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Industrialization 1900s
Questions to Consider
How did the new technologies change entertainment and popular culture in the early decades of the 20th century?
What did people do for entertainment?
How have these forms of entertainment changed over the years?
Race?
Historical happenings?
What Was the World Like In 1900s and 1910s?
Century starts out with Britain being a world leader
By 1919 the United States was on the world stage
World War I was on a scale not ever seen before
Key Themes of 1900s
World War I
Technology
Immigration
Rise of US as a world power
Racism
National identity
History 1900-1910
Wright Brother first airplane
T. Roosevelt – president
Ford Motors was founded
FBI was established
T. Roosevelt leaves office and Wilson takes over
What was life like: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qdrzTzlZnVM
Industrialization
Through most of human history, the masses were influenced by dogmatic forms of rule and traditions dictated by local folk culture.
Most people were spread throughout small cities and rural areas – conditions that were not conducive to a ‘popular’ culture.
With the beginning of the Industrial era (late eighteenth century), the rural masses began to migrate to cities, leading to the urbanization of most Western societies.
Industrialization
Urbanization is a key ingredient in the formation of popular culture.
People who once lived in homogeneous small villages or farms found themselves in crowded cities marked by great cultural diversity.
These diverse people would come to see themselves as a ‘collectivity’ as a result of common, or popular, forms of expression.
Thus, many scholars trace the beginning of the popular culture phenomenon to the rise of the middle class brought on by the Industrial Revolution.
Industrialization
Industrialization also brought with it mass production:
developments in transportation, such as the steam locomotive and the steamship;
advancements in building technology;
increased literacy;
improvements in education and public health;
and the emergence of efficient forms of commercial printing,
representing the first step in the formation of a mass media (ex the penny press, magazines, and pamphlets).
All of these factors contributed to the blossoming of popular culture.
Urbanization
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=loZ5XFGbd0Q
Trolley Ride: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=954L9MpfCEo
Media At Start of 20th Century
By the start of the twentieth century, the print industry mass-produced illustrated newspapers and periodicals, as well as serialized novels and detective stories.
Newspapers served as the best source of information for a public with a growing interest in social and economic affairs.
The ideas expressed in print provided a starting point for popular discourse on all sorts of topics.
Media At Start of 20th Century
Fueled by further technological growth, popular culture was greatly impacted by the emerging forms of mass media throughout the twentieth century. Films, broadcast radio and television all had a profound influence on culture.
So urbanization, industrialization, the mass media and the continuous growth in technology since the late 1700s, have all been significant factors in the formation of popular culture. These continue to be factors shaping pop culture today.
Background Information – 1900s
The average life expectancy for men in America was 46 years, for women it was 47 years
An average worker made $12.78/week for 59 hours of work
There were 115 recorded lynchings
Police had arrested a woman for smoking in public
Part of the “Second Industrial revolution”
1900s - Cost
The average yearly wage was $432, and a steam-powered car cost $1,000. The average home in America sold for approximately $5,000 in 1900.
In 1900, shoppers could buy a 5-pound bag of flour for 12 cents.
Round steak was 13 cents a pound, and bacon was a penny more.
Eggs were 21 cents per dozen, milk sold for 14 cents per half gallon and butter cost 26 cents per pound.
A 10-pound bag of potatoes was 14 cents, and a 5-pound bag of sugar cost the relatively princely sum of 31 cents.
1900s - Cost
Coffee often cost upwards of 35 cents a pound, and a small tin of tea leaves ran between 50 to 75 cents.
Chocolate was also relatively expensive, costing around 34 cents per pound.
A properly dressed gentleman in 1900 would have spent between $7 and $16 on his suit, $1 on each of his dress shirts, around $7 on his topcoat and 48 cents for a fine felt hat.
Women's dresses cost between $10 and $12, women's hats cost 35 cents and shoes for women were approximately $2 to $3 per pair.
