i copyright © oracle corporation, 2001. all rights reserved. introduction

ICopyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.

Introduction

I-2 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.

Objectives

After completing this lesson, you should be able to do the following:

• List the features of Oracle9i

• Discuss the theoretical and physical aspects of a relational database

• Describe the Oracle implementation of the RDBMS and ORDBMS

I-3 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.

Oracle9i

Scalability

Reliability

Single development

modelCommonskill sets

One management

interface

Onevendor

I-4 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.

Oracle9i

I-5 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.

Oracle9i Application Server

Business IntelligenceBusiness intelligence

Transactional AppsTransactional Apps

PortalsPortals

APACHE

IntegrationIntegration

I-6 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.

Oracle9i Database

MultimediaMultimedia

Object Relational DataObject Relational Data

MessagesMessages

Documents

XML

Documents

XML

I-7 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.

Relational and Object Relational Database Management System

• Relational model and object relational model

• User-defined data types and objects

• Fully compatible with relational database

• Support of multimedia and large objects

• High-quality database server features

I-8 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.

Oracle Internet Platform

ClientsS

yste

m m

anag

emen

t

Network services

DatabasesApplication

servers

Develo

pm

ent to

ols

Internet applications

Presentation andbusiness logic

Business logicand data

Any browser Any FTP clientAny mailclient

JavaJava

SQLSQLSQLSQL

PL/SQLPL/SQLPL/SQLPL/SQL

I-9 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.

System Development Life Cycle

Strategyand

analysisDesign

Buildand

document

Transition

Production

I-11 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.

Data Storage on Different Media

Electronic spreadsheet

Filing cabinet

Database

I-12 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.

Relational Database Concept

• Dr. E.F. Codd proposed the relational model for database systems in 1970.

• It is the basis for the relational database management system (RDBMS).

• The relational model consists of the following:

– Collection of objects or relations

– Set of operators to act on the relations

– Data integrity for accuracy and consistency

I-13 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.

Definition of a Relational Database

A relational database is a collection of relations or two-dimensional tables.

OracleOracleserverserver

Table Name: EMPLOYEES Table Name: DEPARTMENTS

… …

I-14 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.

Data Models

Model ofsystem

in client’smind

Entity model ofclient’s model

Table modelof entity model

Tables on disk

Oracleserver

I-15 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.

• Create an entity relationship diagram from business specifications or narratives

• Scenario– “. . . Assign one or more employees to a

department . . .”– “. . . Some departments do not yet have assigned

employees . . .”

• Create an entity relationship diagram from business specifications or narratives

• Scenario– “. . . Assign one or more employees to a

department . . .”– “. . . Some departments do not yet have assigned

employees . . .”

Entity Relationship Model

EMPLOYEEEMPLOYEE#* #* numbernumber** namenameoo job titlejob title

DEPARTMENTDEPARTMENT#* #* numbernumber** namenameoo locationlocation

assigned to

composed of

I-16 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.

Entity Relationship Modeling Conventions

EntitySoft boxSingular, unique nameUppercaseSynonym in parentheses

AttributeSingular nameLowercaseMandatory marked with “*”Optional marked with “o”

Unique Identifier (UID)Primary marked with “#”Secondary marked with “(#)”

EMPLOYEEEMPLOYEE#* #* numbernumber** namenameoo job titlejob title

DEPARTMENTDEPARTMENT#* #* numbernumber** namenameoo locationlocation

assigned to

composed of

I-18 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.

Relating Multiple Tables

• Each row of data in a table is uniquely identified by a primary key (PK).

• You can logically relate data from multiple tables using foreign keys (FK).

Table Name: EMPLOYEESTable Name: DEPARTMENTS

Primary key Primary keyForeign key

…

I-19 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.

Relational Database Terminology

1

23 4

5

6

I-20 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.

Relational Database Properties

A relational database:

• Can be accessed and modified by executing structured query language (SQL) statements

• Contains a collection of tables with no physical pointers

• Uses a set of operators

I-21 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.

Communicating with a RDBMS Using SQL

SELECT department_name FROM departments;

SELECT department_name FROM departments;

SQL statementis entered.

Oracleserver

Statement is sent to Oracle Server.

I-22 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.

Relational Database Management System

User tables Data dictionary

Oracleserver

I-23 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.

SQL Statements

SELECT INSERTUPDATEDELETEMERGE

CREATEALTERDROPRENAMETRUNCATE

COMMITROLLBACKSAVEPOINT

GRANTREVOKE

Data retrieval

Data manipulation language (DML)

Data definition language (DDL)

Transaction control

Data control language (DCL)

I-24 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.

Tables Used in the CourseEMPLOYEES

DEPARTMENTS JOB_GRADES

I-25 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.

Summary

• The Oracle9i Server is the database for Internet computing.

• Oracle9i is based on the object relational database management system.

• Relational databases are composed of relations, managed by relational operations, and governed by data integrity constraints.

• With the Oracle Server, you can store and manage information by using the SQL language and PL/SQL engine.