imaging in the evaluation of female...
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Kelly Epps, HMS 3Gillian Lieberman, MD
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Kelly Epps, Harvard Medical School Year IIIGillian Lieberman, MD
Imaging in the Evaluation of Female Infertility
May 2004
Kelly Epps, HMS 3Gillian Lieberman, MD
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The Case of EW
EW is a 40 year old G0P0 who hopes to conceive. She has been off oral contraceptive pills and has been having unprotected intercourse for 10 months. Thus far, her attempts to become pregnant have been unsuccessful. She presents to her Ob-Gyn for evaluation of infertility.
Kelly Epps, HMS 3Gillian Lieberman, MD
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Infertility
Inability to conceive after one year of intercourse without contraception
Kelly Epps, HMS 3Gillian Lieberman, MD
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Epidemiology
• Affects 1 in 7 American couples
• Rate has been stable over the past 50 years
• Advances in assisted reproductive technologies (ART) has increased interest in infertility treatment
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Infertility - CausesMale Factor – 40%• Azoospermia• Sperm defect or dysfunction• Chronic Illness
Female Factor – 40%• Advanced age• Anovulatory cycles• Congenital anomalies• Acquired structural defects• Endocrine abnormalities
Combined Factors – 10% Unexplained – 10%
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Infertility – Radiologic Evaluation
• Largely focuses on female factor infertility
• Several congenital and acquired conditions affect female reproductive function
• Complete evaluation of the female reproductive tract must include cervical, uterine, endometrial, tubal, peritoneal, and ovarian factors
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Menu of Tests
• Hysterosalpingogram (HSG)• Ultrasound (US)• Sonohysterogram (SHG)• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
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Hysterosalpingogram
• Historically the mainstay in infertility imaging
• Indications: evaluation of uterine cavity and patency of tubes
• Limitations: does not aid in characterization of uterine wall or ovarian pathology
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Ultrasound• Test of choice for imaging the female pelvis
• No radiation exposure
• Indications: evaluation of ovarian, uterine wall, and adnexal pathology
• Limitations: additional imaging may be needed for pre-surgical characterization and localization of pathology
Kelly Epps, HMS 3Gillian Lieberman, MD
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Sonohysterogram• Combination of HSG and US - uses saline injection rather than
dye, US rather than fluoroscopy
• By virtue of distention, allows visualization of endometrial lining and intracavitary defects
• No radiation exposure
• Indications: evaluation of uterine cavity, uterine wall, tubes, ovaries, and adnexal structures
• Limitations: same as US
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MRI• Excellent soft tissue characterization
• Indications: guides interventional radiology and surgical management of infertility by identifying size, number, and location of pathology
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Female Reproductive Tract
www.ethal.org.my/.../ 181rmgUterus.html
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Cervix
Cervical Stenosis
• Narrowing of the cervix due to adhesions or scarring
• Patients complain of painful or absent periods
• Complication of cone biopsy
• Blocks entry of sperm
Fallopian Tube
vary
Ovary
Uterus
AdhesionsCervix
Vagina
www.drkline.com/ risks.html
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Cervical StenosisHSG Findings:
•Internal os < 1mm
•Inability to advance catheter
•Non-opacified uterine cavity
BIDMC, PACSVagina Cervical Stenosis
Normal
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Uterus
• Synechiae• Fibroids• Polyps• Congenital Anomalies
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Synechiae
Asherman Syndrome
• Intrauterine adhesions caused by trauma, infection, or instrumentation
• Healing granulation tissue forms bridges across the cavity
• Infertility may result from obliteration of the cavity or obstruction to implantation
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Synechia
HSG findings:
• Filling Defect
• Linear
• Irregular
SynechiaBIDMC, PACS
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Synechia
US Findings:
• Echoic
• Linear
• Extends from one wall to opposite wall
Synechia Courtesy of Dr. Tejas Mehta
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Fibroids• Benign, smooth muscle
tumors of the uterus
• Found in 20-30% of reproductive aged women
• Affects fertility by interfering with implantation
http://www.rassav.com/Code/RAS_UFE.htm
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FibroidsHSG Findings
Distorted uterine cavity, twisted uterus
Scalloped endometrial lining
BIDMC, PACS
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Fibroids
US Findings:• Hypoechoic mass
• May be submucosal, intramural, or subserosal
• Uterine enlargement or distortion may be seen
Courtesy of Dr. Tejas Mehta Fibroid
Ultrasound aids in characterization of fibroids.
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Fibroids
BIDMC, PACS
MRI aids in:
• characterization and localization of uterine wall pathology
•pre-surgical planning
Fibroids
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Polyps• Overgrowths of endometrial glands and stroma
projecting into the endometrial cavity
• Usually asymptomatic but may present with abnormal bleeding
• Found in 10% of women
• Affect fertility by impeding implantation
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Endometrial PolypBIDMC, PACS
PolypsHSG Findings:
• Filling defects• Single or multiple• Usually arise from
fundus• A few mm to
several cm in size
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Polyps
US Findings:
• Well defined mass
• Hyperechoic• Confined to the
cavity without distortion of the uterus
BIDMC, PACS
Ultrasound distinguishes polyps from fibroids.
