ground improvement techniques (soil cement stabilization)
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Name of Ground Improvement by Home assignment AdmixturesOn part of the Ground Improvementsubject: Techniques
Name of the B.MUNI RAJU(PGCEGE007)Participants: B.CHANDRA (PGCEGE008)
SEKHARUnder the Dr. P.BASAK sirGuidance of:Date of Submission: 25th march 2015
TOPICS TO BE COVERED IN THIS PRESENTATION
Types of admixtures for soil stabilization and their requirementsCement stabilization methods and there applications at siteBitumen application methods at siteLime stabilization methods
TYPES ADMIXTURESWater retentive chemicals
Special stabilizers
Miscellaneous chemicals
Calcium chloride and sodium chloride
Cement, Bitumen, lime (CaO)
Molasses, water proofers, aggregants, dispersants
CALCIUM CHLORIDEMostly used as dust palliativesDeliquescent and hygroscopic- absorbs and holds moisture Reduce and evaporation of soil water by lowering vapour pressure and increasing surface tensionReduce loss of strength of fine soils in soakingSmall increase max-densityFacilitates compactionChief disadvantage is washable
PLANT MIX0.5% of calcium chloride is spreaded at road surface at the rate of 0.25-0.50 kg per square metre
MIX IN PLACE
Flake calcium chloride is spread and throughly mixed at an approximately 0.25kg per square metre per 2.5cm thick of compacted soil
SODIUM CHLORIDESimilar to calcium chlorideElectrolyte and crystallising agentForms dense hard mat with stabilized surfaceChecks tendency for the formation of shrinkage speedCan not be used as surface applicationCan be applied to the soil by plant mix and mix insitu
FACTORS AFFECT THE PROPERTIES AND PERFORMANCE SOIL- CEMENT
soil typeCement Pulverisation and mixingCompactioncuring
For more informationhttp://www.cement.org/think-harder-concrete-/paving/soil-cement
METHOD OF APPLICATION AT SITE
DIFFERENT SOIL CEMENT PRODUCTS
(CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE APPLICATION )
CEMENT MODIFIED SOIL(CMS)CEMENT TREATED BASE(CBS)FULL DEPTH RECLAMATION(FDR)
For more informationhttp://www.cement.org/think-harder-concrete-/paving/soil-cement
CEMENT MODIFIED SOIL
A cement-modified soil (CMS) is a soil material that has been treated with a relatively small proportion of Portland cement – less cement than is required to produce hardened soil-cement. The objective of the treatment is to amend undesirable properties of problem soils or substandard materials so that they are suitable for use in construction.
CEMENT TREATED BASECement-treated base (CTB) is a strong, frost-resistant base for a concrete or asphaltpavement wearing surface. CTB consists of native soils, gravels, or manufactured aggregatesblended with prescribed quantities of cement and water. CTB can be mixed in-place withon-site soils or mixed in a central plant or pug mill depending on the project requirements.Typical cement contents range from 3 to 10 percent, resulting in 7-day unconfined compressivestrengths from 300 to 800 psi.
FULL DEPTH RECLAMATION
Full-depth reclamation (FDR)with cement is a stabilizing pavement solution in which a deteriorated asphalt pavement and the underlying base materials are pulverized then mixed with cement and water to form a cement-treated stabilized base course. An FDR road can be completed with either an asphalt or concrete surface layer.
FULL DEPTH RECLAMATION
BITUMEN STABILIZATIONPosses adhesive, impermeable propertiesSoluble in carbon disulphateFluid consistency easily applicable at site by heatingMainly used in road and air fieldClassification
Asphalts -naturally occurs(cut back, emulsion)Rapid curingMedium curingSlow curing(road oils)
Tars- obtained by condensation process by the destructive distillation of organic materials such as coal, lignite, peat, wood and oil
SOIL BITUMEN STABILIZATION
BASED ON TYPE OF SOIL AND FUNCTION OF BITUMENSoil –Bitumen: used for cohessive soils for water
proof
Maximum size Less than 1/3rd the compacted thickness of stabilized soil layer
Passing 4.75mm More than 50%
Passing 425micron sieve 35-100%
Passing 75micron sieve 10-50%
Liquid limit Less than 40%
Plasticity index Less than 8%
Gradation and plasticity requirements best suited for soil bitumen
SAND BITUMENused for cohessionless soils such sands, gravels, crushed aggregate which are mixed with bitumenFor this the condition is more than 12% of the material should not pass through 75 micron sieveIn case wind blown sand this may be increased up to 25%
WATER PROOFED MECHANICAL STABILIZATION
Well graded mechanical dense stabilized soils which made water proof by uniform distribution of very small amounts(1to3% ) of bitumen
Surfaces which made with water and abbrassion resistant by the application of slow medium curing or road oilsThese road oils penetrates themselves into the earth
OILED EARTH
LIME STABILIZATIONLime is available in two forms
Quick lime Hydrated or slaked lime
Quick lime is more efficient generally hydrated lime is used hence it is safe to handle
Lime is used to treat sub base and base and sub gradesVery successful in clayey soils in water logged areasImproves durability of mud plaster in low cost houses built with un burnt bricks
The percent lime required for stabilisation can be found by penetration resistant considerationsAmount of lime varies from 2 to 10% of the soil weight
MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALSMolassesFrom sugarcane industry Lignin from paper industry Ground nut husk and oil cake etc., Can be used for stabilisation
WATER PROOFERS•Natural and artificial resigns and other chemicals like alkyl chlorosilanes, siconates, fatty amines and fatty quaternary ammonium salts •Being naturally water repellent these maintain cohesion in fine soils in presence of excess of water•The quantity required is about 1 to 2%
AGGREGANTSThe treatment of soil with aggregants results in reduction of max-compacted dry density ,in an increase in OMC and permeability hence this type of admixtures can be used in active anti seepage elementsUsed for improving drainage or controlling erosion or for frost heave reductionThe soil strength is improvedUsed for flocculation of fine grained soilsSuch anionic polyelectrolyte, copolymer mallets, and corboxylated cellulose
http://alchemypolymers.com/
DISPERSANTSThese are salts of alkali metals such as sodium hexametaphospateRemoval of a mono valent exchangeable ion of soilIncreases fluidity of soil water system hence it will attains maximum dry density at lower OMCAfter drying water absorption is greatly reducedCompressibility, permeability, frost sussecptabilty can be decreased
REFERENCES http://nbmcw.com/articles/case-studies/28479-a-
study-on-soil-stabilization-through-innovative-material-for-construction-of-rural-roads.html
http://www.cement.org/think-harder-concrete-/paving/soil-cement
Soil engineering in theory and practiceBy Alam singh
THANK YOU YOUR SUGGESTIONS
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