history of computer edit-2003

The evolution of the modern-day computer The evolution of the modern-day computer started in started in ChinaChina at around at around 500 BC500 BC. The . The abacus was probably the original counting abacus was probably the original counting device. It has survived centuries of device. It has survived centuries of technological advancement for its widely used technological advancement for its widely used today.today.

The Abacus are the The Abacus are the earliest known earliest known counting/calculation counting/calculation instruments.instruments.

Used to aid mental Used to aid mental calculationscalculations

3000 BC: The 3000 BC: The abacusabacus is is invented in Babyloniainvented in Babylonia

Used by Greeks and Used by Greeks and RomansRomans

Refined to suit counting Refined to suit counting system of each culturesystem of each culture

Abacus were also Abacus were also developed by Native developed by Native American culturesAmerican cultures

John NapierJohn Napier, a Scottish theologian and , a Scottish theologian and mathematicians, became famous for his mathematicians, became famous for his discovery of logarithms. He invented in discovery of logarithms. He invented in 16171617 the device that could do this – the Napier’s the device that could do this – the Napier’s bone – a table of logarithms made of ivory.bone – a table of logarithms made of ivory.

John Napier

1630 Slide Rule

William Oughtred, an English mathematician, invented the SLIDE RULE, a device made of wood with movable scales arrange to slide opposite each other

In In 16421642, a French , a French mathematician named mathematician named Blaise PascalBlaise Pascal invented invented and built the and built the Pascaline. His Pascaline. His invention used gear-invention used gear-driven counting driven counting wheels to do addition. wheels to do addition. He invented this He invented this device to help his device to help his father who was a tax father who was a tax collector. A collector. A programming programming language was later language was later named after the him – named after the him – Pascal Programming Pascal Programming LanguageLanguage..

1694 Leibniz Machine Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, a German

mathematician. His machine, the LEIBNIZ MACHINE, considered of a stepped cylinder that could perform the four fundamental operations and square root.

In In 18011801, a French , a French named named Joseph-Marie Joseph-Marie JacquardJacquard invented a invented a weaving loom that was weaving loom that was aptly called Jacquard aptly called Jacquard Weaving Loom. This Weaving Loom. This device, which still used device, which still used at present, is at present, is controlled by cards in controlled by cards in which holes are which holes are strategically punched. strategically punched. The punched cards are The punched cards are sequenced to indicate a sequenced to indicate a particular weaving particular weaving device.device.

Joseph Marie Jacquard

The concepts used in modern-day computers The concepts used in modern-day computers were laid down by the nineteenth century were laid down by the nineteenth century English visionary and Cambridge professor English visionary and Cambridge professor Charles BabbageCharles Babbage. He invented the Difference . He invented the Difference Engine in Engine in 18221822, which was capable of , which was capable of computing mathematical tables and computing mathematical tables and polynomial equations. polynomial equations.

Charles Babbage is known to be the “Father of Modern Computer”

1833 – Charles Babbage also invented the ANALYTICAL MACHINE designed to perform complex mathematical calculations. This was considered to be the first general purpose computer.

Charles Babbage: Difference Engine & Charles Babbage: Difference Engine & Analytical EngineAnalytical Engine In 1822, Babbage proposed building a machine In 1822, Babbage proposed building a machine

called the called the Difference EngineDifference Engine to automatically to automatically calculate mathematical tables. The Difference calculate mathematical tables. The Difference Engine was only partially completed when Babbage Engine was only partially completed when Babbage conceived the idea of another, more sophisticated conceived the idea of another, more sophisticated machine called an machine called an Analytical Engine.Analytical Engine.

The Analytical Engine was intended to use loops of The Analytical Engine was intended to use loops of Jacquard's punched cardsJacquard's punched cards to control an automatic to control an automatic calculator, which could make decisions based on calculator, which could make decisions based on the results of previous computations.the results of previous computations.

The Analytical Machine was designed to be stream -The Analytical Machine was designed to be stream -driven and fully automatic rather than requiring the driven and fully automatic rather than requiring the user to mechanically input all the data as did the user to mechanically input all the data as did the Difference Engine.Difference Engine.

Neither machine was finished because Babbage Neither machine was finished because Babbage kept updating his design.kept updating his design.

Babbage’s Conditional Babbage’s Conditional DecisionsDecisions

The Analytical Machine was also intended to The Analytical Machine was also intended to employ several features subsequently used in employ several features subsequently used in modern computers, including sequential control, modern computers, including sequential control, branching, and looping. branching, and looping.

