures. The properties and behavior or the concrete at elevated temperatures also
important to predict the safety of a building in particular conditions. The performance of
laterite concrete elements used in a building such as columns, beams, and slabs that
subjected to high temperatures would be known. This is why it is important to
understand the effect of elevated temperatures on physical and compressive strength
properties of the concrete containing laterite aggregate.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
The use of laterite as partial fine aggregate replacement in concrete production is
because of the decreasing in the amount of natural sand. The effect of heat by elevated
temperature on concrete is influenced by a few causes such as materials used and
thermal properties. There are various properties of concrete that can be discussed. At
elevated temperature, the compressive strength of concrete also depends on water-
cement ratio, type and size of aggregate, admixtures used, and also curing method.
Laterite concrete is one of the fine aggregate content that has been substituted
whether partially or wholly with laterite soil it natural form (Salau , 2003). Concrete
commonly contributes the best fire resistance properties towards any building material
(Rout, 2010). When the concretes mixtures associate chemically, it produces a form of
material that is basically inert and contain low thermal conductivity, higher heat
capacity, and low strength deterioration with the temperature. The slower rate transfer
of heat and loss of strength will allow the concrete to perform as an efficient fire shield
to protect itself from damage of fire (Venkatesh, 2014).
5
2.2 LATERITE ROCK
Laterite soils formed in wet and hot tropical areas and the climate is humid or
subtropical. It was found as the higher weathered soils in classification system. Laterite
soil has been available and be one of main building materials in Nigeria for a long time
ago. Problems in the fundamental economic of building materials because of the high
cost have urge the need to seek for another option (Osunade, 1984). Laterite rock are the
product of very comprehensive and long lasting tropical rock which build up by the
high rainfall and elevated temperatures (Schellmann, 1991). Figure 2.1 illustrate the
laterite soils which can be found in tropical area.
Figure 2.1 : Laterite soil
2.2.1 Properties of laterite rock
Lateritic soils features that very significant are of their colour, contain high clay
(claylike). It also have low exchange capacity of cation (Ko, 2014). The colour of the
laterite soils is depends on the amount of Al and Fe exists. It was in pink colour to
grey/brown then to red colour with massive, pisolitic and clayey (Randive, 2011).
Laterite contains very wide of various proportions minerals. The impact of aggregate
strength also been found. Higher iron-oxide contents will produce higher mechanical
strength, durability and specific gravity. There were also no absoption occur as it has a
6
negative correlation with strength (Johnson, 1972). Insufficient in the amount of
Nitrogen and very low in lime content are also the characteristics of laterite soils
(Raychaudhuri, 1980). Iron minerals presence and its solid arrangement strength does
affect the strength and hardness of laterite soils (Kasthurba, 2008). Table 2.1 shows the
physical properties of laterite rock and granite and Table 2.2 shows percentage of
elements that present in laterite soils.
Table 2.1 : Properties of laterite rock and granite
Physical Properties Laterite Granite
Water absorption 1.34 0.92
Flakiness index 9.2 6.3
Elongation index 9.6 6.1
Specific gravity 2.53 2.69
Aggregate crushing value 33.9 28.8
Ten percent fines 18.5 8.4
Aggregate impact value 32.9 26.2
Moisture content 0.64 0.45
Source : Kamaruzaman et al. (2012)
7
Table 2.2 : Major element analysis of laterites
Elements Percentage (%)
Silicone dioxide (SiO2) 1.2
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) 2.96
Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) 37.21
Manganese dioxide (MnO) 0.05
Manganese oxide (MgO) 0.29
Calcium oxide (CaO) 0.91
Sodium oxide (Na2O) 2.69
Potassium oxide (K2O) 0.03
Phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) 1.01
Sulphur (S) 0.59
Chromium (III) oxide (Cr2O3) 0.06
Nickel (II) oxide (NiO) 0.02
Barium oxide (BaO) 0.03
Loss on ignition (LOI) 31.39
Total 99.99
Source : Randive (2011)
8
2.2.2 Availibility in the world
Laterite soils are available in all over the world where the conditions are tropical
region and humid. It also available when have an intense chemical weathering and
leaching of soluble minerals sources. In tropical area, they were found almost
everywhere (Badmus, 2010). The countries that have a lot of laterites are our country,
Malaysia, Indonesia, India, Burma, Australia, Africa and some parts of South America
(Ramakrishnan, 1972). It was found that the composition of mineralogist at the selected
of west Malaysian area laterite soils was based on the hypothesis of lateritic soil
formation (West, 1970).
