halal slaughter and meat quality
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HALAL SLAUGHTER AND MEAT QUALITY
Prof. Dr. Javaid Aziz Awan
Halal Resear Council
www.halalrc.org
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INTRODUCTIONMeat indispensable for sound human
healthProvides several essential nutrients:
ProteinsEssential amino acidsMineral elements Vitamins
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INTRODUCTIONMeat subject to spoilage by:
Chemical reactions Biochemical reactions Biological agents, including bacteria
and mouldsResponsible for food-borne diseases
INTRODUCTION
Hence meat be produced so as to:Minimize chemical and biochemical
changesPrevent chances of microbial
contamination and growth Preserve quality
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Slaughtering the Muslim way
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SELECTION OF ANIMALS
“Forbidden to you (for food) are: dead meat, blood, the flesh of swine, and that on which hath been invoked the name of other than God; that which hath been killed by strangling, or by a violent blow, or by a head long fall, or by being gored to death; that which hath been partly eaten by a wild animal, unless ye are able to slaughter it (in due form) ………………. (Al Maida - V:4)
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SELECTION OF ANIMALS
Islam permits consumption of few animals and birds only
Strictly prohibited:PorkBlood Carrion Dead animalsAll carnivorous animals All birds of prey
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SELECTION OF ANIMALS
Permitted animals:All herbivorous, even-toed ruminants
Animal for Halal slaughter be:Healthy Free from any apparent or
hidden diseaseMust be legally owned
PRE-REQUISITES FOR SLAUGHTER in islam
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PRE-REQUISITES FOR SLAUGHTER
Slaughtering of lawful animals and birds essential to prepare for food purposes
Pre-slaughter management and bleeding methods regulated by:religious practices and legislations
Ahadith by the Holy Prophet (pbuh) guide us on handling, care and slaughter of animals
These guidelines over 14 centuries oldModern science just testified implications04/19/23 11
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PRINCIPLES OF HALAL SLAUGHTER
Islamic method of slaughtering - based on two important principles:Tasmiya - invoking name of Allah -
slaughter being done with His permission
Tazkiyah - means purificationThis in accordance with several
commands given in the Holy Quran and Ahadith
PRINCIPLESD OF HALAL SLAUGHTER - TASMIYA
Tasmiya means invoking the name of Allah on the animal or bird being slaughtered
Allah’s name may be invoked as:Subhan Allah, or La illaha illila ho, or Allah-o-Akbar or Bismillah Allah-o-Akbar
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HALAL SLAUGHTER REQUIREMENTS
Tazkiyah means purification - cleaning meat of blood
Consumption of blood prohibited in Holy Scriptures:Holy Bible - Leviticus 3:17 and 7:26Holy Quran – Al Anaam - VI:146
All lawful animals and birds contain blood Blood must be drained as per these
commands
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HALAL SLAUGHTER REQUIREMENTS
Slaughtering rules apply to animals and birds in complete physical control of man
Any animal or bird gone wild and cannot be reached or caught, falls under category of ‘game animal’ - different rituals apply
Camel slaughtered by ‘nahr’ - Involves piercing throat with sharp, spear-like instrument while standing
SLAUGHTERING PROCESS in islam
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ESSENTIALS OF HALAL SLAUGHTERING
The Holy Prophet (pbuh) gave comprehensive guidelines on slaughtering of animals in following Hadith:
“Verily Allah, has prescribed proficiency in all things. Thus, if you kill, kill well; and if you slaughter, slaughter well. Let each one of you sharpen his blade and let him spare suffering to the animal he slaughters.”
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HALAL SLAUGHTERING - Slaughterer
Process of slaughtering in Islam - consolidated
Slaughterer:must be adult Muslim or one who believes in Holy Scriptures should be in possession of his mental
faculties
SLAUGHTERING INSTRUMENT
The Holy Prophet (pbuh) advised companions to use very sharp instrument
Further instructed that sharpening of knife not be performed in front of slaying animal – avoid excitement and nervousness
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ANIMAL POSITIONING
Lay animal (except camel) on its left flank, preferably facing Kibla
Recite name of Allah:Subhan Allah, or La illaha illila ho, or Allah-o-Akbar or Bismillah Allah-o-Akbar
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ESSENTIALS OF HALAL SLAUGHTERING
Give quick incision using very sharp knife on front of the neck to severe:Wind pipeOesophagusCarotid arteries Jugular veins
Prohibited - practice of cutting off part of an animal or removing its skin while still alive
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REST PRIOR TO SLAUGHTERING
Islam promotes calm and rested animals prior to slaughtering: Not fatigued Not excited Not nervous
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STRESS PRIOR TO SLAUGHTERING
Prohibited - any act that causes neurosis or excitement or other abnormal behavioural changes in animal
Prohibited in Islam - Practice of collective slaughtering - other animals do not view their companion being killed Research reveals
practices inhumane
SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE
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Stress prior to slaughtering
Generally regarded undesirable that animal awaiting slaughter view slaughtering process – causes stress
Animals under stress - lead to:Undue emotional instabilityFatigueAnorexia, etc.