The conditional decision meant that the path a The conditional decision meant that the path a calculation would follow could be altered depending calculation would follow could be altered depending on the answer to the previous step in the on the answer to the previous step in the calculation.calculation.

The use of a card system to ‘store’ a program and The use of a card system to ‘store’ a program and the development of the conditional state were the development of the conditional state were significant contributions to the future of computingsignificant contributions to the future of computing Augusta Ada Lovelace (Lord Augusta Ada Lovelace (Lord

Byron’s daughter) worked with Byron’s daughter) worked with Babbage and created a program Babbage and created a program for the Analytical Machine. She is for the Analytical Machine. She is considered to be the first considered to be the first programmerprogrammer

1887 Census Machine Herman Hollerith,

an American statistician and founder of Tabulating Machine Company (now called International Business Machine or IBM) invented the CENSUS MACHINE

The US government The US government faced a dilemma faced a dilemma because using the because using the existing system existing system collating collating census datacensus data by making tally marks by making tally marks in small squares on in small squares on rolls of paper and then rolls of paper and then adding the marks adding the marks together by hand was together by hand was extremely time extremely time consuming. consuming.

If the system remained If the system remained unchanged, the data unchanged, the data from the 1890 census from the 1890 census would not be collated would not be collated into any useful form into any useful form until well after the until well after the 1900 census.1900 census.

Herman Hollerith’s Tabulating Herman Hollerith’s Tabulating MachineMachine

The Birth of IBM The Birth of IBM (International Business Machines)(International Business Machines)

Hollerith’s system proved to Hollerith’s system proved to be both useful and be both useful and efficient.efficient.

It was only useful for It was only useful for tabulation not for direct tabulation not for direct complex computation.complex computation.

Not a ‘real’ computerNot a ‘real’ computer The use of perforated or The use of perforated or

punched cards for data punched cards for data entry was a major useful entry was a major useful innovation.innovation.

In February 1924, Hollerith's In February 1924, Hollerith's company changed its company changed its name to name to International International Business MachinesBusiness Machines, or , or IBMIBM..

Punched Cards & TapePunched Cards & Tape The original cards had round holes (45 per row by The original cards had round holes (45 per row by

1900).1900). The use of punched cards (and paper tape) for The use of punched cards (and paper tape) for

computer input lasted for many yearscomputer input lasted for many years Later cards (about 1929 onwards) used Later cards (about 1929 onwards) used

rectangular cards and had 80 holes per row. (This rectangular cards and had 80 holes per row. (This is the type of computer card you may have seen is the type of computer card you may have seen since they were around for a long time.)since they were around for a long time.)

1892 Adding/Calculating Machine

William Seward Burroughs, an American inventor, designed a key-driven machine that produced a hardcopy. This was called ADDING/CALCULATING MACHINE.

Dr. John AtanasoffDr. John Atanasoff and his assistant and his assistant Clifford Clifford BerryBerry design and began to build the first design and began to build the first electronic computer during the winter of electronic computer during the winter of 1937-381937-38. Their machine, the Atanasoff-Berry . Their machine, the Atanasoff-Berry Computer or ABC provided the foundation for Computer or ABC provided the foundation for the next advances in electronic digital the next advances in electronic digital computers. computers.

In In 19441944, , IBMIBM sponsored the building of the sponsored the building of the first electromechanical computer called the first electromechanical computer called the Mark IMark I. The credit for the creation of this . The credit for the creation of this goes to goes to Howard AikenHoward Aiken, a professor at Harvard , a professor at Harvard University. University.

During the years During the years 1943 to 19461943 to 1946, , Dr. John W. Dr. John W. MauchlyMauchly and and J. Presper Eckert Jr.J. Presper Eckert Jr. completed completed the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator), the first large scale and Calculator), the first large scale electronic digital computer.electronic digital computer.

ENIAC had the capacity of 5,000 computations per second

Was developed by Was developed by [USA] Army Ordnance [USA] Army Ordnance to compute World War to compute World War II ballistic firing tables. II ballistic firing tables.

Early electronic digital Early electronic digital computer computer

1,800 Vacuum tubes1,800 Vacuum tubes ENIAC could ENIAC could

discriminate the sign discriminate the sign of a number, compare of a number, compare quantities for equality, quantities for equality, add, subtract, add, subtract, multiply, divide, and multiply, divide, and extract square roots. extract square roots. ENIAC stored a ENIAC stored a maximum of twenty maximum of twenty 10-digit decimal 10-digit decimal numbers. numbers.

