green hud-code & modular manufactured housing: what does it mean?

Green HUD-Code & Modular Manufactured

Housing: What Does It Mean?

Michael Lubliner, Washington State University Energy Program

2009 I’m HOME RETREAT

Thursday – September 10, 2009 Development “Breakout” Sessions

3:15-4:15 PM, Seattle, WA

Background• HUD-code manufactured housing represents a significant portion

of new homes in the U.S. – over 95,000 homes in 2007.

• Each HUD code manufactured home is required to include both a heat loss certificate, and comfort cooling certificate, allowing for proper sizing of HVAC equipment.

• These certificates could be updated to provide more useful information to potential homebuyers, and could be linked to the HERS rating process.

• Challenges to this approach include the need to coordinate both in-plant and on-site inspections.

HUD Standards • Manufactured Housing Construction Safety Standards

(MHCSS) is the “preemptive code”• Manufactured Housing Consensus Committee (MHCC)

• Energy Efficiency Uo (btuh/f/ft2 envelope)

• No NFRC window U-factors required• In-plant duct testing required (in process)• Requires heating/cooling certificate in permanently

affixed in all homes

MHCSS• Includes: structural, plumbing, electrical, mechanical

• Energy Efficiency (Uo) same since 1994

• USDOE conducted LCCA on IECC+• Proposals to improve EE (2007)• Proposals to improve IAQ (2007)• Proposals to improve durability (2007)• Re-invent old consumer label & heating/cooling

certificate (today’s focus)

USDOE Building America

– Systems Engineering - “Low-Hanging Fruit”– HVAC and Envelope Interact– Improve Envelope & HVAC Costs Less– Whole House Energy Use Reduced (30-60%)– IAQ Improved (Green, Healthy, Sustainable)– Improved Durability – Whole House Savings 30-60% goals over 5 years

• Next step Eco-rated • Energy Star HVAC • R 6.5 (1”) foam wall sheathing• Solar ready

NEEM

NW Energy Efficient Manufactured Housing– RCDP/MAP Cents – Natural Choice– Energy Star– Eco-rated– Building America future goals

NEEM • Utilities Incentives investment better than:

– Building new power plants– Weatherizing later at greater cost & less savings – Pay utility bills of low-income sector

• 3,720 Energy Star PNW HUD-code homes or 64% of PNW total HUD-code homes built in 2007

• 6,072 Energy Star USA HUD-code homes or 6% of USA total HUD-code homes built in 2007

NEEM Label Identifies Value in the Marketplace

Single wide $1700.Double wide$2200.Triple wide $2500.

See section 3, page 13 for details

NEEM NEEM vs. Site Built Energy Codes

0%

50%

100%

150%

200%

250%

Use

Rel

ativ

e to

NE

EM

HUD 1976 Standard

HUD 1994 Standard

Super Good Cents/NaturalChoice

Oregon Code

Washington Code - Zone 1

Washington Code - Zone 2

NEEM Web Based Certification and Tracking System - ODOE

R33 FG Batt Floor Insulation

R33 Blown Floor Insulation

In-floor Duct System

Plant and Site Duct Leakage Testing

Focus on Performance Testing/Tools

Group

2006-07 Sample 2000-01 1997-981992-93 (MAP)

n*ACH50

AverageStd. Dev.

ACH50

Average

ACH50

Average

ACH50

Average

All 74 3.87 0.98 4.16 4.76 5.50

Double Wide 60 3.80 0.85 4.30 4.90 5.50

Triple Wide 14 4.01 1.05 3.84 4.40 4.92

NEEM Blower Door – Random Surveys

NEEM Duct Blaster – Random Surveys

Group

2006-07 2000-01 1997-98 1992-93

n Median Mean Mean Mean Mean

All* 72 77 95 209 231 157

Double Wide 59 64 85 199 240 155

Triple Wide 11 149 151 265 210 169

WSU Energy HouseUSDOE Building America Research

The nation’s most energy efficient HUD-code home in 1996.

This uses 12,000 kWh/year (all electric) Located near Olympia, Washington, in a marine climate (it’s my home!).

