imperial china
Post on 08-Jan-2016
42 Views
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
Imperial China
221 B.C. – 1911 A.D.
China before Qin Dynasty
• The “Yellow Emperor”
• Xia and Shang Dynasties– 2070 B.C. - 1046 B.C.
• Zhou Dynasty– 1046 B.C. - 256 B.C.
• “Spring and Autumn” period– 770 B.C. - 476 B.C.
Confucius
• born in 551 B.C.
• died in 479 B.C.
In China Today
Confucianism
• Concerned primarily with restoring social stability and order
• a system of social and ethical philosophy
• li– rituals, norms, institutions, or mores
• ren– humaneness, kindness, benevolence, or
virtue
Five Relationships
• father-child
• ruler-subject
• husband-wife
• elder brother-younger brother
• friend-friend
Qin Dynasty
• 221 B.C. - 206 B.C.
• Qin Shi Huangdi
• unified China
• built a centralized bureaucratic apparatus– prefectures and counties
• persecuted Confucianism
• Han Dynasty (206 B.C. – 220 A.D.) promoted Confucianism as state ideology
Civil Service Exam System
• 605 A.D. to 1905 A.D.
• composition based on Confucian classics
Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644)
China’s Tributary System
• Traditional system for managing foreign relations
• The ``Middle Kingdom” worldview
• Ming dynasty had the most extensive tributary system– tributes from East Asia, South Asia, Southeast
Asia, and even West Asia and Africa
Qing Dynasty (1644 - 1912)
• Ming dynasty fell in 1644 amid peasant uprisings and Manchu invasion
• Manchu and Han Chinese
Ming and Qing Emperors
Mandate of Heaven
Western invasions (1839-1900)
• Opium War (1839 - 1842)
• The Second Opium War (1856 - 1860)
• Russia’s territorial gains– Northeast China (1858 - 1860)– Northwest China (1881 - 1884)
• Sino-French War (1883 - 1885)
• Sino-Japanese War (1894 - 95)
• 8-nation forces (1900)
The Treaty System
• large amount of indemnity
• dozens of treaty ports open to foreign– trade– gunboats– missionaries
• territorial losses
• tariffs
Weakness fully exposed
• Sino-Japanese War of 1894 - 1895– Chinese navy destroyed– Taiwan ceded to Japan– large indemnity– most-favored-nation– more treaty ports– Korea
• start of Japanese empire
The scramble for concessions
The scramble for answers
• radicalization of domestic politics
• the “Hundred Days of Reform” in 1898– ambitious reform program
• examination system• bureaucracy• modernization
– suppressed by conservatives in Qing court
• reformist leaders fled to Japan
The Boxer Uprising in 1900
• Peasants in Northern China
• support from high officials of Qing court
• destruction of anything foreign
• siege of the legation quarter in Beijing
8-nation forces invaded Beijing
• Harsh settlement
• station troops in Beijing
• huge indemnity
• Russian troops in Manchuria– until 1905
Imperialism in China
Radicalization of politics
Qing court Reformers
Peasants Revolutionaries
status quo
pre-1841 China
modern monarchy
republic
Marxism? nationalism?
Legacies of Imperial Era
• enormous size
• ideological and moral commitment
• strong personal leadership at the apex
• nationwide governing bureaucracies– merit-based civil service exam system– combination of executive and judicial power
• low status of merchants
• culturalism (civilization) v. nationalism
top related