First Generation Awesome in size Controlled by thousands of vacuum tubes or

valves Consumes great amount of power that often

resulted in overheating and failure The operators cannot recognize whether the

breakdown was in the programming or in the machine

Information were stored on punched cards as well as on magnetic tapes

The language level used was machine language which used numbers

During the first During the first generation, generation, computers were computers were built with built with vacuum vacuum tubestubes – electronic – electronic tubes that were tubes that were made of glass and made of glass and were about the were about the size of the light size of the light bulbs.bulbs.

Second Generation Transistors replaced vacuum tubes

(used less power and did not get so hot quickly)

Development of assembly or symbolic language

Development of high level language such as Fortran and Cobol allowed programmers to give more attention to solving problems

This generation began with the This generation began with the with the first computers built with the first computers built with with transistorstransistors – small devices – small devices that transfer electronic signals that transfer electronic signals across a resistor. Because across a resistor. Because transistors are much smaller, use transistors are much smaller, use less power, and create less heat less power, and create less heat than vacuum tubes, the new than vacuum tubes, the new computers were faster, smaller, computers were faster, smaller, and more reliable than the first and more reliable than the first generation machines.generation machines.

Third Generation Uses Integrated Circuit, commonly

known as the silicon chip, which revolutionized electronic

Users interacted through keyboards & monitors and interfaces with an OS.

If later progressed to Large Scale Integration (LSI), where few chips could replace several hundred thousands of transistors

In 1964, computer manufacturers began In 1964, computer manufacturers began replacing transistors with integrated replacing transistors with integrated circuits. An circuits. An integrated circuits (IC)integrated circuits (IC) is a is a complete electronic circuit on a small complete electronic circuit on a small chip made of silicon (one of the most chip made of silicon (one of the most abundant elements in the earth’s crust). abundant elements in the earth’s crust). These computers were more reliable These computers were more reliable and compact that computers made with and compact that computers made with transistors, and they cost less transistors, and they cost less manufacturers,manufacturers,

Fourth Generation Uses microprocessor, a chip which contains

all the main electronic components of a computer

If made possible to build computers to enormous logical capacity and reliability, more cheaply and in a very small space

Very Large Space Integration (VLSI) was achieved

Development of GUIs, mouse & handheld devices

Microprocessors led to the development of microcomputers

Many advances were made Many advances were made during this generation, the during this generation, the most significant being the most significant being the microprocessormicroprocessor – a specialized – a specialized chip developed for computer chip developed for computer memory and logic. Use of a memory and logic. Use of a single chip to create a smaller single chip to create a smaller “personal” computer (as well as “personal” computer (as well as digital watches, pocket digital watches, pocket calculators, copy machines, and calculators, copy machines, and so on) revolutionized the so on) revolutionized the computer industry.computer industry.

Fifth Generation Development of artificial intelligence

such as voice recognition Use of parallel processing and

superconductors to make artificial intelligence a reality

Quantum computation & nanotechnology will change the face of computers in years to come

Develop devices that responds to natural languages input.

Our current generation has been Our current generation has been referred to as the referred to as the “Connected “Connected Generation”Generation” because of the because of the industry’s massive effort to industry’s massive effort to increase the connectivity of increase the connectivity of computers. The rapidly expanding computers. The rapidly expanding Internet, World Wide Web, and Internet, World Wide Web, and intranets have created an intranets have created an information superhighway that has information superhighway that has enabled both computer enabled both computer professionals and home computer professionals and home computer users to communicate with others users to communicate with others across the globe.across the globe.

Dr. John W. MauchlyDr. John W. Mauchly and and J. Presper Eckert Jr.J. Presper Eckert Jr. introduce the first commercially available introduce the first commercially available electronic digital computer – the electronic digital computer – the UNIVAC 1 UNIVAC 1 (Universal Automatic Computer)(Universal Automatic Computer) – built with – built with vacuum tubes vacuum tubes which could perform 10,000 computations per second.

Development team led Dr. Grace Development team led Dr. Grace Hopper, former US Navy Hopper, former US Navy programmer, introduces the programmer, introduces the A6 A6 CompilerCompiler – the first example of – the first example of software that converts high level software that converts high level language symbols into instructions language symbols into instructions that a computer can execute. that a computer can execute.

