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REHVA Conference – April 17-20, 2012 -TIMISOARA - ROMANIA
HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS IN RETROFITTING
Prof. Robert Gavriliuc, Ph.D.Prof. Florea Chiriac, Ph.D.
REHVA Conference – April 17-20, 2012 -TIMISOARA - ROMANIA
• INTRODUCTION
• CASE ANALYSIS FOR HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS IN RETROFITTING
1. GROUP OF BUILDINGS IN A CROWDED URBAN ENVIRONMENT – Blocks of flats
2. EDUCATION FACILITIES – Highschool complex
3. GROUP OF BUILDINGS IN A RURAL ENVIRONMENT – Local administration center
• CONCLUSIONS
REHVA Conference – April 17-20, 2012 -TIMISOARA - ROMANIA
INTRODUCTION
• Sanierung, Restaurierung
• progetto di retrofit; ammodernamento;
ristorazione
• Retrofit; Restoration; Retrofit project
• remise à niveau; restauration; projet de remise à
niveau
• vernieuwing; retrofit;restauratie;
vernieuwingsproject
• renovación; restauración; proyecto de renovación
REHVA Conference – April 17-20, 2012 -TIMISOARA - ROMANIA
CASE ANALYSIS 1
GROUP OF BUILDINGS IN A CROWDED URBAN ENVIRONMENT
• LOCATION
• CLIMATIC ZONE
• ENERGY AUDIT
• ENERGY LOADS CALCULUS
• TECHNICAL SOLUTION
• ECONOMICAL STUDY
REHVA Conference – April 17-20, 2012 -TIMISOARA - ROMANIA
LOCATION :
• Close to Bucharest centre, bd. Marasesti – Climatic zone 3
•3 appartment buildings BL.2, BL.3B, BL.3C, 300 appartments
connected to a local heating plant Marasesti, total of 23 456 m²
6
Thermal resistance of the walls [m²K/W]
Interior wall R=1,006 m²K/W
Exterior wall R=1,74 m²K/W
Terrace R=2,7 m²K/W
Horizontal concrete plate R=0,88 m²K/W
Windows R=0,55 m²K/W
Doors R=0,4 m²K/W
REHVA Conference – April 17-20, 2012 -TIMISOARA - ROMANIA
Outdoor air parameters:
•Outdoor air temperature = 35°C ;
•Outdoor air moisture content = 11.95 g / kg ;
•Outdoor air relative humidity = 40%.
Indoor air parameters:
•Indoor air temperature = 26°C;
•Indoor air velocity = 0.2 m/s ;
•Indoor air relative humidity = max 50%.
REFRIGERATION LOAD CALCULATION
Cf. STAS 6648/1-1982
SUMMER COOLING LOAD
BL.2 Q=358,64 kW
BL.3B Q=198,03 kW
BL.3C Q=134,59 kW
TOTAL Q=691,26 kW
SUMMER REFRIGERATION LOADS
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
400000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
hour
flu
x (
W)
charge thermique ete BL.3B charge thermique ete BL.3C
charge thermique ete BL.2
TOTAL SUMMER REFRIGERATION LOAD
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
hour
flu
x (
W)
7
REHVA Conference – April 17-20, 2012 -TIMISOARA - ROMANIA
HEAT LOAD CALCULATION:
Cf. STAS 1907/ 1-1980
Outdoor air parameters:
•Outdoor air temperature teh = -15°C ;
•Outdoor air moisture content 0.8 g / kg ;
•Outdoor air relative humidity φeh = 80%.
Indoor air parameters:
• Indoor air temperature tih = 20-22°C ;
• Indoor air velocity 0.2 m/s ;
• Indoor air relative humidity φih = 45-60%.