Historical Timeline
http://americasbesthistory.com/abhtimeline1900.html
Imperialism
Turn of century, British empire was at its height Great Britain was imperializing
around the world – India, Canada,
New Zealand, Australia and South Africa
Great Britain is a strong global influence
What was popular in Great Britain would be popular world wide
Global influence of the US began to get stronger
“American Century” was beginning
Manufacturing power would overtake the European industrial powers
World War I
8.5 million people killed
More than 21 million wounded
First industrial war
Technological advances and mass production made WWI the one of most brutal and horrific the world has ever seen
War changed how people thought
Social restrictions prior to war seemed less important
General public wanted to be freer from these restrictions
Suffrage
Women around the world fighting to vote
United States and United Kingdom primarily
New Zealand – granted right in 1893
Australia in 1902
Finland in 1906
Norway 1913
Suffrage
Demonstrations
Militant actions in order to draw attention to their plight
United Kingdom – campaigners chained themselves to railings, refused to pay taxes, went on hunger strikes if they were imprisoned
Women did many jobs of men during WWI
Travel
Before this time travel was for the very rich
Transportation becoming more affordable
More travel options – subway systems, trains
Ocean travel became faster
Air travel was “taking flight”
Travel
Increase in prosperity meant that people had more time available for leisure activities
Vacations
Railways made it possible for people to travel longer distances in shorter time
Trends traveled too
Example: Riverboats of Mississippi River helped popularity of ragtime and jazz spread up from New Orleans
Travel
Urban and suburban areas linked by trains
Faster travel
People could commute from suburbs to the city for work
New York City had a subway by 1904
Titanic
“Unsinkable”
April 1912
Hit iceberg and sank
Killed 1,490 people
Led to new regulations on lifeboats
Stories, movies, songs, works of art
Story fascinates people even today
Air Travel
1903
Orville and Wilbur Wright
June 14/15, 1919 – John Alcock and Arthur Whitten Brown made first Atlantic flight
16 hours and 27 minutes from Canada to Clifden, Ireland
Aircraft in World War I
Commercial flights later in 20th century
Car
Rich could only afford at first
1903 Ford Motor Company sold its first cars
1908 Ford released Model T
1913 assembly line – Michigan
Goods made cheaply and affordable to the masses
Car
Initially they were not popular
Noisy and dangerous
1903- Britain – Motor Car Act – top speed of 20 miles per hour
Car
Car changed society
Made people more mobile and gave them freedom to go where they wanted
Created need for roads and changed approaches to towns and cities
People could live farther away from jobs
Ford made car affordable for all
Immigrants
Large numbers of European immigrants came to the United States
2 million Italians
1.5 million Jews
.5 million Slavs
Added to American culture and brought popular culture
Film
Movies became very popular
People started following careers of favorite stars and even wanted to look like them
Movies were accessible to a large part of the population
Films
Films in this period were very cheap and short, they played at nickelodeons which cost 5 cents. Theses were extremely popular and sometimes played naughty films. One film that was widely known was “The Great Train Robbery,” because it was rather long (7 minutes) and it used a lot of innovative techniques.
Early Beginnings to Film
1896 – available to public
Vaudeville/Circus Shows – short films were part of these music hall shows
1902 – LA, California – shop opened only showing motion pictures – very popular
Movie houses opened across the country
1905 – Pittsburg, PA – first movie house
Nickel – knows as nickelodeon
First appealed to working class and grew to appeal to middle class too
Early Film Industry
World War I changed things
Increase in demand for film because people wanted to escape horrors of war
US took lead and became foremost film making country in the world
With WWI Europe couldn’t meet the demand
First US cities of film – New York and Chicago
Hollywood
Film companies wanted to film year round
New York and Chicago were not ideal
Warmer climate and clearer skies
LA suburb
Hollywood
Popular culture has changed as a concept throughout the decades, often because of how different technologies and fields reinvent it.