IBM IBM adds computers to its business adds computers to its business equipment products and sells over 1000 equipment products and sells over 1000 IBM 650 systems.IBM 650 systems.

The IBM again developed a machine that could perform 100,000 computations per second and can store data internally. The machine was the IBM 704.

Introduction of first high-level Introduction of first high-level programming language – programming language – FORTRANFORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator)(FORmula TRANslator)

Introduction of computers built with Introduction of computers built with transistorstransistors – a 1947 Bell Laboratories – a 1947 Bell Laboratories

invention.invention.

Introduction of the Introduction of the removable packremovable pack, , providing users with fast access to providing users with fast access to

stored data.stored data.

General Electric Corporation introduces General Electric Corporation introduces ERMAERMA (Electronic Recording Machine Accounting)(Electronic Recording Machine Accounting) – –

the first technology that can read special the first technology that can read special characters, such as digitized information.characters, such as digitized information.

Introduction of first business application Introduction of first business application programming language – programming language – COBOL (Common COBOL (Common

Business Oriented Language) Business Oriented Language) – based on – based on English-like phrases.English-like phrases.

Introduction of the first computer industry Introduction of the first computer industry standard character set – standard character set – ASCII (American ASCII (American

Standard Code for Information Interchange)Standard Code for Information Interchange) that enables computers to exchange that enables computers to exchange

information.information.

Introduction of computer built with an Introduction of computer built with an integrated circuit (IC)integrated circuit (IC), which incorporates , which incorporates

multiple transistors and electronic circuits on multiple transistors and electronic circuits on single silicon chip.single silicon chip.

IBM introduces its IBM introduces its System/360System/360 line of line of compatible computers, which can all use the compatible computers, which can all use the

same programs and peripherals.same programs and peripherals.

Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) introduces the first introduces the first minicomputerminicomputer

Introduction of the Introduction of the BASICBASIC programming language.programming language.

Introduction of Introduction of ARPANETARPANET and the beginning and the beginning of of InternetInternet..

IBM announces its decision to offer IBM announces its decision to offer unbundled software, priced and sold unbundled software, priced and sold

separately from the hardware.separately from the hardware.

Introduction of computers built with chips Introduction of computers built with chips that used that used LSILSI (large-scale integration)(large-scale integration)

Dr. Ted Hoff of Intel Corporation develops a Dr. Ted Hoff of Intel Corporation develops a microprogrammable computer chip – the Intel microprogrammable computer chip – the Intel

4004 microprocessor.4004 microprocessor.

First local area network (LAN) – Ethernet – First local area network (LAN) – Ethernet – developed at Xerox PARC (Palo Alto Research developed at Xerox PARC (Palo Alto Research

Center)Center)

The MITS, Inc., The MITS, Inc., AltairAltair becomes the first becomes the first commercially successful microcomputer, commercially successful microcomputer,

selling for less that $400 a kit.selling for less that $400 a kit.

Apple Computer, Inc., founded by Apple Computer, Inc., founded by Steve Steve WozniakWozniak and and Steve JobsSteve Jobs, and , and Apple IApple I

introduced as an easy-to-use “hobbyist” introduced as an easy-to-use “hobbyist” computer.computer.

Introduction of the first public Introduction of the first public information services – Compuserve and information services – Compuserve and

the Source.the Source.

IBM asks Microsoft founder, IBM asks Microsoft founder, Bill GatesBill Gates, , to develop an operating system – MS-to develop an operating system – MS-DOS – for the soon-to-be released DOS – for the soon-to-be released IBM IBM

personal computerpersonal computer. .

Introduction of the Introduction of the IBM PCIBM PC, which contains an , which contains an Intel microprocessor chip and Microsoft’ MS-Intel microprocessor chip and Microsoft’ MS-

DOS operating system.DOS operating system.

Apple introduces the Apple introduces the Macintosh ComputerMacintosh Computer, , with unique easy-to-use graphical interface.with unique easy-to-use graphical interface.

Microsoft introduces their Microsoft introduces their Windows graphical user interface.Windows graphical user interface.

Introduction of Introduction of Intel 486Intel 486 – the first 1,000,000 – the first 1,000,000 transistor microprocessor.transistor microprocessor.

Microsoft releases Microsoft releases Windows 3.0Windows 3.0, with an , with an enhanced graphical user interface and the enhanced graphical user interface and the

ability to run multiple application.ability to run multiple application.

Release of Release of Word Wide WebWord Wide Web standards that standards that describe the framework of linking documents describe the framework of linking documents

on different computers.on different computers.