WINTER HEATING LOAD
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
700000
800000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
hour
flu
x (W
)
charge thermique hiver BL.3B charge thermique hiver BL.3C charge thermique BL.2
TOTAL WINTER HEATING LOAD
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
1400000
1600000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
hour
flu
x (
W)
CHARGE THERMIQUE HIVER TOTALE
WINTER HEATING LOAD
BL.2 Q=757,12 kW
BL.3B Q=475,02 kW
BL.3C Q=334,3 kW
TOTAL Q=1566,44 kW
8
REHVA Conference – April 17-20, 2012 -TIMISOARA - ROMANIA
SOLUTION PAIR H2O-LiBr NH3-H2O
(kg/s) 1.8 3.3
(kg/s) 2.09 3.85
(kW) 877.99 1117.55
(kW) 864.1 1077.43
(kW) 719.2 644.25
( kW) 0.418 0.69
COP 0.79 0.62
pressure 2C….7.57 mbar
34C….56 mbar
-2C….4.06 bar
34C….13.37 bar
temperature/
application
Positive
evaporation
temperatures, air
conditioning
Negative
evaporation
temperatures,
industrial
refrigeration & air
conditioning
material/ corrosion Inhibitor against
corrosion
Copper forbidden
Energy supply Gas, vapors, hot
water
Gas, vapors, hot
water
Rectifier needed no yes
Latent heat of
evaporation
(kJ/ kg)
2C....2365 kJ/ kg -2C...1250 kJ/ kg
COMPARISON BETWEEN THE
H2O-LiBr AND THE NH3-H2O
ABSORPTION MACHINES
SPm
SRm
GQ
ABSQ
CQ
SRP
TECHNICAL SOLUTION
REVERSIBLE ABSORPTION
MACHINE, GAS DRIVEN
•The metal needed for the equipment is
less, thus the investment smaller;
•No deflegmator needed, so the COP is
bigger;
•The possibility to group all the exchangers
in one single shell.
DISADVANTAGES FOR THE H2O-LiBr
ABSORPTION MACHINE
•The vacuum imposed needs solid joints;
•The solution H2O-LiBr is agresiv in contact
with metalls.
11
ADVANTAGES FOR THE
H2O-LiBr ABSORPTION MACHINE
REHVA Conference – April 17-20, 2012 -TIMISOARA - ROMANIA
Final solution for the refrigeration production –
Carrier double effect absorption machine, gas driven
12
pI
p
Ir
Iff
8
2
8
1 11
skgq
Qm OH /29.0
0
0
2
skgmfm OHr /18.4*21
skgmfm OHp /61.3*)1(22
skgmfmfm OHOHI /90.3**)1(22 21
kWmqQ OHGG 760*23
kWmqQ OHabsabs 5.1001*2
kWmqQ OHcc 25.732*2
91.0gQ
QCOP o
skgm absc
e /96.82
Point t
(°C)
P
mbar
ξLiB
r%
ξeau
%
h
kJ/kg
1sat 80 56 0.61 0.39 290
1 85.7 70 0.61 0.39 200
145 1000 0.56 0.44 320
2 90 56 0.65 0.35 240
155 1000 0.61 0.39 330
3 39.6 56 0.65 0.35 180
4 52 7.57 0.65 0.35 180
4sat 54 7.57 0.65 0.35 160
5 34 7.57 0.56 0.44 90
6 34 56 0.56 0.44 90.2
7 78 56 0.56 0.44 153
143 700 0.56 0.44 310
8 80 56 0 1 2670
145 1000 0 1 2652
9 34 56 0 1 145
10 2 7.57 0 1 145
11 2 7.57 0 1 2510
sat1
2
7
8
REHVA Conference – April 17-20, 2012 -TIMISOARA - ROMANIA
Position and connection of the absorption machine
in the heating plant
DOUBLE EFFECT ABSORPTION MACHINE, GAS DRIVEN
Hourly gas
consumption
Bh=81.7 m³/h
Cooling tower
needed
( 1,7 MW )
13
REHVA Conference – April 17-20, 2012 -TIMISOARA - ROMANIA
Chilled water delivery
14
REHVA Conference – April 17-20, 2012 -TIMISOARA - ROMANIA
NETWORK CALCULATION
15
• Refrigeration load calculation, chilled water network calculation
• Heat load calculation, check of the diameters for the hot water network;
Tr Q m m d DN d ext
Thic
knes
s dint v R
I kw m³/h l/s toli mm mm mm m m/s mCE/m
II 1.1. 55,795 9,614 2,67 3" 80 88,9 4 0,081 0,52 0,004754
II 1.2. 138,15 23,8 6,61 4" 100 114,3 4,5 0,105 0,76 0,006984
II 1.3. 220,5 37,99 10,6 5" 125 133 4 0,125 0,86 0,00714
II1.4. (bl 2-A) 358,64 61,79 17,2 6" 150 168,3 7 0,154 0,918 0,006214
II 1.5(A-CT) 691,26 119,1 33,1 7" 200 219,1 8 0,203 1,022 0,005413