Laterite was available all over the world as it was found in the countries with
climatic conditions that has tropical region in high temperatures and also high in
rainfall. (Dumbleton, 1970). Laterite was found in Nigeria in a large amount all over
across country as it find its uses in building, house construction and also road
construction (Aleva, 1994). Lateritic soils were originally the products from the tropical
weathering that normally found in region where natural drainage in available (Amu,
2011). Figure 2.2 shows the maps where laterite soils can be found in the world.
9
Figure 2.2 : Maps of Lateritic Soil
Source : http://www.mapsofworld.com/world-maps/world-climate-map.html
2.2.3 Use of laterite in construction industry
The demand for local manufactured building materials were exaggerated in
many countries because of inequality between the demands for housing and also
expensive rate of building materials with the reduction of traditional building materials.
In Nigeria town area, the most common material used to build the wall are the
conventional sandcrete blocks and fired clay bricks. Fired clay bricks production is very
labour demanding and the process is usually accomplished by using specific trees that
lead to deforestation (Joel, 2008)
Due to environmental problem, the clay bricks only can be produced where
proper and convenient clay soil deposite is available (Joel, 2008). Laterite used as
cement-enhanced bricks also get the chances and potential to produces a low cost
housing for economic growth in Nigeria (Gasu, 2012). Different sites in Kano produces
10
a great laterite bricks when the laterite was sustained with 3% to 7% of cement content
(Holmes, 1983). Figure 2.3 and 2.4 below shows the bricks that was made by laterite
soils.
Figure 2.3 : Laterite bricks
Source : http://krownaxies.tradeindia.com/customized-laterite-bricks-
1665938.html
Figure 2.4 : Laterite bricks
Source : http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/photo/2011-
04/14/content_12328689.htm
11
Laterite rocks can be used in production of concrete. The size of laterite rocks
that has been reduce to a smaller size to be a fine aggregate has finally used as partial
fine aggregate replacement in concrete (Salau, 1998). The laterite presence in laterized
concrete structure has improves its condition and post-cracking availibility (Salau,
1990). A study conducted to investigate the effect of laterite as partial coarse aggregate
replacement was carried out.
From the assessment on Malaysian laterite aggregate, 10% replacement of
laterite aggregate in concrete, the achievement of the concrete strength result is
satisfactory enough. Target strength can be reached up to 30% replacement of laterite
aggregates (Kamaruzaman, 2012). 20% of the cement mixture of concrete tiles and
same amount of laterite soil and granite with unfired process is used to gain optimum
grade and properties. Cement that enhanced laterite soils are likely choosed for base
course of construction (Millogo, 2008). The presence of laterite in concrete structures
improves the serviceability conditions and cracking capability (Salau, 1990). Figure 2.5
illustrate the wall that was made by using laterite bricks.
Figure 2.5 : Laterite concrete wall
Source : http://www.dreamstime.com/royalty-free-stock-image-laterite-brick-
wall-tilted-out-close-up-image20369056
12
Figure 2.6 : Laterite coarse aggregates
Figure 2.6 above shows the laterite coarse aggregate that can be found tropical
area. Lateritic aggregates are suitable and very good material for the used in road
chipping and aggregates for concrete (Madu, 1980). The mean of tolerable fine
aggregates replacement with lateritic soil is abouy 20% was pointed out by Joshua and
Lawal, 2011. Laterites are typical materials used in tropical and equatorial countries and
have been used for a long time in construction of road as fill materials and aggregate for
base and layer of foundation (Khalil, 2014). Other than that, financing problem are
some meaningful in developement of road in developing countries was drown because
of high cost in getting the materials and the construction. More than three quarters of
total road in many tropical countries consist of earth or unimproved roads (Madu,
1973). The construction of road by using laterite aggregate as materials for the road
base was illustrated in Figure 2.7 below.
13
Figure 2.7 : Lateritic road
Source : http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/8847/road-upgrading-works-as-
social partnership/
2.3 EFFECT OF ELEVATED TEMPERATURE ON NORMAL CONCRETE
Normal concrete is a composite material with contents like sand, aggregate,
cement and water had reached compressive strength of 10 to 40 Mpa after 7 days.
Normal concrete usually achieve 80% of its strength after 28 days. The effect of
temperature towads a concrete structure (beam) that subjected to fire was studied
(Gupta, 2012).
2.3.1 Compressive strength
Several beams was tested towards temperature of 650°C for different time of
periods. Cracking loads, crack propogation and also ultimate load had been recorded for
every beam (El-Hawary, 1996). After exposed to an elevated temperature of about
1200°C, the compressive strength and tensile strength was decreased a lot (Chan, 1999).
The degree of spalling in concrete will increase the period of concrete to expose to fire
(Abdelalim, 2009). When using the ordinary portland cement (OPC), sand, crushed
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