higher plant diversity - unila

Vascular

Plant

Diversity

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Vascular Seed Plants

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Vascular Seed Plants

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Vascular Seed Plants

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Vascular Seed Plants

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Gymnospermae

1. Cycads (or Cycadophyta),

2. Ginkgo group (Ginkgophyta),

3. Conifers (Coniferophyta)

4. Gnetales

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1. Cycads (or Cycadophyta)

consisting of approximately 185 species in 11 or so

genera

The trunk of cycads does not usually exhibit lateral

(axillary) branching

The leaves of cycads have circinate vernation

Dioecious

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2. Ginkgophyta, or ginkgophytes

Contain only one extant species, Gingko biloba

This species is native only to certain remote regions of

China but has now been planted worldwide as a

popular street tree

A highly branched, woody tree.

Two-lobed leaves with dichotomous venation

Dioecious

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3. Coniferophyta, or conifers

Highly branched trees or shrubs with simple leaves

Leaves of conifers are linear, acicular (needle-like), or

subulate (awl-shaped)

Siphonogamous, the male gametophytes develop

pollen

Conifers produce male cones and female cones, either

on the same individual (monoecy) or, less commonly,

on different individuals (dioecy) tubes

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A. Araucariaceae. Araucaria

heterophylla, Norfolk Island-pine.

B–G. Cupressaceae. B. Cupressus

macrocarpa, Monterrey cypress. C.

Cupressus sempervirens, with

female cones. D. Juniperus

californica, California juniper,

bearing eshy female cones. E.

Sequoia sempervirens, redwood,

with attened branch system having

linear leaves. F. Sequoiadendron

giganteum, giant sequoia,

branches with awl-like leaves. G.

Taxodium distichum, bald cypress,

with leaf-like branches and female

cones. H. Podocarpaceae.

Podocarpus gracilior. Note seeds

not aggregated in female cones. I,J.

Taxaceae, Taxus sp., yew. I. Branch

with bearing male cones. J. Branch

with female cone of single seed

surrounded by red, eshy aril. K–L.

Pinaceae. K. Abies magni ca, r,

female cone. L. Cedrus sp., cedar,

with female cones

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4. Gnetales

also referred to as the Gnetopsida or Gnetophyta

containing three extant families: Ephedraceae

(consisting of Ephedra, with about 65 species),

Gnetaceae (consisting of Gnetum, with 28 species,

and Welwitschiaceae (consisting of the sole species

Welwitschia mirabilis)

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Referensi

Biggs, A., Hagins, W.C., Holliday, W.G., Kapicka, C.L., Lundgren, L., MacKenzie, A.N., Rogers, W.D., Sewer, M.B., Zike, D. 2008. Biology Glencoe Science. Columbus: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Campbell, N.A., Reece, J.B., Urry, L.A., Cain, M.L., Wasserman, S.A., Minorsky, P.V., Jackson, R.B. 2009. Biologi Ninth Edition. Boston: Benjamin Cummings.

Simpson, Michael George. 2006. Plant Systematics. Canada: Elsevier Academic Press Publications.

Singh, Gurcharan. 2010. Plants Systematics. India: Science Publisher.

Solomon, E.P., Berg, L.R., Martin, D.W. 2008. Biology 8th Edition. Belmont: Thomson Brooks.

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