Stress prior to slaughtering- Scientific evidence
Discharge hormones from adrenal glands:adrenaline from adrenal medulla17 hydroxy- and 11-deoxy-
corticosterones from adrenal cortexHormones deplete muscle glycogen and
potassiumDeleterious effects on meat quality To prevent these adverse effects,
tranquilizers recommended to calm stocks in transit.
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Rest prior to slaughtering – Scientific evidence
Modern methods require animal prior to slaughtering not be subjected to:StressFatigueNeurotic Otherwise excited
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Rest prior to slaughtering – Scientific evidence
Rough handling of animals in pre-slaughter period adversely affects meat qualityResult - dark, firm and dry meat (dark
cutting meat) Fatigued or starved animals
Organisms from gut may invade blood stream and eventually muscles
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Rest prior to slaughtering – Scientific evidence
Proper relaxation before slaughtering:Helps animal to bleed well – better
eating and keeping quality of meatBuilds up muscle glycogen essential to
lower pH of meatIncreases storage life by reducing
chances of microbial growth
Rest prior to slaughtering – Scientific evidence
Improves taste due to conditioning/ tenderness
Helps delay or reduce fermentation in stomach may otherwise give meat characteristic smell known as ‘bone taint’
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FEEDING THE ANIMALS
Holy Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) advised that animals destined for slaughtering be:well fed provided with drinking water
Preferable that animals have free access to feed and water prior to slaughtering
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FEEDING THE ANIMALS – SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE
Two schools of thoughts:Animal to remain hungry - FastingAnimal be well fed
Fasting animals - Fasting animals before slaughter recommended in modern abattoirs
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FEEDING THE ANIMALS – SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE
Fasting animals - Advantages claimed: Bleed better Carcass easier to dress Carcass has brighter appearance Reduced bulk of animal’s stomach Reduced chances of bacterial
contamination from gut
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FEEDING THE ANIMALS – SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE
Fasted animals - Disadvantages: Loss in weight of carcass and liverLower glycogen reserves in muscles Reduced gustative quality of meat
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FEEDING THE ANIMALS – SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE
Well-fed animals:Glycogen level in muscle reaches higher levelEnsures production of adequate lactic acid Lowers pH of meatSuch meat has good:
AppearanceTasteTendernessLonger shelf-life
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FEEDING THE ANIMALS – SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE
Meat spoilage bacteria prefer growth at high pH levels - around pH 7.0
Meat of soothed and well-fed animals:pH attains 5.5 or even lower level
Meat of fatigued or neurotic animals:pH varies from 6.5 to 7.0
Feeding animals prior to slaughtering often recommended to produce good quality meat
In some cases sugar solution fed to quickly restore glycogen level in tissues
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SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE
Conventionally, slaughtering process consists of two to three different stages
Depends on religious practices and legislations
Posture of animal and bleeding method governed by religious and national legislations
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SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE Modern method - Stunning
Western countries require animals be stunned
Stunning widely practiced in Western abattoirs:To make animal unconscious for gentle
and painless death No standard method for all animals under
all conditions Muslims & Jews not in favour of stunning
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SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE – Modern method - Stunning
Stunning Methods:Pole-axeFree bulletCaptive bolt pistolConcussion stunnerElectrical stunning Carbon dioxide anesthesia
SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE Modern method - Stunning
Stunning effective in having calm animal Stunning may adversely affect quality of
carcasscause injury to medulla oblongata in
brain - controls blood circulation and respiration
Desirable these systems continue to function - help pump blood out of carcass when blood vessels cut
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SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE –Modern method - Stunning
Method of shooting by free bullet - too dangerous to use in abattoirs
Captive bolt - discardedCarbon dioxide anesthesia - exact dose
of gas important for specific length of timedoes not seem possible with all animals
under all conditions
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SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE – Modern method - Stunning
Electrical stunning widely usedincreases frequency of ‘blood splash” -
appearance of small dark red areas in meatalso lowers glycogen reserves of muscleapproximately in 5 % electrically stunned
animals heart failure - animal dead before incision madeconsumers eat carrion and not meat Objectionable in West, also prohibited by
Holy Scriptures
