how educated are nova scotians? education indicators for the nova scotia genuine progress index...
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How Educated are Nova Scotians?Education Indicators for the
Nova Scotia Genuine Progress Index
Prepared by GPI Atlantic
February 2008
ME ASU R ING S U STA I NAB L E DE VEL O P M E N T
A P PLI C ATI O N O F T H E G E N UIN E P R OGR E SS I N DE X T O N O VA
S C OTI A
2
Most used measures tell us more about labour market conditions than about educational attainment + send conflicting messages.
• E.g. Alberta has the lowest high school graduation rate and the second highest drop out rate among provinces (because lucrative jobs are available), but the highest standardized test results (partly because higher performers remain in school).
• At the same time, Atlantic Canada has the lowest drop out rates, the highest graduation rates, yet scores the lowest on standardized test results.
3
Explaining the Difference
• 2003 CMEC data: Alberta graduation rate = 10% below Nova Scotia. Difference between Nova Scotia and Alberta PISA scores = just under 10%.
• According to Dr. Michael Corbett (Acadia Educ.): “By having a more exclusive high school system Alberta adjusts underperforming students out of the school door and into the workforce. As it happens Alberta has an economy that can absorb a considerable amount of educational underachievement. Here in Nova Scotia we don't have that luxury.”
4
Standardized tests -- what do they measure?
• Also reflect labour market conditions – i.e. who remains in school to be tested
• Scores often reflect and reinforce socio-economic inequalities
• Tests focus on a few academic subject areas -- math, science, reading/writing. Are these more important than art, history, or social studies?
• Standardized testing pressures teachers to “teach to the test,” at expense of other non-test subjects
• Standardized test results can be misused and manipulated to support calls for questionable reform
Average scores in the PISA math assessment by quartile of family socioeconomic status, 15-year-olds, Canada and provinces, 2003
571
585
556
559
571
584
555
559
541
565
563
546
552
524
538
540
556
523
529
517
532
532
525
539
521
524
526
531
508
510
496
516
510
507
506
477
504
503
502
483
479
469
485
486
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
British Columbia
Alberta
Saskatchewan
Manitoba
Ontario
Quebec
New Brunswick
Nova Scotia
Prince Edward Island
Newfoundland &Labrador
Canada
Average PISA math scores
First quartile
Second quartile
Third quartile
Fourth quartile
6
What these quantitative “output” measures don’t tell us – esp. “outcomes”:
• How educated the populace is, and whether we are getting wiser and more knowledgeable
• Whether we’re learning what we need to know to live well and sustainably, & improve our wellbeing
• What and how we learn from non-school sources (media, family, community etc.)
• Anything about the quality of education, and the quality of information in the learning environment…. Etc.
7
So What is an “Educated Populace”?
• An “Educated Populace” has the knowledge and skills required to foster wellbeing in individuals and in the population as a whole
—that is to live full and healthy lives, have decent jobs, participate actively in their communities as citizens, and understand the interdependence of the world in which they live, without imperiling these prospects for future generations.
8
Framework for indicators of an educated populace
POPULACEWisdom and
Values
CONTEXT (determinants)
LEARNING OUTCOMES
ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY &
SUSTAINABILITY (UNDESD)SOCIAL OUTCOMES
(GPI Domains)
Pop
ula
tion
H
ealt
h
Time Use LivingStandards
Hu
man
Imp
act on
the
En
vironm
ent
Social Capital Natural Capital
To live togetherTo do
To be To know
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YET…Literacy flat, despite more schooling
• “More analytical work is required to explore the factors around the lack of overall change in the literacy performance of Canadians.” (Statistics Canada)
• “We urgently need to understand why our current literacy and learning programs are not succeeding in order to develop more effective approaches.” (Canadian Council on Learning)
Average prose literacy scores across selected regions and provinces, Canadian population aged 16 and over, 1994 and 2003
281
270
266
269
272
280
275
255
264
270
240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285
Western region
Ontario
Quebec
Atlantic region
Canada
Average prose literacy score19942003
Average document literacy scores across selected regions and provinces, Canadian population aged 16 and over, 1994 and 2003
281
270
263
267
271
277
277
254
259
270
240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285
Western region
Ontario
Quebec
Atlantic region
Canada
Average document literacy score1994
2003
12
Percentile scores of correct answers to general political knowledge questions, by
age group, 1984, 1993, 1997, and 2000
Age Group
Year 18–23 24–29 30–34 35–39 40–49 50–59 60 +
1984 39.3 43.7 51.9 51.4 54.4 57.9 52.4 1993 36.7 46.7 47.1 50.3 55.5 53.1 56.0 1997 37.8 41.0 46.1 47.7 53.2 58.4 57.0 2000 31.4 36.2 47.6 49.5 51.4 59.7 58.3
