how the human brain adapts to piano playing-france
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Are musicians more intelligent?How the human brain adapts to piano playing.
Pr Timo Krings
Department of Neuroradiology
University Hospital of the Technical University Aachen, Allemagne
Service de Neuroradiologie diagnostique et thrapeutique,CHU de Bictre, Le Kremlin-Bictre; France (Prof. Lasjaunias)
tkrings@ukaachen.de
EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF ARTS EDUCATIONCentre Pompidou, Paris
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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Basic principle of MRI
Each tissue hasspecific magnetic
properties
Different grey scalevalues
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Hand movements
localized brain activityincreased oxygen consumption
Changes in local brain blood flowChanges in the local magnetic field
Basic principle of functional MRI
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Conventional MRI(Gray scale)
Changes in
Bloodflow due tobrain activity
(colour)
Basic principle of functional MRI
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Imaging the brain at work1. Speech
Fra...
Word generation
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Mental Rotation
Imaging the brain at work1. Visual orientation
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Listening to Bach
Listening to Bartok
Imaging the brain at work3. Music
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Imaging the brain at work4. The motor system
The human cortical motor systemconsists of a distributed network of areas that are involved in differentaspects of executing specific motortasks.
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Imaging the brain at work4. The motor system
The primary motor area M1:
- Executive area of motor function- Neurons are directly connected via
the spinal cord with the muscles- Lesions lead to long lasting paralysis
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Imaging the brain at work4. The motor system
The supplementary motor area SMA:
- crucial for temporal structuring andselection of movements
- Initiation of movements- Neurons are connected to M1- Lesions lead to initiation disorders
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Imaging the brain at work4. The motor system
The premotor area PMA:
- associated with planning,programming, initiation, guidance, andexecution of movements
- Neurons are connected to SMA and M1- Lesions lead to initiation disorders
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Imaging the brain at work4. The motor system
The superior parietal lobule SPL:
- important for linking sensation andaction, and for contributing to spatialrepresentation and early motor
transformations underlying action- Neurons are connected to SMA and M1- Lesions lead to Ataxia and Neglect
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Imaging the brain at work4. The motor system
Motor performance can be describedby the interaction of different brainregions as parts of a distributed,connected, overlapping, and highlyparallel or reciprocal processingnetwork, the modular parts of which
may substitute each other
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Which brain areas are more active duringcomplex movements?
Difficult minus easy hand motor tasks
The human motor system canremodel its excitatory outputaccording to functional demandsof a given task
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Aim
The study was performed to evaluate which changes
appear in musicians compared to non-musicians when
performing complex motor tasks and, therefore, to
elucidate the effects on the brain of playing aninstrument.
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Methods
Both pianists and non-musicians had to perform simple
and complex movement sequences on a keyboard with
the right hand only, the tasks requiring different levels of
ordinal complexity while being studied with functionalMRI.
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Methods
EASY
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Methods
COMPLEX
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SimpleTask
Which brain areas are more active inNonMusicians compared to Musicians ?
Non-Musician Musician
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ComplexTask
Which brain areas are more active inNonMusicians compared to Musicians ?
Non-Musician Musician
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Complex Task
Simple Task
Which brain areas are more active inNonMusicians compared to Musicians ?
Non-Musician Musician
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Which brain areas are more active inNonMusicians compared to Musicians ?
Group of controls minus group of piano players
For the same performancemore brain areas have to beactivated in non-musicians Piano players use theirmotor network moreefficiently (i.e. less
activated brain for the sameperformance)
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Methods
BARTOK: Triolak (Microcosmos)
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Simple Task
What happens if the Musician playsBartok ?
Non-Musician Musician
Complex Task
Musician playing Bartok
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SimpleTask
What happens if the Musician plays
Bartok ?
Non-Musician Musician
ComplexTask
PlayingBartok
For a piano player,complexity startsat a higher levelcompared to the non-musician
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What happens during IMAGINATION to
play the piano?PLAYING
IMAGINATION of PLAYING
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What happens during IMAGINATION to
play the piano?During imagination of playing the piano, only secondary motor areas but notthe executive motor areas (i.e. the primary motor cortex) are active
indicating that these secondary motor areas are not needed for pure motorexecution of the task but instead for the sequencing, planning and structuringof the information being processed.
PLAYING IMAGINATION of PLAYING
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Conclusions
For the same level of performance, pianists need to activate less brainareas compared to non-musicians indicating that the functionality andthe connectivity of the brain works better in musicians
The stability and fluency in the coordination and execution of complexmovements allows the musician to shift attention from the mechanical
action to the artistic performance.
Mental imagery of movements activates the same cortical networks thatare also active during the performance of playing an instrument therebyproving the usefulness of imagination to rehearse ones musical skills
The ability to play a musical instrument leads to a more efficientrepresentation of actions in the brain, and, therefore, to a bettercognitive performance.
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Thank you !
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