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SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE –Modern method - Stunning
Stunning - outcome of industrial revolutionInitially meant to protect the slaughterer and
other employeesReality - no relation with mercy on animalsMore animals be slaughtered in least timeIndustrial revolution - provided mankind with
innumerable benefitsAlso inflicted damaging blows on some aspects
of human nutritionExample - refinement of wheat flour
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SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE Animal positioning
Islamic method - lay animal on left flank preferably facing Kibla
Scientific evidence When laid on left flank, likelihood of more blood
to drain due to body pressure on heartLaying animal enables it to convulse
results from contraction of muscles due to lack of oxygen in brain cells when incision made in neck
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SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE Animal positioning - Scientific evidence
During convulsions blood squeezed out of vessels
Hence more blood drains outa pre-requisite for meat of superior
eating and keeping qualityEvidence suggests more blood lost from
sheep in horizontal position than those hung vertically
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SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE Bleeding techniques
Islam permits use of sharp knife or any sharp object for bleeding
Incision made in neck with simultaneous recitation of the name of Allah - Takbir
Takbir has religious significance to believermakes submission to Allahlife taken out of animal with His
permission
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SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE Bleeding techniques
Slaughtering actually done in the name of Allah
“So eat of (meats) on which God’s name has been pronounced if ye have faith in His Signs” (Al Anaam - Vl:118).
SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE Bleeding techniques
Slaughtering not in name of any person or deity in accordance with following commands:
“Eat not of meats on which God’s name has not been pronounced: that would be impiety. But the evil ones ever inspire their friends to commit end with you if ye were to obey them, ye would indeed be Pagans” (Vl:121).
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SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE Bleeding techniques - Islamic method
Cut throat transversely without injuring spinal cord to severe:carotid arteriesjugular veinsoesophagus and trachea
SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE 3. Bleeding techniques Islamic method
Two requirements in slaughter of animals for meat: animals be dispatched without
unnecessary sufferingbleeding be as complete as possible
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SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE 3. Bleeding techniques – Scientific evidence
When both carotid arteries and veins severed connection between brain and body retained via spinal cord
Brain sends messages to heart and lungsHeart pumps blood to parts of body
drained out from severed blood vessels in neck
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SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE 3. Bleeding techniques – Scientific evidence
Results of a comparison of study on different methods of slaughtering:
Maximum blood lost in Kosher method Jewish method similar to Islamic as
regards physical details Minimum when chicken simply beheaded
SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE 3. Bleeding techniques – Scientific evidence
Islamic method ensures maximum blood drainage from body before completion of death process
Unconsciousness induced between 3 to 6 seconds
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SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE Bleeding – Scientific evidence
Blood excellent medium for growth of microorganisms
Meat retaining more blood than critical level liable to bacterial spoilage
Blood retention in tissues can cause unpleasant appearance and discolouration in meat
Keeping and eating qualities of meat depend, in part, on removal of maximum blood from carcass
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SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE Bleeding techniques – Scientific evidence
To produce good carcass animal be bled effectively
Heart and respiratory system must function continuously as long as possible after severance of blood vessels
This attained most thoroughly when heart and respiratory functions retained by maintaining medulla oblongata/spinal cord
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SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE Bleeding techniques – Scientific evidence
Positioning of animal in Islamic method: clearly prevents retraction of carotids ensures rapid onset of unconsciousness
and painless deathIn Islamic method of slaughtering
maximum blood drained - outranks other slaughtering techniques
HENCE BETTER QUALITY OF MEAT
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EXTRODUCTION
Current scientific data reveals Islamic recommendations for slaughtering animals highly rational
Good physique and health considered basic requirement for selection of food animals
Pre-slaughter management of animals requires they should not be fatigued, excited or neurotic
Proper rest, absence of hunger and thirst and use of sharp knife alleviate pains of death
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