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Polyp
Polyps
BIDMC, PACS
More PolypsSonohysterogram
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Uterine Anomalies
• A defect in the embryologic development of the Mullerian system can cause congenital uterine anomalies
• There are 7 classifications of anomalies
• All can be identified by imaging
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Uterine Anomalies
Normal Class II - Unicornuate
Class III - Didelphys Class IV - Bicornuate
Class V - Septate Class VII - DESClass VI - Arcuate
http://www.emedicine.com/radio/topic738.htm
Kelly Epps, HMS 3Gillian Lieberman, MD
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Uterine Anomalies
Bicornuate:
• Indented fundus but otherwise normal uterine wall
• No affect on fertility• No infertility treatment necessary
Septate:
• Fibrous band projecting from fundusinto uterine cavity
• Interferes with implantation• Surgical removal increases fertility
http://www.emedicine.com/radio/topic738.htm
Two classes must be differentiated in the infertility work-up:
Kelly Epps, HMS 3Gillian Lieberman, MD
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Uterine Anomalies
Irregularly shaped uterine cavity on HSG MRI
BIDMC, PACS
Kelly Epps, HMS 3Gillian Lieberman, MD
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MRI
BIDMC, PACS
Bicornuate or Septate?
Uterus
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Uterine Anomalies
The irregularly shaped uterus seen on HSG andMRI in the previous slides was determined to bean arcuate (class VI) uterus. It is on the spectrum of bicornuate and is believed to be a normalvariant with no affects on fertility.
Kelly Epps, HMS 3Gillian Lieberman, MD
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Fallopian Tubes
Obstruction• Pelvic Inflammatory Disease• Fibroids• Endometriosis• Adhesions• Tubal spasm
Kelly Epps, HMS 3Gillian Lieberman, MD
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Fallopian Tubes
www.student.ccbcmd.edu/.../reproductive/ img016.gif
Fimbria
Ampulla
Isthmus
Infundibula
Kelly Epps, HMS 3Gillian Lieberman, MD
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Fallopian Tubes
Left Proximal Obstruction Right Proximal Obstruction
BIDMC, PACS
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Peritoneal Cavity
Adhesion• Endometriosis• Post surgical• Post infection
Difficult to image directly but an irregular pattern of dye overflow on HSG may raise suspicion.
Kelly Epps, HMS 3Gillian Lieberman, MD
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Ovaries
• Endometriosis• Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
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Ovarian stroma
Bilateral Endometriomas
Endometriosis
Courtesy of Dr. Tejas Mehta
US Findings:
•Round
•Symmetric
•Hypoechoic cysts
•Low-level echoes
•Persistent
Kelly Epps, HMS 3Gillian Lieberman, MD
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PCOSUS Findings of PCO:
• Bilateral
• Round, echogenic ovaries
• 10-12 small follicles
BIDMC, PACS
PCOS is a clinical diagnosis. US findings of polycystic ovaries is neither necessary nor sufficient, but in the right clinical setting may be indicative of the diagnosis.
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Back to Our Patient
BIDMC, PACS
Surprise! You have already seen EW’s images in previous slides. Can you guess her diagnosis?
Kelly Epps, HMS 3Gillian Lieberman, MD
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Follow-up
EW was diagnosed with intramural fibroids.
She went on to have Uterine Artery Embolization.
And…….
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Congratulations!EW is 9 weeks pregnant today.
Early OB Ultrasound at 7 weeks 4 days.BIDMC, PACS
Kelly Epps, HMS 3Gillian Lieberman, MD
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Summary
• Infertility affects 10-15% of reproductive aged women• Infertility evaluation referrals have increased with
advances in ART• Radiologic evaluation is a mainstay in the work-up of
infertility:HSG, SHG– uterine cavity and patency of tubes
US, SHG, MRI – uterine wall, ovaries, and adnexa
• Radiologic evaluation is essential not only to diagnosis but also to the treatment of infertility
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References• Amesse, Lawrence, Pfaff-Amesse, Theresa. Surgical
Management of Mullerian Duct Anomalies. www.emedicine.com 2003
• Garcia, Jario. Infertility. www.emedicine.com 2004.• Guzick, David. Evaluation of the Infertile Couple. Up to Date
2004. • Lindheim, S, Adsuar, N, Kushner, D, Pritts, E.
Sonohystography: A Valuable Tool in Evaluating the Female Pelvis. Obsterical and Gynecological Survey 2003; 58(11): 770-784
• Syed, Ibrahim. Uterus, Mullerian Duct Abnormalities. www.emedicine.com 2002.
• Thurmond, Amy S. Imaging of Female Infertility. Radiologic Clinics of North America 2003; 41(4):757-767
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References• www.ethal.org.my/.../181rmgUterus.html• http://www.rassav.com/Code/RAS_UFE.htm• http://www.emedicine.com/radio/topic738.htm• www.student.ccbcmd.edu/.../reproductive/ img016.gif• www.drkline.com/ risks.html
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Acknowledgements• Tejas Mehta, MD• Cristina Cavazos, MD• Michelle Swire, MD• Gillian Lieberman, MD• Pamela Lepkowski• Larry Barbaras• Gia Landry• Ola Ayodele• Shelley Day
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