II 1.6. 691,26 119,1 33,1 7" 200 219,1 8 0,203 1,022 0,005413
II. 2. 691,26 119,1 33,1 7" 200 219,1 8 0,203 1,022 0,005413
Tr Q m m d DN d ext
epai
sseu
r dint dint v R
I kw m³/h l/s toli mm mm mm mm m m/s mCE/m
II 1.1. 167,13 7,406 2,06 3" 80 88,9 4 80,9 0,081 0,4 0,002576
II 1.2. 308,13 13,65 3,79 4" 100 114,3 4,5 105,3 0,105 0,436 0,002178
II 1.3. 449,13 19,9 5,53 5" 125 133 4 125 0,125 0,451 0,001876
II1.4. (bl 2-A) 757,13 33,55 9,32 6" 150 168,3 7 154,3 0,154 0,499 0,001756
II 1.5(A-CT) 1566,1 69,4 19,3 7" 200 219,1 8 203,1 0,203 0,595 0,001764
REHVA Conference – April 17-20, 2012 -TIMISOARA - ROMANIA
ECONOMICAL STUDY REGARDING THE DISTRICT COOLING SYSTEMInvestments costs
ITEM Units pieces Unit price
TOTAL
EUR
Refrigeration production
Absorption machine u 1 128 050 128050
Cooling tower u 1 37 000 37000
TOTAL I. 165050
Additional equipment
Pumps P1 ens. 1 1334 1334
Pumps P2 ens. 1 1768 1768
Pumps P3 ens. 1 1334 1334
Pumps PI.2. ens. 1 1645 1645
Pumps PII.1.6 ens. 1 5274 5274
Pumps P II.2. ens. 1 2327 2327
Electrical equipment ens. 1 7000 7000
Transformator u 10 10 000 100000
Fan coils u 1386 250 346500
Insulation m 851,34 1,6 1362,144
Construction and mounting works ens. 1 28 000,0 28000
TOTAL II. 496544,144
TOTAL I.+II. 661594,144
Unforeseen costs % 5 33079,7072
Insurance % 10 66159,4144
TOTAL REFRIGERATION COSTS 760833,266
16
REHVA Conference – April 17-20, 2012 -TIMISOARA - ROMANIA 17
Total functioning costs for
first year
Comparison between total costs for the local
refrigeration solution and the district cooling
solution
Item Unit total
ENERGY
Refrigeration power kW 633
Running hours 100% power
5h/day h 625
Refrigeration needs kWh 395625
Refrigeration cost EUR/MWh 27,24
Total refrigeration costs EUR 10776,825
Water consumption m³ 14,322
Water costs EUR/m³ 0,8
Total water costs EUR 11,4576
Electric energy for the pumps kWh 46285,8
Electricity costs EUR/MWh 101,7
Total electricity costs EUR 4707,26586
TOTAL COSTS ENERGY EUR 15 496
TOTAL COSTS MAINTENANCE EUR 8 229
INVESTMENTS
Refrigeration works EUR 760833,266
Financing period years 10
Interest rate % 5
Total interest EUR 209 897
Government incentives % 0
TOTAL INVESTMENTS EUR 970730,266
TOTAL COSTS EUR 994 455
REHVA Conference – April 17-20, 2012 -TIMISOARA - ROMANIA
CASE ANALYSIS 2
EDUCATION FACILITIES – Highschool complex
• LOCATION
• CLIMATIC ZONE
• ENERGY AUDIT
• (ENERGY LOADS CALCULUS)
• TECHNICAL SOLUTION
• ECONOMICAL STUDY
REHVA Conference – April 17-20, 2012 -TIMISOARA - ROMANIA
CASE ANALYSIS 2LOCATION & CLIMATIC ZONE
CLIMATIC ZONE: 3Outdoor calculus temp.=-18°CAverage outdoor temp.=9,8°CMax. outdoor temp.= +39,4 °CMin. outdoor temp.=-30,4 °C
REHVA Conference – April 17-20, 2012 -TIMISOARA - ROMANIA
CASE ANALYSIS 2ENERGY AUDIT
Buildings HEATING ONLY APPLICATION
Theoretical highschool
Total built surface 4130 sqm
HEATING & DHW PLANT
2 BOILERS (on natural gas)
Heating output = 800 kW
Radiators for heating
Primary school
Ground floor 1161 sqm
First floor 1161 sqm
Green field (courtyard)11330 sqm
Sports’ hall
617 sqm
Boarding house
REHVA Conference – April 17-20, 2012 -TIMISOARA - ROMANIA
CASE ANALYSIS 2ENERGY AUDIT
Theoretical highschool building Primary school building
Sports’ hall Boarding house
REHVA Conference – April 17-20, 2012 -TIMISOARA - ROMANIA
CASE ANALYSIS 2ENERGY AUDIT
The administration of the complex has recently managed to
rehabilitate the heating plant and the indoor heating system.
The requirement was to maintain the existing (classical)
system, but also to introduce heat pumps.
