great seal of the united states
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“TEACHERS MUST BE VERY SKILLED, VERY AND EXQUISITELY WELL-TRAINED, BECAUSE NEITHER THE TEACHER NOR THE SURGEON CAN SAY :
‘EVERYBODY SIT STILL UNTIL I FIGURE OUT WHAT IN THE HECK WE’RE GOING TO DO NEXT.’’ -MADELINE HUNTER
GR
EAT S
EA
L O
F T
HE U
NIT
ED
S
TATES
ChiefCannasatego
IroquoisConfederacyfounded in
1500s
Six Indian Nations banding
together for the common
good.
“We, the people, to form a union, to establish peace, equity and order…”
-Opening statement of Iroquoian Law
EFFECTIVE INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES
Objectives: To gain an awareness of classroom
instructional strategies which have a positive effect on student achievement.
To gain an understanding of why each of these instructional strategies are so effective.
Classroom Instruction that Works: Research-Based Strategies for Increasing Student
Achievement by Robert Marzano, Debra Pickering & Jane Pollock
OVERARCHING CONCEPT
Relevance - In order for students to learn something it must be relevant to their real lives.
Engagement - In order for students to learn something they must feel safe and be actively engaged in the learning.
BRAIN THEORY Memory = Connections
Nothing we learn can stand in isolation. New learning has to be related to what we
already know.
HO
W D
O M
ESS
AG
ES
TR
AV
EL T
HR
OU
GH
TH
E
BR
AIN
?
1.Survival
2.Emotions
3.Learning
Learning and Memory: The Brain by Marilee Sprenger.in Action
4 WAYS LEARNERS IN TAKE INFORMATION
Engage at least two of these modalities
OR Engage one of these
modalities coupled with an emotional experience.
Modalities of Learning Teachers must…
WHAT IS REAL LIFE TEACHING?
List of Prohibited Words
he her hershim his Iit its youme mine mymyself our shetheir them theyus we whowhom you yours
WHAT IS REAL LIFE TEACHING?RELATING THE SKILLS TO THE REAL LIVES OF
STUDENTS.
Definition - A pronoun takes the place of a noun.
Example Sentences List pronouns Identify pronouns by
underlining them in a sentence.
List of pronouns posted Students are asked to
complete a variety of activities without using the posted words. Tell something about
themselves. Write a sentence about
themselves Read a paragraph. Have a conversation.
Why are these words so important in our language?
Teacher A - PRONOUNS Teacher B - PRONOUNS
KEY
STEP
S F
OR
LO
NG
TER
M M
EM
OR
Y
STO
RA
GE
The teacher must carefully think through the instructional sequence and build in opportunities for the students to interact with the information in a relevant and meaningful manner.
Active emotional
engagement appears to be the KEY to learning.
LEA
RN
ING
= C
ON
NEC
TIO
NS
Nothing we learn can stand in isolation.
New learning has to be related to what we already know.
Only the student themselves can make the information their own.
The teacher must carefully think through the instructional sequence and build in opportunities for the students to interact with the information in a relevant and meaningful manner.
JUMBLES
““SNOOZE ALARMS” SNOOZE ALARMS” becomes: becomes:
ALAS! NO MORE Z’sALAS! NO MORE Z’s
When you rearrange the letters . . .
INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES
RETENTION RATE – AFTER 24 HOURS
“Tell me and I forget.Teach me and I remember.Involve me and I learn.”
-Benjamin Franklin
WHICH STRATEGIES GIVE TEACHERS THE “MOST BANG FOR THE BUCK”?
What Do You Think Are the Most Effective
Instruction Strategies?Classroom Instruction That Works:
Research-Based Strategies for Increasing Student Achievement
by Robert Marzano, Debra Pickering, Jane Pollock
KEY S
TEPS
FOR
LON
G
TER
M M
EM
OR
Y
STO
RA
GE
Making Connections
(short-term memory to working memory)
SETTING OBJECTIVES AND PROVIDING FEEDBACK
Setting objectives gives students a direction for learning. Focus on the BIG ideas
Giving feedback keeps students moving in the right direction. Corrective; Timely; Specific
Students begin thinking about where this new information will fit into the schemata of their brain.
NONLINGUISTIC REPRESENTATIONS
Symbols Pictures Models Mental Pictures – Imagery Kinesthetic Activity
Connect words to pictures, actions, or images.
