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[�]Top Marks 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
■ a mente e o pensamento (believe, forget, guess, know, remember, think, understand)
■ os prezos e as medidas (cost, weigh, measure)
■ a percepción e os sentidos (feel, hear, see, smell, sound, taste, touch)
■ a posesión (belong, have, own).
stative verbsSon verbos que expresan estados máis que accións e polo tanto adoitan empregarse en Present Simple, non en Continuous. Están relacionados con:
■ os gustos e os sentimentos (dislike, hate, hope, like, love, prefer, want)
present continuous
ForM
Affirmative negative interrogative
I am working I am (I’m) not working Am I working?
You are working You are not (aren’t) working Are you working?
He / She / It is working He / She / It is not (isn’t) working Is he / she / it working?
We / You / They are working We / You / They are not (aren’t) working Are we / you / they working?
uses examples time expressions
An action which is happening now
Mum is working at the moment.(Mamá está a traballar neste momento.)
now, right now, at the moment
A temporary action My friends are learning Italian this year.(Os meus amigos están a aprender italiano este ano.)
today, these days, this year, at present
A definite plan for the near future
I’m meeting Martin tonight.(Atopei a Martin esta noite.)
tonight, tomorrow, this afternoon, next Sunday / week / month
present siMple
ForM
Affirmative negative interrogative
I / You go I / You do not (don’t) go Do I / you go?
He / She / It goes He / She / It does not (doesn’t) go Does he / she / it go?
We / You / They go We / You / They do not (don’t) go Do we / you / they go?
uses examples Adverbs of frequency / time
expressions
A regular habit or routine Janet often goes to the library. (Jane vai a miúdo á biblioteca.)
always, usually, occasionally, frequently, often, sometimes, rarely, seldom, never
once a month, every week, in the morning, at three o’clock, on Mondays, at night, how often?
A general truth or scientific fact
Most British people don’t speak any foreign languages. (A maior parte dos británicos non falan ningunha lingua estranxeira.)
Stative verbs This cake tastes wonderful. (Esta torta sabe marabillosamente.)
Grammar review
Grammar appendix
Grammar appendix
Top Marks 2 Galician © B Burlington Books [�]
pAst continuous
ForM
Affirmative negative interrogative
I was writing I was not (wasn’t) writing Was I writing?
You were writing You were not (weren’t) writing Were you writing?
He / She / It was writing He / She / It was not (wasn’t) writing Was he / she / it writing?
We / You / They were writing We / You / They were not (weren’t) writing Were we / you / they writing?
uses examples Time expressions
An incomplete action in progress at a specific time in the past
At 10 o’clock last night, I was writing an e-mail to my friend Rose.(As dez en punto desta noite, eu estaba a escribirlle un correo elec-trónico á miña amiga Rose.)
last night / week / year, at nine o’clock
An incomplete action interrupted by another action
He was watching TV when I called.(Estaba a ver televisión cando eu chamei.)
when, while, as
Two incomplete actions in progress at the same time in the past
Last year he was teaching English while he was studying at university. (O ano pasado estaba ensinando inglés mentres estudaba na universidade.)
present perFect siMple
ForM
Affirmative negative interrogative
I / You have lived I / You have not (haven't) lived Have I / you lived?
He / She / It has lived He / She / It has not (hasn't) lived Has he / she / it lived?
We / You / They have lived We / You / They have not (haven't) lived Have we / you / they lived?
uses examples Time expressions
An action that began in the past and continues in the present
I have lived in London for two years. (Vivín en Londres dous anos.) How long have you been in the shop? (Canto tempo estiveches na tenda.)
for, since,
how long ...?,
ever, never, recently, lately,
yet, just, already
An action that took place at an undetermined time in the past and has importance in the present
We have recently moved house. (Mudámonos de casa hai pouco.) I’m not hungry, thanks. I’ve already had dinner. (Non teño fame, grazas. Xa ceei.)
Algúns poden indicar estado e actividade e empregarse na forma simple e na continua. Por exemplo think.
Donna thinks the book is wonderful. (Donacre/opinaqueolibroémarabilloso.)
He is thinking about going to Ireland in the summer. (EstáapensareniraIrlandanoverán.)
pAst siMple
ForM
Affirmative negative interrogative
I / You finished I / You did not (didn’t) finish Did I / you finish?
He / She / It finished He / She / It did not (didn’t) finish Did he / she / it finish?
We / You / They finished We / You / They did not (didn’t) finish Did we / you / they finish?
uses examples time expressions
A completed action in the past
I finished lunch late yesterday. (Acabei de comer tarde onte.)
yesterday, last year, two days ago, in 2004, when, then
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Grammar appendix
Top Marks 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
pAst perFect siMple
ForM
Affirmative negative interrogative
I / You had stopped I / You had not (hadn't) stopped Had I / you stopped?
He / She / It had stopped He / She / It had not (hadn't) stopped Had he / she / it stopped?
We / You / They had stopped We / You / They had not (hadn't) stopped Had we / you / they stopped?
uses examples Time expressions
A completed action which took place before another action in the past
The rain had already stopped before I left. (A chuvia xa parara antes de marchar.)By the time she arrived, he had already gone home. (Cando ela chegou, el xa marchara da casa.)
already, by the time, after, before, until, never, just
Future siMple
ForM
Affirmative negative interrogative
I / You will come I / You will not (won’t) come Will I / you come?