The funds for the heat pump system will be obtained through
the “Program regarding the achievement of heating systems
based on the use of re-generable sources of energy”.
REHVA Conference – April 17-20, 2012 -TIMISOARA - ROMANIA
CASE ANALYSIS 2TECHNICAL SOLUTION
0 °C
10 °C
20 °C
30 °C
40 °C
50 °C
60 °C
70 °C
80 °C
90 °C
100 °C
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
t ext [°C ]
t s upply
t return
-1 °C-18
Heating fluid's s upply and return temperaturest s upply / t return
REHVA Conference – April 17-20, 2012 -TIMISOARA - ROMANIA
CASE ANALYSIS 2TECHNICAL SOLUTION
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
Ø hea ting [K W]
t ext
[°C ]
R OB UR
← ---------------------→R OB UR + C IAT
← ------------------------→R OB UR + C IAT + B OIL E R S
←------------------------------------------→
440 [K W]
-1
[°C ]
-18
210 [K W]
+10
[°C ]
Heating demand as function of the outdoor temperature
REHVA Conference – April 17-20, 2012 -TIMISOARA - ROMANIA
CASE ANALYSIS 2TECHNICAL SOLUTION
Temperature range Heat demand Heat sources
10 °C <toutdoor < 20 °C 210 kW Gas-driven-air-source HP
-1°C < toutdoor < 10 °C 440 kW
Gas-driven-air-source HP
+
Ground-source HP
toutdoor < -1 °C 440 kW – 800 kW
Gas-driven-air-source HP
+
Ground-source HP
+
Boilers
(bivalent series)
• Supply temperature adopted for the heat pump system: 50 °C
• Outdoor minimal temperature for the heat pump system: -1°C
• Minimal outdoor temperature for the gas-driven-air-source heat pumps: +10°C
• Functioning regime according to the temperature range:
REHVA Conference – April 17-20, 2012 -TIMISOARA - ROMANIA
CASE ANALYSIS 2TECHNICAL SOLUTION - EQUIPMENT
• 1 GROUND-SOURCE-HEAT-PUMP
Øheating =197,2 kW, COP=3,71, Pelectric=53,2 kW
• 27 GROUND-SOURCE-HEAT-EXCHANGERS: 107 m deep
• 6 GAS-DRIVEN-AIR-SOURCE-HEAT-PUMP
Øheating =34 kW, GUE=152%
REHVA Conference – April 17-20, 2012 -TIMISOARA - ROMANIA
CASE ANALYSIS 2TECHNICAL SOLUTION
REHVA Conference – April 17-20, 2012 -TIMISOARA - ROMANIA
CASE ANALYSIS 2TECHNICAL SOLUTION
REHVA Conference – April 17-20, 2012 -TIMISOARA - ROMANIA
CASE ANALYSIS 2TECHNICAL SOLUTION
REHVA Conference – April 17-20, 2012 -TIMISOARA - ROMANIA
CASE ANALYSIS 2ECONOMICAL STUDY
• Total investments costs: 8.666.869 RON = 2.045.375 euro
• Construction + equipment costs: 7496.129 RON=1.769.082 euro
• Built surface: 9.736 sqm
• Specific investment costs: 176,54 euro/sqm
REHVA Conference – April 17-20, 2012 -TIMISOARA - ROMANIA
CASE ANALYSIS 3GROUP OF BUILDINGS IN A RURAL ENVIRONMENT – Local
administration center
• LOCATION• CLIMATIC ZONE• ENERGY AUDIT
– MAYOR’S HOUSE– CULTURAL CENTER– ALL-PURPOSE HALL– CLINIC
• ENERGY LOADS CALCULUS• TECHNICAL SOLUTION• ECONOMICAL STUDY
• CLIMATIC ZONE: 3
• Outdoor calculus temp.= -18°C
REHVA Conference – April 17-20, 2012 -TIMISOARA - ROMANIA
CASE ANALYSIS 3ENERGY AUDIT
REHVA Conference – April 17-20, 2012 -TIMISOARA - ROMANIA
CASE ANALYSIS 3ENERGY AUDIT
REHVA Conference – April 17-20, 2012 -TIMISOARA - ROMANIA
CASE ANALYSIS 3TECHNICAL SOLUTION
• 2 X FLORIDA HEAT PUMPS WW 120
– Heating 30,8 kW; SPF=4,2
– Cooling 32,23 KW; SPF=6,1
• Fan-coils
– Mayor’s house 19 pieces
– All-purpose hall + cultural center + clinic 26 pieces
REHVA Conference – April 17-20, 2012 -TIMISOARA - ROMANIA
CASE ANALYSIS 3TECHNICAL SOLUTION
GROUND SOURCE HEAT EXCHANGER
Month HEATING DHW
[MWh]
TOTAL
H+DHW
AIR CONDITIONING
Max.
