industrial microbiology lecture 1
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BIO 425Industrial Microbiology
Seyhun YURDUGL
Lecture 1
Introduction: A glance to microbialworld
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C
ontent outline Introduction to microbiology
General properties of prokaryotes Some basic concepts in microbiology
Spore morphology
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INTRODUCTION TO
MICROBIOLOGY The study of microorganisms (m/os),
including viruses
A single m/o is able to carry out its lifeprocesses of growth, energy generation andreproduction independently.
Prokaryotic organisms
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General properties of prokaryotes Have a nuclear region nucleoid.
Not surrounded by a membrane.
Have a single DNA whose division is notmitotic.
Two main groups:
-Bacteria
-Archaea
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Typical bacterial structure
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Archaea Most are anaerobic.
Present in extreme environments.
i. e. hot springs, hot spa, extreme salty, highacidic, alkaline, salty soils.
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Thermophilus aquaticus
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Some basic concepts in
Microbiology Pure culture: A culture consisting of only
one kind of m/o.
should be grown in the lab conditions whereappropriate nutrients and environmentalconditions must be provided.
exclude unwanted organisms(contamination) during cultivation.
use Aseptic technique.
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Temperature profile for main genera
of bacteria
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SEM picture forB
acillus spp.
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Some basic concepts in
Microbiology-2 Culture media:
For growth and maintenance of m/os.
Broth (The liquid culture)
Agar (The solid culture)-petri dish, slant.
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Cross inoculation on blood agar
S.aureus vsH.influenzae:
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The impact of microorganisms on human
affairs
Agriculture: N2 fixation, nutrient cycling, animal
husbandry. Food: Food preservation, fermented foods, food
additives.
Disease: Identifying new diseases, treatment and
cure, disease prevention.
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The impact of microorganisms (m/o)s on
human affairs-2 Energy/Environment: Biofuels (methanol and
ethanol) production, Bioremediation, Microbial
mining. Biotechnology: Genetically modified organisms,
Production of pharmaceuticals, Gene therapy forcertain diseases.
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C
ell structure of bacteria Cytoplasmic membrane
Cell wall
Ribosomes(protein & RNA)
Inclusions(Storage material)
Nucleoid region(DNA is present in a moreor less free state)
Flagellum
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Morphology of m/os Cocci (Spherical / ovoid)
Rod (Cylindirical shape)
Spirilla(Spiral shaped or curved) Spirochaetes (Tightly coiled bacteria)
Appendaged bacteria(Extension-bearing
like long tubes or stalks) Filamentous bacteria(long-thin cells or
chains of cells)
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Different morphological structures
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C
ell wall structure of bacteria G(+)
G(-)
G(-): quite complex, multilayered structure.
G(+): single type of molecule, much thicker.
Rigid layer for both G(-) and G(+) is
peptidoglycan(Murein). Composed of N-acetyl glucosamine and N-acetyl
muramic acid.
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Structure of peptidoglycan A small group of aminoacids consisting
L-alanine
D-alanine
D-glutamic acid
Lysine or Diaminopimelic acid(DAP) These molecules are connected to formglycan tetrapeptide
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Peptidoglycan structure
A thin sheet in which the glycan chainsformed by the sugars,
are connected by peptide cross-links formedby the aminoacid.
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Peptidoglycan structure G(-): Direct peptide linkage of the amino group of
DAP to the carboxyl group of the terminal D-alanine
Besides peptidoglycan, structure is mostlycomposed of lipopolysaccharide(LPS)
G(+):A peptide interbridge is the base of crosslinking & # of cross-linking aminoacid varies
from organism to organism Composed of 90 % peptidoglycan and teichoicacid
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Endospores Special structures of bacteria,
produced within the cell
can not be destroyed easily even by harshchemicals,
Resistant to radiation(UV), acids and
drying, can remain dormant for extremely long
periods of time.
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Spore structure
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LITERATUREC
ITED Brock, T. D. , Biology of Microorganisms, Eighth
Edition,Prentice-Hall International Inc., New
Jersey, 1997. kmen, Z. A. , Food Microbiology Laboratory
Book, Food Engineering Department, Middle EastTechnical University, Ankara, 1995.
Pelczar, M. J. ; Chan, E. C. S. ,Krieg, N. R.Microbiology, Fifth edition, Mc Graw Hill Inc.Singapore, 1986.
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