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“The Life Conops project: Surveillance of invasive mosquitoes”
Surveillance of invasive mosquitoes in the
Netherlands
Centre for Monitoring of Vectors
Adolfo Ibáñez-JusticiaErnst-Jan Scholte
Arjan StrooMarian Dik
Bologna, 10 March 2014
Overview presentation
• Historical surveillance vectors in the Netherlands
• Foundation National Centre for Monitoring of Vectors• Aim, Organization, Resources and actors, Availability of
competences, Trainings, Collaborations
• Current surveillance of Vectors in the NL
• Current surveillance of Exotic/Invasive mosquitoes in NL• Setup • Results
Historical surveillance of mosquitoes in NL
2005-2006 Wageningen University Entomology
+- 1900 National museum of natural history Leiden
Water administrations
1938 Malaria Vectors
Alterra - Wageningen University
2009 Foundation Centre for Monitoring of Vectors
Foundation National Centre for Monitoring of Vectors (CMV)
Estimated losses due bluetongue2006: 10-15 million euro2007: 81 million euro
Centre for Monitoring of Vectors (CMV-NVWA-MinEZ)
Founded in 2009, National knowledge centre for vectors
Mission: Minimalize impact of vectors in veterinary and public health. It does this by CMV collection, management, propagation and dissemination of knowledge and information of indigenous and exotic vectors. This knowledge and data are used for policy advice, risk communication, vector control, the development of plans and vector-borne disease-risk analysis.
Activities:• Surveys/Monitoring vectors• Inspections• Identify introduction of invasive species• Diagnostics• Modelling (vector distribution maps)• Risk analysis• Advice / support policymakers
6
Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority
Department ‘National Reference Centre (NRC)’
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Mariëtte Edema
TeamDiagnostic methods
PestsDiseases
Domain - molecular diagnosis
- breeding facilities
- quality
- health & safety
- mycology
- bacteriology
- virology
- entomology
- nematology
- vectors (CMV)
- invasive plants
Head
CMV Resources:
- (3 FTE) Office & lab
- (1,5 FTE) ‘implementation’
- (1,08 FTE)
Public Health
& Economy
(50/50)
Public Health
- (5,58 FTE) TOTAAL
domain product mission financing
Nature
Nature
Advice & representation
CMV
Tiger
mosquito
NVWA offer
Advice & representation
Actors (1):
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Ernst-Jan Scholte
Marian DikWietse den Hartog
Adolfo Ibañez-Justicia
Arjan Stroo
Competences:
Medical/General Entomology
Vector identification experience
Entomological sampling methodology
Field work experience
GIS experience
Modelling vector distribution
Ecology .......
Facilities:
Office & Laboratory & Mosquito colonisation NRC
Trainings:
European mosquito species (Avia-GIS)
Invasive mosquito species training (Avia-GIS)
Modelling vector distribution (Climex, VecMap, EriskMapper)
Tick identification (NPPO)
EPPO diagnostic inspections
International Networks:
ECDC, VBORNET, EMCA, VECMAP, WHO, ......
National Networks: RIVM, CVI, WUR, UU, ......
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Actors (2)
Gerard Prinsen Jan Schamp Antoon Wever Bennie Heerink
Piet Boersma Jan Heesters Aad Ruiter Lex Tervelde Monica Tonkens
René v/d Berg
• Tick surveys• Mosquito surveys • Culicoides surveys
or
• National Vector Surveys: Scope: to gain insight about which indigenous vectors species occur in the Netherlands, when active, and relative abundance
• Exotic Vector Surveys: Scope: Early detection of the introduction of exotic/invasive vector species in known risk locations for introduction
Surveillance programme CMV
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How?• Random stratified sampling
40% agricultural40% urban20% nature
• Cross-sectional
Nr. locations 2013: 150
NVS– mosquitoesScope:• To list distribution mosquito species in the Netherlands• Use data for making vector distribution models
Modelling• Input for disease-risk analysis RIVM and CVI
Why?• To gain insight about which indigenous mosquito
species occur in the Netherlands, when active, and relative abundance
Soortsamenstelling NVS-2012
1 10 100 1000 10000
Ae. annulipes/cantans
Ae. cinereus/geminus
Ae. communis
Ae. dorsalis
Ae. flavescens
Ae. geniculatus
Ae.japonicus
Ae. leucomelas
Ae. punctor
Ae. rusticus
Ae. sp.
Ae. sticticus
An. claviger
An. maculipennis s.l.