load
[kW]
Medium
load
[kW]
Energy
demand
[MWh]
Max. load
[kW]
Medium
load
[kW]
Energy
demand
[MWh]
Jan 58.5 26 8.4 0.23 8.63 - - -
Febr 58.5 23.5 7.1 0.22 7.32 - - -
March 42 17.1 6.1 0.25 6.35 - - -
Apr 27 10.2 3.4 0.24 3.64 - - -
May - - - 0.23 0.23 32.4 11.3 2.14
June - - - 0.24 0.24 45 15.7 3.12
July - - - 0.24 0.24 53 18.5 3.66
Aug. - - - 0.24 0.24 51 17.8 3.54
Sept. - - - 0.24 0.24 32.4 11.3 2.24
Oct. 23 10.8 3.5 0.23 3.73 - - -
Nov. 42 17.1 5.7 0.24 5.94 - - -
Dec. 58.5 23 7.1 0.22 7.32 - - -
- - 41.3 2.82 44 - - 15
Max. Load: 58.8 kWH / 53 kWC
Annual consumption: 44 MWhH+DHW / 15 MWhAC
GSHE: 18 closed-loop-heat-exchangers; 71.5 m deep, 6 m apart
REHVA Conference – April 17-20, 2012 -TIMISOARA - ROMANIA
CASE ANALYSIS 3TECHNICAL SOLUTION
REHVA Conference – April 17-20, 2012 -TIMISOARA - ROMANIA
CASE ANALYSIS 3TECHNICAL SOLUTION
REHVA Conference – April 17-20, 2012 -TIMISOARA - ROMANIA
CASE ANALYSIS 3TECHNICAL SOLUTION
• Energy performance after refurbishment
– Primary energy consumption for heating 75 [kWh/m2 year]
– Primary energy consumption for DHW 21 [kWh/m2 year]
– Primary energy consumption for cooling 17 [kWh/m2 year]
– Overall primary energy consumption 113 [kWh/m2 year]
REHVA Conference – April 17-20, 2012 -TIMISOARA - ROMANIA
CASE ANALYSIS 3ECONOMICAL STUDY
REHVA Conference – April 17-20, 2012 -TIMISOARA - ROMANIA
CONCLUSIONS
MAIN BARRIERS IN ROMANIA AGAINST THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
Lack of knowledge regarding the use of (GS)HP
Delay regarding the implementation of the European Directives in the secondary legislationExample: RES 2009/28/EC Directive has not yet been implemented into the Romanian legislation
Difficult implementation frameworkExamplificare: Law 372/2005 is the “mirror image” of EPBD, meanwhile EPBD recast has been elaborated
Incapacity of harmonization with complementary national or European documents Example: the GSHP projects are excluded from co-financing from structural funds on the basis of the so-called “lack of unitary European methodology for the evaluation of the energy provided by RES in the GSHP aplications”, The 2006/32/EC Directive – Energy efficiency at the final user” and the 2002/91/EC Directive– Energy Performance of Buildings state very clearly the above-questioned issue.
REHVA Conference – April 17-20, 2012 -TIMISOARA - ROMANIA
CONCLUSIONS
BARRIERS GENERATED BY THE LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK
Lack of the specific legal framework regarding the GSHP(exploitation of water or soil, drillings etc.);
The green certificates are not applicable to this domain;
The financial incentives are reduced, hardly accesible and unsure;
“The green house” program awards similar funding for RES systems regardless of the costs for their implementation
REHVA Conference – April 17-20, 2012 -TIMISOARA - ROMANIA
CONCLUSIONS
THE STATE SHOULD BE THE MAIN PROMOTER / MAIN USER OF RES
OBJECTIVE: Balancing the national budget by diminishing the operation costs of public buildings
Special program for educational facilities in universities, schools, gradinite, crese
Special program for health care public facilities in clinics, hospitals, sanatories
Special program for army facilities
Special program for buildings of the central and local administration
Special program for social facilities
REHVA Conference – April 17-20, 2012 -TIMISOARA - ROMANIA
CONCLUSIONS
AKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors express their gratitude to:
The ROMANIAN GEOEXCHANGE SOCIETY
GEOTRAINET Project
ROBUST Project
REGEOCITIES Project
Dr. Radu Polizu
Mrs. Doina Cucueteanu
Mr. Radu Hanganu
REHVA Conference – April 17-20, 2012 -TIMISOARA - ROMANIA
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!
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