Ecological Literacy? Footprint by Educational Attainment, Canada, 2005 (1st time)
6.76
6.96
8.67
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
some secondaryeducation
completed secondaryeducation
university degree
global hectares per capita
Average debt from government student loans at graduation, by
province, classes of 1995 and 2000 ($2000)
11,300
10,800
11,000
10,400
15,200
7,400
12,300
12,900
15,400
11,300
12,029
10,511
12,194
8,964
11,318
8,681
11,267
7,372
12,670
11,542
20,100
17,900
22,100
17,800
21,600
13,500
21,400
18,500
26,900
22,600
16,656
16,293
19,387
13,040
14,660
13,129
16,297
13,245
16,783
16,562
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000
British Columbia
Alberta
Saskatchewan
Manitoba
Ontario
Quebec
New Brunswick
Prince Edward Island
Newfoundland
Nova Scotia
Average government loan debt at time of graduation
1995 University
2000 University
1995 College
2000 College
15
Average amount borrowed (all sources) for the 2003 degree, post-2003 degree education or both, by Maritime province of graduation, 2005
($2005)
$32,390
$27,148 $26,199 $27,104
$0
$5,000
$10,000
$15,000
$20,000
$25,000
$30,000
$35,000
PEI NS NB Maritimes
aver
age
stude
nt d
ebt (
all s
ourc
es)
Average borrowed
16
Average undergraduate university tuition fees, Canada and provinces, 1990/1991, 2005/2006, 2007/2008 (in 2005 constant dollars)
4,703
4,809
4,625
3,278
5,213
1,962
5,554
4,301
2,551
5,694
4,382
4,874
5,125
5,062
3,272
4,881
1,900
5,037
4,645
2,606
6,281
4,214
2,346
1,669
2,005
1,962
2,180
1,173
2,498
2,432
1,744
2,519
1,900
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000
British Columbia
Alberta
Saskatchewan
Manitoba
Ontario
Quebec
New Brunswick
Prince Edward Island
Newfoundland
Nova Scotia
Canada
Average tuition fees
1990/1991
2005/2006
2007/2008
17
Employment rate of full-time students, 20–24 years of age, Canada, 1976–2006
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
%
percentage 26.6 25.5 28.5 28.5 32.1 36.2 37.9 40.4 40.1 41 40.7 40.4 43.7 44.2 46.7 46.9
1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
18
Average work hours per week during the school year for full-time students, aged 18–24 years, Canada, 1976–2006
15.8
15 14.8
13.9 14
14.6 14.715.2
14.114.6
15
15.616.1 16
16.416.7
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
usua
l wor
k ho
urs/
wee
k
19
Average work hours per week during the school year for full-time students, aged 18–24 years, provinces, 1976, 1986, 1996, 2006
17.3
18.7
17.3
16.6
16.1
16.7
15.6
17.2
16.8
16.2
16.7
14.5
16.4
15.9
15.8
14.4
15.7
14.9
13.9
14.6
15.0
15.0
14.1
15.2
14.7
15.2
14.5
14.7
13.9
15.6
15.7
15.9
14.6
16.1
18.8
17.3
16.0
14.5
16.5
16.5
19.8
24.7
16.9
15.8
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0
British Columbia
Alberta
Saskatchewan
Manitoba
Ontario
Quebec
New Brunswick
Prince Edward Island
Newfoundland
Nova Scotia
Canada
Average work hours per week
1976
1986
1996
2006
20
Incidence of advertising in Canada’s public elementary and secondary schools, by percentage, 2003/2004
HALLWAYS, CAFETERIA
UNIFORMS BUSES SUPPLIES WEBSITE OTHER ANY OF
ABOVE
North - 11.4 0.0 15.9 0.0 15.9 38.6 BC 19.3 1.9 1.4 12.2 1.1 14.2 37.0 Prairies 18.5 3.4 1.9 10.3 1.5 15.1 37.9 Ontario 13.9 2.6 1.0 12.2 0.8 10.1 31.0 Quebec 8.1 1.0 0.8 7.9 1.2 8.3 21.4 Atlantic 16.6 8.9 2.2 11.1 2.2 11.1 34.6 Elementary 11.2 2.1 1.4 11.6 1.2 9.5 28.1 Secondary 32.3 8.3 1.4 12.5 1.8 23.6 54.8 French 9.5 2.4 - 8.8 1.2 8.8 23.5 English 16.2 3.4 1.5 11.6 1.2 12.3 34.3 Canada 14.9 3.2 1.3 11.1 1.2 11.6 32.3
21
Public versus private share of sponsored research at Canadian universities, 1972–2005
83.3 83.781.8
79.777.2
80.4 81.479.8
77.5 76.4
71.969.4 69.1
64.267.8
69.873.6 72.4
16.7 16.218.1
20.322.8
19.6 18.620.2
22.5 23.6
28.130.6 30.9
35.832.2
30.226.4 27.6
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Survey year
Perc
en
tag
e o
f sp
on
sore
d r
esearc
h
Total public share Total private share
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Where to from Here? What’s Next?Key Messages:
1. We have not answered the question: How educated are Nova Scotians?
2. Conventional output indicators can’t do so3. Development of new indicators, data
sources, measurement methods is needed – a ‘paradigm shift’ (NS Education Dept.)
4. See Report Appendix: Comprehensive list of “ideal” indicators (yet this summary necessary for 2008 completion of NS GPI)
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The Good News
• 3 years GPI research uncovered good models, measures of arts literacy, media literacy, health literacy, food and nutrition literacy, civic literacy, multicultural literacy, Indigenous knowledge literacy, statistics literacy, ecological literacy, and science literacy.
• + Wisdom scales, informal and non-formal learning, ETC. – Available in other places, not yet Canada
Recommendation: Create required data
• -> Canadian Knowledge Survey (11+ literacies) (or Maritime KS? - MPHEC - available to NS Ed)
• Good education indicators = glue, binding factor, connective tissue between all GPI components – link learning outcomes to social outcomes – e.g. health, civic, ecological literacy, etc.
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