hukum perniagaan internasional topik: wto (the law of the wto: gatt 1994 and gats) dina w....

HUKUM PERNIAGAAN INTERNASIONALTopik: WTO

(The Law of the WTO: GATT 1994 and GATS)

Dina W. Kariodimedjo

Fakultas Hukum UGM

FH UGM Dina W. Kariodimedjo 1

Key concept:Non-discrimination

• Principle of the most-favoured-nation (MFN) treatment obligation

• Principle of the national treatment obligation

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GATT 1994

• Article I – MFN• Article III - NT

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GATS

• Article II – MFN• Article XVII - NT

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• The MFN and NT obligations of the GATT 1994 and the GATS prohibit discrimination on the basis of ‘nationality’ or the ‘national origin or destination’ of the product, service or service supplier

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MFN in the GATT 1994

• Nature Article I:1 GATT 1994– Covers ‘in law’ (de jure) and ‘in fact’ (de facto)

discrimination

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MFN Consistency Article I:1 GATT 1994 (#1)

• Test 1: Whether the measure at issue confers a trade ‘advantage’ of the kind covered by Article I:1;

• Test 2: Whether the products concerned are ‘like’ products; and

• Test 3: Whether the advantage at issue is granted ‘immediately and unconditionally’ to all like products concerned.

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Test 1: The MFN treatment obligation concerns any ‘advantage’ granted by any Member with respect to:

• Custom duties, other charges on imports and exports and other customs matters;

• Internal taxes; and• Internal regulation affecting the sale, distribution and

use of products.

(not only concerns advantages granted to other WTO Members, but advantages granted to all other countries –including non-WTO Members)

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Test 2: ‘like products’

• The characteristic of the products;• Their end-use; and• Tariff regimes of other Members.

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Test 3: advantage granted ‘immediately and unconditionally’

• Once a WTO Member has granted an advantage to imports from a country, it cannot make the granting of that an advantage to imports of other WTO Members conditional upon those other WTO Members ‘giving something in return’ or ‘paying’ for the advantage.

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MFN in the GATS

• The nature of the MFN treatment obligation provided for in Article II:1 GATS

• The test of consistency with Article II:1 GATS• The exemptions from the MFN treatment

obligation of Article II:1 of the GATS

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The nature of the MFN treatment obligation provided for in Article II:1 GATS

• Article II:1 prohibits discrimination between like services and service suppliers from different countries

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MFN consistency Article II:1 GATS (#2)

• Test 1: Whether the measure is a measure at issue affects trade in services;

• Test 2: Whether the services or service suppliers concerned are ‘like’ services or services suppliers; and

• Test 3: Whether less favourable treatment is accorded to the services or service suppliers of a Member.

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Test 1: Whether the measure is a measure covered by the GATS

• A measure by a Member; and• A measure affecting trade in services

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Test 2: Whether the services or service suppliers concerned are “like” services or services suppliers

• The characteristics of the service or the service supplier;

• The classification and description of the service in the United Nations Central Product Classification (CPC) system; and

• Consumer habits and preferences regarding the services or the service supplier.

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Test 3: Whether less favourable treatment is accorded to the services or service suppliers of a Member

• If it modifies the conditions of competition (Article XVII)

• De jure and de facto discrimination

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Exemptions from the MFN of the GATS

• No exemptions from the MFN of the GATT 1994

• Exemptions GATS – Article II:2 GATS:– Member could list measure in the Annex on

Article II Exemptions

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NT consistency Article III:2, first sentence, GATT 1994 – Internal Taxation (#3)

• Test 1: Whether the measure at issue is an ‘internal tax’;

• Test 2: Whether the imported and domestic products are ‘like’ products; and

• Test 3: Whether the imported products are not taxed in excess of the domestic products.

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NT Consistency Article III:2, second sentence, GATT 1994 - Internal Taxation, a broader category of products – ‘like products’, ‘directly competitive or

substituable’ (#4)

• Test 1: Whether the measure at issue is an ‘internal tax’;

• Test 2: Whether the imported and domestic products are directly competitive or substituable;

• Test 3: Whether these products are not similarly taxed; and

• Test 4: Whether the dissimilar taxation is applied so as to afford protection to domestic products.

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NT Consistency Article III:4 GATT 1994 – Internal Regulation (#5)

• Test 1: Whether the measure at issue is a law, regulation or requirement covered by Article III:4;

• Test 2: Whether the imported and domestic products are ‘like’ products; and

• Test 3: Whether imported products are accorded less favourable treatment.

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NT GATS – NT GATT

• NT Article XVII GATS is different from the NT Article III GATT.– NT GATS: applies only to the extent WTO

Members have explicitly committed themselves to grant ‘national treatment’ in respect of specific service sectors

– NT GATT: NT obligation has general application to all trade

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NT Consistency Article XVII GATS (#6)

• Test 1: Whether the measure at issue affects trade in services;

• Test 2: Whether the foreign and domestic services or service suppliers are ‘like’ services or service suppliers; and

• Test 3: Whether the foreign services or service suppliers are granted treatment no less favourable.

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The factors that must be considered in determining ‘likeness’ are, among other relevant factors: (#7)

• The characteristics of the products, services and service suppliers;

• The classification of the products, services and service suppliers;

• Consumer habits and preferences regarding the products, services and service suppliers; and

• For products, their end-use.

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Bacaan wajib

• Van den Bossche, Peter, 2005, The Law and Policy of the World Trade Organization, Text, Cases and Materials, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

• Jackson.• Kartadjoemena, Hassan S., Putaran Uruguay.

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• Terima Kasih

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Case

• Newland – a wine drinking country• Richland – a beer exporting country• Customs duties:– 10% on wine– 20% on non-alcoholic beer– 30% on “A type” beers

• Exempted:– “A type” beers produced in the US

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