WSU Energy House – Moisture “Issues”

• No ventilation instructions• Range vented to attic • Bath fan jack not caulked • Belly insulation soaking wet • Rotten window trim • Rotten trim at entry deck

ZEMH – Cold Climate60% Benchmark

Zero Energy Manufactured Home Goals:Build nation’s most energy efficient HUD-code home– Demonstrate and promote energy saving technologies

(2004-06)– Monitor and evaluate energy performance (completed 07)

Fort Lewis Modular Homes: Discovery Village = 474 Energy Star Homes

• Blower Door testing: (2005-07)– Reduced envelope leakage from 1600

to 900 cfm @ 50PA

• Duct Blaster testing: (2005-07)– Reduced duct leakage to outside from

288 cfm @ 25PA to 39 w/mastic

• Furnace upgrade: (2007)– 92% AFUE to 96% AFUE w/ECM motor

• DHW upgrade: (2009)– 62% EF to 84% EF tankless

NIST Manufactured Home

Air Leakage Control “Build Tight Ventilate Right”

Envelope Details and Lost Opportunities

Storm Windows & Lost Opportunities

Alliance to Save Energy 2007 Senate Testimony

“One in 12 new homes in the United States is a manufactured housing unit (147 million in 2005). To qualify for a federally insured mortgage, a new HUD code home should be required to meet or exceed the efficiency levels of IECC. This will assure that federal taxpayer funds are not used to underwrite inefficient new homes with higher

utility bills.”

MHI Modern Homes March/April 2007

“Although the high efficiency of Energy Star Homes improves comfort, lowers monthly energy bills and total home ownership and results in lower carbon emissions that are good for the environment, it has been slow to gain wide spread market acceptance in the factor built housing industry. Higher first cost remains the single greatest market barrier.”

2008 Energy Bill Manufactured Housing

• The energy conservation standards established under this section may take into consideration the design and factory construction techniques of manufactured homes and be based on the climate zones established by the HUD.

• The energy conservation standards established shall be updated not later than 4 years after the date of enactment of this Act; and 1 year after any revision to the International Energy Conservation Code (ICC).

Current HUD Climate Zones

HUD-Code 2007 Placements

Alaska

Hawai’i

IECC Prescriptive Paths

Annual Energy Costs - Houston

Annual Energy Costs - Raleigh

Annual Energy Costs - Chicago

Annual Energy Costs – National Average

Consumer Cost Comparison HUD 1994 to IECC 2006

Zone Floor Roof Walls Glass Total 1 11-13 30-30 11-13 1-2A

$89 $0 $70 $547 $706

2 11-19 30-38 11-13 1stm-2V $495 $150 $70 $275 $990

3 22-25 30-38 11-19 1stm-ES $135 $150 $510 $455

$1250

PNNL mfg cost data x 1.85 mfg x 1.35 dealer mark-upNominal R-value of floor, ceiling & wall, U=window

Consumer Monthly Mortgage Increase HUD 1994 to IECC 2006

Zone Total Cost 20 yr @ 12% 30 yr @ 7%

1 $706 $7.77/mo. $4.70/mo.

2 $990 $10.90/mo. $6.59/mo.

3 $1250 $13.76/mo. $8.32/mo.

Assumes: 1500 ft2 two section home @12% glass

Consumer Monthly Energy Savings HUD 1994 to IECC - ASHRAE 2007

Zone Electric Nat. Gas Propane HP

1 $10.42 $7.67 $11.92 $8.08

2 $15.17 $8.83 $13.72 $8.92

3 $28.67 $16.83 $26.16$16.00

Assumes:

$0.09-0.10/kWh, $1.10/therm NG, $1.90/gallon

Conclusions• Significant improvements are achievable at

minimal or no incremental monthly cost to the homebuyer.

• Improvements are cost effective if utility saving is converted to increased mortgage purchase power & increased resale value is recognized, OR using LCCA.

• Short term improvements: envelope & duct air leakage, HVAC, lighting, appliances, windows/doors, ASHRAE 62.2, formaldehyde, CO Alarms, drainage, flashing, house wrap.

• Improvements result in greater occupant comfort and control of the indoor environment (drafts, moisture, mold, IAQ pollution etc.).

Coordinated Action Needed

for Environmental & Economic Security

Thanks for your support!

Michael Lubliner

lublinerm@energy.wsu.edu

Office: 360-956-2082Cell: 360-951-1569