The current understanding of popular culture as synonymous with mass culture can be traced back to the Industrial Revolution and its expansive middle class.
It has long been thought that studying what is popular, especially popular forms of art and communication, reveals a great deal about general cultural practices and the people who make use of them.
Silent Movies
Early movies very different than today
Short, silent
Comedies, dramas, documentaries
Music was played live – piano
In between scenes title cards would pop up explaining what was happening
The Great Train Robbery
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Un1BqZptleM
Silent Movies
Movies were only a few minutes long – kind of like commercials today
1903 – Edwin S. Porter revolutionized filmmaking
Made movies to tell stories in different locations
1903 Life of an American Fireman
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ym7-QW_GWo
1st US Documentary – scenes from an actual fire
1st Blockbuster
D.W. Griffith’s 1915 The Birth of a Nation
Most profitable movie of its time
About American Civil War
Admired for technical and dramatic innovations
Condemned for racism it contained in the story
Cost $100,000 to make
Successful – made millions in profit
Movie Stars
We didn’t always recognize movie stars and celebrities
1909 movie producer Carl Laemmle introduced the star system
Promoted actress Florence Lawrence
Before this actors/actresses were not known by name
“Biograph Girl with the Curls” – actress Mary Pickford
Music Hall and Vaudeville
Vaudeville in the US
Music Halls in Britain
Variety shows
Light entertainment
Singers, dancers, jugglers, magicians, acrobats, comedians, trained animals
Origins of Vaudeville
Started in 1850s/1860s in beer halls
Aimed mainly at men
Late 19th century became more respected, held in theaters and was family entertainment
Mid 1890s – 1930s
Vaudeville Stars
W.C. Fields – juggler and comedian
Harry Houdini – escape artist
Buster Keaton – silent film star – acrobat in vaudeville
Movies edged out vaudeville by about 1927
Jewish Influence
Many Europeans emigrating to the US
Escaping persecution and poverty
Brought own cultures with them
Jewish immigrants settled in American’s northeast – New York and Boston
Jewish immigrants got involved in all forms of entertainment industry and influenced pop culture
Anti-Semitism
A lot of negative feelings toward Jewish people
Many Jewish performers made their religion a part of their act in a humorous way
Helped bring an understanding of Jewish culture to the audience and soften anti-Semitic attitudes
Music
Claude Debussy
Gustav Mahler
Richard Strauss
Igor Stravinsky
Caruso and Nelly Melba – opera singers
Music
African Americans couldn’t make it big because of skin color
Ragtime
Blues
Jazz
These styles would become a big influence around the world
Broadway and Music
During the 1900’s Broadway musicals flourished, Irving Berlin and George M. Cohan produced many spectacular shows.
During this time many memorable Vaudeville songs were preformed. (Vaudeville was a type of entertainment that consisted of acts and performances that were completely unrelated, but were grouped together on a common bill.)
One very famous song was, “A Bird in a Gilded Cage,” recorded by Harry MacDonough. Also, songs were sung such as “Bill Bailey Won’t You Please Come Home,” that symbolised racial prejudice in the decade.
