http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/v ohra/default.aspx. by dr. saeed vohra

http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/vohra/default.aspx

ByDr. Saeed Vohra

Let us wish you the best for your studies in Anatomy and in your

other courses.

We hope that you will enjoy this course, as well as learn some

morphology and histology. If you have any problems with the course work, please come and see one of us right away: we can often help

you find a solution

Dr. Musaed Alfayez

The Chairman

Ph.D. Glasgow UK

MBBS PhD Japan

Assistant Professor

What is anatomy?Anatomy is the study of the structure of the body with relation to each other. Derived from the Greek to cut up: the Latin 'to cut up' gives us dissect.

To avoid confusion, it is always assumed that the

body is in a standard position called

Anatomical Position

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In anatomical position •the body is standing erect•the feet parallel•the face facing forward•the arms hanging at the sides •the palms facing forward

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Directional TermsSuperior/Cranial A term indicating that a given structure lies above

another (towards the head)

Inferior/Caudal Away from the head end or towards the lower part of the body

Anterior/Ventral Towards the front of the body

Posterior/Dorsal Relating to the back or the dorsal aspect of the body

Medial Situated close to or at the midline of the body or organ

Lateral Located away from the midline

Intermediate Between the medial & lateral structure

Proximal Close to the point of attachment of a structure

Distal Away from the point of attachment of a structure (as opposed to proximal)

Superficial On or near the body surface

Deep: Away from the body surface

BODY PLANES

Median Plane:

A vertical plane extending in an antero-posterior direction dividing the body into two equal parts (right and left parts)

Sagittal Plane:

A vertical plane extending in an antero-posterior direction dividing the body into right and left parts

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Frontal/Coronal Plane

A vertical plane at right angles to the sagittal plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

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Transverse/Horizontal PlaneA transverse plane dividing the body into superior and inferior parts

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TERMS OF MOVEMENTSFlexion: A movement, in the sagittal plane, that decreases the angle of

the joint, and brings two bones closure

Extension: A movement, in the sagittal plane, that increase the angle, or distance between two bones ( opposite of flexion)

Abduction: A movement away from midline or median plane of the body

Adduction: A movement toward midline (opposite of abduction)

Rotation: Movement of bone around a fixed axis

Circumduction: Combination of flexion, extension, abduction & adduction

Pronation: Moving the palm from an anterior position to posterior position

Supination: Moving the palm from a posterior position to anterior position

Inversion: Turning the sole of the foot medially

Eversion: Turning the sole of the foot laterally

Dorsiflexion: Movement of foot up towards the leg (standing on heels)

Planter flexion: Movement of toes towards the ground (standing on toes)

Origin: The proximal point of muscle attachment that is fixed or less moveable during the muscle contraction

Insertion: The distal point of muscle attachment that is moveable during the muscle contraction

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Body Cavities

Ventral Cavity occupied by the abdominal and perineal

a. Thoracic Cavityb. Abdominopelvic Cavity

i. Abdominalii. Pelvic

Dorsal Cavity occupied by the brain and spinal cord

a. Cranial Cavityb. Spinal Cavity

Skeleton System

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Classification of BonesAccording to the basic types of bone tissue 1. Compact bone 2. Spongy bone

According to the shape There are four types 1. Short bones 2. Long bones 3. Flat bones 4. Irregular bones

Functions of the bones 1. Support & Shape

Supports & anchors all soft organs Bones of the legs act as pillars to support the body trunk when we stand Without bones, our body will not be having any shape

2. ProtectionBrain is protected by the skull and rib cage protects the lungs heart & liver

3. Movement

4. Storage 5. Blood cell formation

Skeletal System

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Bones of Upper Limb

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Classification of Joints1- Fibrous Sutures of the skull

2-Cartilaginous Intervertebral, pubic symphysis

3- Synovial Plane Hinge Ball & Socket Condyloid Saddle Pivot

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