Linus TorvaldsLinus Torvalds, a graduate student at the , a graduate student at the University of Helsinki, develops a version of University of Helsinki, develops a version of

UNIXUNIX called the called the Linux Linux operating system.operating system.

Apple introduces the Apple introduces the Newton MessagePadNewton MessagePad – a – a personal digital assistant (PDA) that personal digital assistant (PDA) that

incorporates a pen interface and wireless incorporates a pen interface and wireless communications.communications.

Introduction of computer systems built with Introduction of computer systems built with Intel’s Pentium microprocessor.Intel’s Pentium microprocessor.

Introduction of the Introduction of the MosaicMosaic graphical graphical Web browser, which led to the Web browser, which led to the

organization of Netscape organization of Netscape Communications CorporationCommunications Corporation

Intel begins shipping the Intel begins shipping the Pentium ProPentium Pro microprocessor.microprocessor.

Microsoft releases Microsoft releases Windows 95Windows 95, a major , a major upgrade to its Windows operating system.upgrade to its Windows operating system.

More than 500 million PCs sold More than 500 million PCs sold and more than 250 million PCs in and more than 250 million PCs in

use worldwide.use worldwide.

Microsoft releases Microsoft releases Office 97Office 97 with major Web with major Web enhancements integrated into its application.enhancements integrated into its application.

The number of Internet and World The number of Internet and World Wide Web users estimated at 50 Wide Web users estimated at 50

million.million.

Microsoft releases Microsoft releases Office 98Office 98 integrated with integrated with Internet Explorer 4.0 – antitrust legislation Internet Explorer 4.0 – antitrust legislation

intensifies. intensifies.

Microsoft releases Microsoft releases Office 2000Office 2000 featuring featuring extensive Web integration and document extensive Web integration and document collaboration – soon followed by collaboration – soon followed by Windows Windows

20002000..

A private Internet – A private Internet – Internet2 Internet2 – – expected to be completed with expected to be completed with

higher speed, limited access, and higher speed, limited access, and tighter security is in the works. tighter security is in the works. Expected to include advanced Expected to include advanced virtual reality interfaces called virtual reality interfaces called

nanomanipulators.nanomanipulators.

Applications of Computers In the scientific and engineering fields,

it provides inexpensive and accurate computation for better designs of devices or machines and more discoveries made in less time

In the business world, it is used in the preparation of payrolls, in recording accounts receivables, in keeping tracks or inventions

In banks, insurance companies, hospitals, and government offices, records are computerized

Applications of Computers

Large firms and offices such as PLDT, Meralco and MWSS prepare invoices with computers

Provide instantaneous and accurate data for airlines, hotels and check-out counters in the department stores

Now becoming an everyday tool not only in the offices but in homes as well

Why Computers Sometimes Fail

GIGO (Garbage In Garbage Out). Computer error may result from erroneously entered input.

Programs contain errors or “bugs” that do not become evident until a specific set of circumstances arises.

“Users” do not understand each other’s needs or have not communicated successfully.

Improper controls can lead to sabotage the company and invasion of privacy

Lack of standard results in problems when an organization obtains new equipment, hires new computer professionals, and attempts to provide some consistent set of procedures to be adopted by its computing staff

Manufacturer fails to supply needed spare parts, trained technicians, or that particular machine model is no longer in production

Why Computers Sometimes Fail

Classification of Computers

General-Purpose Computers - A computer that has the ability to store different programs of instructions and thus to perform a variety of operations.

Special-Purpose Computers - A computer designed to perform one specific task

According to purpose:

Digital Computers – a machine that specialize in counting of items that are distinct from one another, e.g. Text, integers, Morse code

Analog Computer – machine that deals with quantities that are continuous variable. This means that no individual elements can be identified from any other element, e.g. Light, voice, and video

Hybrid Computers – machine that combines the measuring capabilities of the analog computer and the logical and control capabilities of the digital computer

Classification of Computers

According to Types of data handled :

Classification of Computers

According to Capacity :

Microcomputers –capable of handling small, single-business applications such as sales analysis, inventory, billing and payroll.

Minicomputers – They can do operation like airline reservations

Medium-size Computers – They can serve the needs of a university.

Classification of Computers

According to Capacity :

Large Computers –They can be used in government agencies and in the development of space technology

Supercomputers – machines that have capabilities far beyond even the traditional large-scale systems. They are essential for applications ranging from nuclear weapon development to accurate weather forecasting.