Ragtime
1899-1917
Forerunner of jazz
Emerged from various forms of African American music
Influenced by folk and brass band music as well as black and white minstrel shows
Piano – main instrument
Based on “honky-tonk” piano playing
Right hand beat is syncopated which means the strong beat gets weaker and the weak beat gets stronger
Music Spreads
Leisure time was increasing for people
Spread of sheet music
Popular to have piano in many homes
Entertainment and status symbol
Ragtime was African American music that transferred easily to the white mainstream because it was instrumental
Scott Joplin
Maple Leaf Rag
Scott Joplin
Published 1899
Sold 75,000 copies in the first year
Jazz
Developed in southern US in early 20th century
Started with African American musicians and its appeal quickly spread to large sections of society
Popular to listen to and dance to in bars and saloons
Still popular today
Jazz
Informal sound
Up tempo rhythm
Combination of West African rhythms with elements of ragtime, brass bands, blues and work songs
Work songs – songs sung by slaves and workers to relieve the boredom of a repetitive task
Were often spiritual in nature
Jazz
Brass Band music – New Orleans marching bands, important part of jazz
Improvised tunes – key element
Do not play from written sheet music
Music of 1900s: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GvbhvX6VJgI&list=PLoG3qbRnUFHGE3WMHm96Jyhkh-z7k-v1v
Blues
Also emerged from the South
African American work songs with white folk music
First record published in 1912
“Memphis Blues” by W. C. Handy
Dance
As ragtime grew so did dance
Cakewalk – couples form a square with men on the inside Couples strut around square to the music
Judges evaluate dancers on elegance, grace and inventiveness – eliminating couples who were not the best
Winning couple got a cake
Scott Joplin’s “Swipesy Cakewalk” – popular tune for this dance
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NC0pQtf3ABk
Dance
Dances to ragtime were mainly the one-step
Couple walked one step to each beat of the music
Simple, everyone could do it – that’s why it was popular
Argentine tango
Hesitation waltz
Brazilian maxixe
Fox Trot
Dance
In the 1900’s ball room dancing had replaced the traditional waltz, (although, the waltz was still popular with the higher class).
Dances such as the Jitterbug were created and ragtime dances were widely known.
Some popular ragtime dances included: the cake walk, castle walk, and the One step.
Furthermore, during 1909 to the 1920’s the tango was immensely popular, as was Russian ballet.
Anna Pavlova ran her own company during this time, (she’s credited as one of the most famous ballerinas in history.)
Music Business
Most common way to get music was to buy sheet music
Recorded music was growing
Became in larger demand after World War I
Idea of radio growing as well
Started in 1916
Wasn’t until after WWI that commercial broadcasting increased – around 1920
Fashion
Fashion in this decade consisted of formal outfits and flashy dresses, women wore long dresses and men were clothed in suits.
Ladies were corseted to achieve a fashionable S-curve, however, there were lingerie dresses worn in hotter climates. These dresses were made of light materials, like cotton, and adorned with simple decorations.
Large hats were worn by women and were stylized with flowers, ribbons and/or stuffed birds (if one could afford it.)
Fashion
Men were attired in short hair, curled moustaches, bow ties for the evening and ascot ties for less formal functions.
Blazers and lounge coats were also worn for casual activities.
Still, for the most formal occasions only the dark tail coat and trousers would do.
Men generally wore stiff bowler hats, but higher class men preferred to adorn themselves in top hats.
Fashion
People wanted to be like movie stars
Functional – automobiles and bicycles – people had to dress accordingly, especially women
Increase in leisure time increased demand for sportswear and swimwear
Women’s rights increased demand for fashion as women fought for equality
Fashion
At turn of century women work uncomfortable and complicated clothes – such as corsets
Pulled in the waist and supported the chest
French designers began making clothes that supported women differently so they no longer needed a corset
Fashion
Fashionable men wore pants, waistcoat, coat with a top hat
After 1880, trend for beards passed
Men were clean-shaven or wore just a mustache
Fashion
Trend just beginning
People more active in bike riding, horse riding, tennis, sailing, archer
Informal separates such as blouses, shirts, skirts and shorts
Fashion
Early swimsuits covered most of the body
Modest
Swimming was segregated
By early 20th century men started wearing shorts without a top
In 1900 Australian swimmer introduced a loose one piece for women – made of wool
Fashion Facts
Around 1912 – it became acceptable to wear lipstick in public
Zipper started in 1914 – Swedish-born engineer Gideon Sundback
Used by US Army on the clothing and gear of the WWI troops
Fashion
Late 1880s – safety bicycle
Women’s fashion impacted
Women started to wear a kind of pants to ride their bikes
Bloomers
Bicycles gave women freedom and helped them fight for right to vote
Wartime Fashion
Fashion had to become practical
By 1916 hemlines jumped to mid-calf from ankle length
Pants for women were considered ugly but practical for war work
Short hair was seen as sensible and safe for factory work
Women involved in military war efforts wore uniforms
This shaped fashionable dress
Wartime Fashion
During the war there were shortages of many things
Food and building materials
Fabric and fabric dye
Fashion used less material than they did before the war
Shortage of dye meant the colors were limited
Relaxation of Rules
Fashion didn’t seem so important during the war
Neither did fashion rules
Shorter skirts
Women also wore heeled shoes and stockings
No more corsets after the war – practical work did not allow for this
Plus needed steel from corsets for the war effort
28,000 tons of steel during the war – enough for 2 battleships
Post War Fashion
After the war people dressed more informally
Sportswear became more popular
Simpler fashion
Practical fashion
Fashion
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZlMrQBRGS48
Fads and Slang
In the 1900’s fads such as ping pong and speeding existed.