The brain needs imagery to store words.
Evaporation
Condensation
Water Droplet + Dust = Cloud Formation
Precipitation
Students should beinvolved in creating their own nonlinguisticrepresentations.
CUES, QUESTIONS AND ADVANCE ORGANIZERS
Help students…Retrieve, Use or Organize
…what they already know about a topic.
Educators must develop cues, questions andadvance organizers which…
Focus on the most important concepts/skills.Require high level thinking skills.Are well organized.
Used effectively they guide the thinking process so learners can “see” how the new information connects to their prior knowledge.
How do each of the instructionalstrategies listed below assist students in making connections to new information?
Setting Objective and Providing FeedbackNon-linguistic RepresentationCues, Question and Advance Organizers
The teacher must plan with the end outcome in mind in order to have the information, resources and questions prepared to effectively guide students through the learning process.
KEY STEPS FOR LONG TERM
MEMORY STORAGE
RelevanceMaking it their own.
(Working Memory to Long-term Memory)
STUDENT INTERACTION Allows students to…
Interact with one another in order to process their learning.
Discover new insights. Catch misconceptions. Practice using and
retrieving information from their long-term memory.
Be actively engaged in their learning.
SUMMARIZING AND NOTE TAKING
Enhances students’ ability to recode and reorganize information to make it their
own. Summarizing helps students process the most
important information. Summary Frames (Limits students to specific
questions/topics addressed in their summaries.) Describe the Lesson in 10 words or less
Note taking organizes important information to be remembered. Present students with a variety of note taking formats.
The best tools for identifying and understanding the MOST IMPORTANT aspect of what they are
learning.
Why is it so important for students to recode newinformation and make it their own?
How do the instructional strategies listed below assiststudents in “making meaning” of new information?
Student InteractionSummarizing and Note Taking
KEY STEPS FOR LONG TERM
MEMORY STORAGE
LearningUsing information in new situations.(Working Memory to Long-term Memory)
AND(Long-term Memory toWorking Memory)
HOMEWORK AND PRACTICE The purpose of homework should be
identified and articulatedI. PRACTICE – structured around content with
which students have a high degree of familiarity.
A skill needs to be practiced at least 24 times to mastered.
Practice should be spread out over time. Practice develops the conceptual understanding of a
skill.
II. PREPARATION for New ContentIII. ELABORATION on New Content
Homework should contain feedback.
GENERATING AND TESTING HYPOTHESES
When students explain their thinking they deepen their understanding of concepts.
Gives students practice using their new knowledge in novel situations. (LEARNING)
THE PATH TO LEARNING
INFORMATION ASSOCIATIONS
MEMORY CONNECTIONS
THINKING LEARNING
Behavioral Instructional
Strategy
REINFORCE EFFORTPROVIDE RECOGNITION
Reinforcing effort enhances students’ understanding of the relationship between effort and achievement.
Recognition shows students that effort pays off.
REINFORCE EFFORTPROVIDE RECOGNITION
4 = I worked on this task until it was completed and viewed difficulties as a way to strengthen my understanding of the concept/skill.
3= I worked on the task until it was completed. I pushed myself to continue working even when difficulties arose.
2 = I put effort into the task, but I stopped working when it became difficult.
1 = I put very little effort into the task.
4 = I exceeded the objectives of the task/lesson.
3= I met the objectives of the task/lesson.
2 = I met some of the objectives of the task/lesson.
1= I did not meet the objectives of the task/lesson.
Effort Rubric Achievement Rubric
THEMost
Effective Instructional
Strategy…
IDENTIFYING SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES
Make new connections Experience new insights Correct misconceptions Effective Forms
comparing /contrasting classifying creating metaphors creating analogies
The brain stores information based on similarities.
The brain retrieves information based on differences.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W0fJKvdjQgs&feature=related Are you a teacher or an educator?
Resources
Marzano, R., Pickering, D. & Pollock, J. ( 2001). Classroom instruction that works: Research-based strategies for increasing student achievement. Alexandria, Virginia: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
Sprenger, M. ( 2005). How to teach so students remember. Alexandria, Virginia: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
Spenger, M. (1999). Learning & memory: the brain in action. Alexandria, Virginia: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
Teri L. Johnson
Director of Special Services
St. Michael-Albertville Schools
terij@stma.k12.mn.us
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