An. plumbeus
Cq. richardii
Cs. annulata
Cx. pipiens/torrentium
Cx. territans
Soor
tt
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107 locations
100 locations
151 locations
±7.000 mosquitoes
18 species
NVS– mosquitoes 2012
Results 2010-2012
• 35.000 mosquitoes captured
NVS– mosquitoes
Surveillance at high risk entry points invasive mosquitoes
Lucky Bamboo
Used tires import
Schiphol airportRotterdam harbor close to infested neighboring areas (Belgium/Germany)
Exotic Mosquito Surveys in the Netherlands
Ae. japonicus finding
Highway
Lucky bamboo• 2005: first finding exotic mosquito in NL: Aedes albopictus
International flower trade: lucky bamboo from Guangdong, China
Aedes albopictus & Lucky bamboo
2013: 6 2 5/6
Two-weekly inspections
2 traps indoors, continuously running
3 oviposition traps outdoors (during season)
Control strategy Lucky bambooUntil 2011: Mosquito control in greenhouse after finding tiger mosquito
Since April 2011, AMvB Warenwet “Commodities Act” Dutch Legislation:
“Product specifications for Lucky bamboo import”
Highlights:
• First opening container in special safe and sealed room in greenhouse
• Obligatory use of adulticides after opening
• Obligatory use of larvicides (Bti or other adecuate) in greenhouse
• And Mosquito control in greenhouse after finding tiger mosquito
Problems: No registered larvicides in the Netherlands
Rotterdam harbor
Under surveillance since 2010
- Traps at 2 inspection locations (customs, NVWA)
- visual inspection of international ships/vessels
Results: so far, no exotic species found
Schiphol airport
Results 2010-2011:Exotic mosquitoes were found in 10 out of the 38 inspected airplane cabins (26.3%). (Scholte et al. 2014, in preparation)
Mosquito species reported vector of
- Ae. mcintoshi (n=1) RVFV, Wesselsbron virus, Middelburg virus
- Cx quinquefasciatus (n=9) WNV, lymphatic filariasis, RVFV
- Cx antennatus (n=2) RVFV, WNV
Survey 2013:
airplane cabin visual inspection upon arrival
Close to infested neighboring areas (Belg./Germany)
Aedes koreicus Aedes japonicus
EMS-Zuid Limburg
Close to infested neighboring areas (Belg./Germany)
So far, not found
Larval inspection cemeteries South Netherland
Larval inspection and oviposition traps in 3 cemeteries
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Aedes japonicus finding in National Vector Survey 2012 in Lelystad
Sampling: end of Juli 2012Reported: 25 Januari 2013Proposal: Early spring 2013:• Intensive surveillance finding location• Evaluation mosquito control possibilities
EMS-Lelystad
Mosquito Magnet Traps:
X 12
Larval/adult samplings
Monitoring strategy (from May 2013):
EMS-Lelystad
Results: • Populations Ae. japonicusin Lelystad. • Unknown origin introduction• Mostly found in allotments (communal gardens), but also in cemetery and forests
EMS-Lelystad results
Control strategy Aedes japonicus
Proposed advice to Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport:
• Not active mosquito control populations
• To consider participation of people (community participation) to reduce mosquito population through good prepared targeted information for reducing breeding sites. This could fit into a broader strategy of controlling mosquitoes in the Netherlands.
Arguments
• Aedes japonicus is established in one Dutch municipality
• Mosquito control is disproportionate because of the damage to the environment
• There is currently no evidence that Ae. japonicus is a risk of transmission of infectious diseases in the human population
• The local nuisance is probably limited
EMS-Highway
2010-2011
So far, no findings
Risk-based monitoring: frequency based on 5 parameters.
Used tires import
Frequency inspections 2013:
26 companies (from 36 evaluated)2 x month (high risk) (n=15) 1 x season (low risk) (n=11)
Species 2013
Aedes albopictus
Results:1131 samplings31 samplings ‘positive’8 positive locations
Used tires import
Used tires import - Summary
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2013 Ae. albopictus 73 (07/10/2013) inside and outside
Control strategy - Used tire import
• Intensive surveillanceLarval sampling 500m zone Extra traps
• Adulticiding • Larviciding • Removal breeding sites
Used tires import – 2014 news
• In 2013 agreement Ministry Public Health – Used tires companiesIndoors Risk tires (coming from infected regions)More indoor facilities Improvement tracing&tracking imported tires
• Use traps also in low risk companies (to consider)
In summary:
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Exotic mosquitoes found in NL invasive (for NL) exotic
Aedes albopictus Asian tiger mosquito
Ae. atropalpus American rockpool mosquito
Ae. japonicus Asian bush mosquito
Ae. aegypti Yellow fever
Ae. mcintoshi no english name
Cx. quinquefasciatus Southern house mosquito
Cx. antennatus no english name
In summary:
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Aedes albopictus Asian tiger mosquito
Ae. aegypti Yellow fever mosquito
Ae. atropalpus American rockpool mosquito
Ae. japonicus Asian bush mosquito
Ae. mcintoshi no english name
Cx. quinquefasciatus Southern house mosquito
Cx. antennatus no english name
Exotic mosquitoes found in NL
Thank you for your attention
MSc. Adolfo Ibáñez-Justicia
a.ibanezjusticia@minlnv.nl
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