Ping pong was mostly played by people who couldn’t afford the luxury of lawn tennis.
Speeding was a dangerous motoring sport that was popular amongst males.
Teddy bears were invented during this decade and they soon became very big. Both Europe and America claim to have first invented the teddy bear, regardless the product was a huge success.
A lot of the slang used in the 1900-1909’s is still used today. Here’s a list of popular expressions (that I at least) use now a days:
I have “Butterflies in the stomach”
It’s “in the bag”
He’s a “bone head”
He got “screwed” by a crafty salesman
She’s so naive, it’s like she’s “just off the boat”
There is other slang that was used but this is just a small sample of the colourful language people used to use.
Printed Word
Mass production of books and print media was easier
Literacy rates were rising
Pulp Magazines
Printed on pulp paper
Allowed price of magazines to drop – more affordable
The Golden Argosy – first pulp magazine
200 pages long and packed with fiction and poetry
Successful
Detective Story Magazine
New Buffalo Bill Weekly
Miscellany Periodicals
Combination magazines
Short stories
Articles on travel
Political events
Technological oddities
If you couldn’t travel, you could read about far away places
Short stories were good for commuters on the new trains
Women’s Magazines
Good Housekeeping – 1885
Vogue -1892
Harper’s Bazaar – 1867
Vanity Fair - 1859
Comics
1895-1905 Comics grew in popularity
By 1910 the Sunday paper was in color
Comics grew
The Yellow Kid 1896
Government
In America from 1901-1909 a president unlike none other was elected, Theodore Roosevelt. He was the youngest president elected at the time and was widely known as a soldier, a hunter, a naturalist, as well as a politician. Theodore Roosevelt won a Nobel Peace Prize and earned himself a Medal of Honour leading the Rough Riders, (when the Spanish American war broke out.) Theodore was a very influential person in the 1900’s for the United States of America, almost like Barrack Obama is for us.
Other parts of the world were also undergoing changes in their popular culture due to the government. In China binding of women’s feet was outlawed, this was decreed by the dowager empress Tzu Hsi. London became the capital of the largest empire in the world and transportation evolved. A tram system was constructed thanks to the London City Council.
Art
Art was undergoing a revolution at this time, Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque were heading the new art form Cubism. Cubism is an abstract form involving the reconstruction of an analyzed subject.
Fauvism began at the start of the decade. A work of art that has strong colour over representational or real values, it emphasizes painterly qualities. Some of the well known artists of this art movement were Henri Matisse and Andre Derain.
Expressionism is artwork that are the artists perception of the meaning of “being alive.” It’s a subjective type of art that reflects emotional angst.
Inventions that Shook the World
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JszhyeW73Q4
World War I
The Century: America’s Time – Shell Shock 1914-1919
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1GBWDQ5cF_U
World War I
Crash Course:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_XPZQ0LAlR4
Hughes:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GOq8iG20iuQ
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