He / She / It will come He / She / It will not (won’t) come Will he / she / it come?
We / You / They will come We / You / They will not (won’t) come Will we / you / they come?
uses examples Time expressions
A prediction Don't shout. I'm sure the teacher will come in a minute. (Non berres. Estou seguro de que o profesor virá nun minuto.)
this evening, later, next month, soon, at eleven o’clock, in an hour, tomorrow, in a few weeks, on 8th May, in the future
A timetable Dr Brown will see the patient at 5.00. (O Dr. Brown atenderá ao paciente ás cinco.)
A spontaneous decision There is no meat left. Then I will have fish for lunch. (Non queda carne. Logo tomarei peixe para comer.)
be going to
ForM
Affirmative negative interrogative
I am going to study I am not going to study Am I going to study?
You are going to study You are not (aren’t) going to study Are you going to study?
He / She / It is going to study He / She / It is not (isn’t) going to study Is he / she / it going to study?
We / You / They are going to study We / You / They are not (aren’t) going to study Are we / you / they going to study?
uses examples Time expressions
A planned action for the future
Paul is going to study medicine next year. (Paul vai estudar medicina o ano vindeiro.)
this evening, later, next month / year, soon, at eleven o’clock, in an hour, tomorrow, in a few weeks, on 8th May, in the future An action that is
about to happenBe careful! The dog is going to bite you. (Ten coidado! O can vai trabarte.)
Grammar appendix
Top Marks 2 Galician © B Burlington Books [�]
Como é lóxico, o Present Continuous con valor de futuro distínguese do Present Continuous normal porque as expresións temporais que o acompañan sinalan un tempo futuro e non presente.
Nicole is coming to study with me later. (LogoviráNicoleestudarcomigo./Nicolevénlogoparaestudarcomigo.)I’m seeing the doctor on Thursday. (Xovesvereiaomédico[xateñoacitación].)
present Continuous Con valor de Futuro
Chámase dese xeito porque anuncia accións fixadas ou acordadas de antemán que ocorrerán no futuro próximo.
My parents are arriving tomorrow afternoon. (Meuspaischegan/chegaránmañápolatarde.)We are having lunch in an hour. (Comemos/Comeremosnunhahora.)
Na práctica, este presente con valor de futuro emprégase case que igual que be going to pois apenas hai diferenza entre eles. O único que os distingue é que o Present Continuous se reserva máis para proxectos persoais.
Future perFect
ForM
Affirmative negative interrogative
I / You will have finished I / You will not (won’t) have finished Will I / you have finished?
He / She / It will have finished He / She / It will not (won’t) have finished Will he / she / it have finished?
We / You / They will have finished We / You / They will not (won’t) have finished Will we / you / they have finished?
uses examples Time expressions
A completed action at a certain future time
Patients will have finished their treatment in two months. (Os pacientes terán rematado o seu tratamento en dous meses.)
by this time next week, by ten o’clock, by the end of ..., by then, by August, in two months / years ...
Future continuous
ForM
Affirmative negative interrogative
I / You will be flying I / You will not (won’t) be flying Will I / you be flying?
He / She / It will be flying He / She / It will not (won’t) be flying Will he / she / it be flying?
We / You / They will be flying We / You / They will not (won’t) be flying Will we / you / they be flying?
uses examples Time expressions
An action in progress at a certain time in the future
At this time tomorrow, Jack and Brian will be flying to Manchester. (Mañá a esta hora, Jack e Brian estarán a voar cara a Manchester.)
at this time tomorrow, at this time next ..., on Thursday, in six months’ time, in the next decade
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Grammar appendix
Top Marks 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
Son oracións subordinadas adxectivas introducidas por un pronome ou un adverbio relativo, e hainas de dous tipos: defining (especificativas) e non-defining (explicativas).
Defining Relative ClausesAs especificativas achegan información tan esencial sobre o seu antecedente que sen elas a frase quedaría incompleta.
■ As máis comúns comezan cos pronomes who, which e that, que se poden omitir sempre e cando non sexan o suxeito da oración subordinada.
It was Mike who called. (FoiMikequenchamou.) Who refírese só a persoas e which a cousas, pero that
pode referirse a persoas e a cousas.
She is the girl (who / that) I want to meet. (Elaéarapazaquequerocoñecer.) I did not get the e-mail (which / that) you sent. (Nonrecibínoe-mailquememandaches.)■ Whose xamais se pode omitir nin substituír por that. This is a book whose author is unknown. (Esteéunlibrocuxoautorédescoñecido.)■ Whom emprégase logo das preposicións, pero adoita
omitirse e pásase a preposición logo do verbo.
The man to whom I talked was very rude. The man I talked to was very rude. (Ohomecoquefaleieramoigroseiro.)
■ What só se emprega cando o antecedente está omitido.
I don't know what to do. (Nonseiquéfacer.)Os adverbios relativos son when, where e why.
■ When pódese omitir ou substituír por that. I won’t forget the day (when / that) I met her. (Nonesquecereiodíaenqueacoñecín.)■ Where xamais se pode omitir nin substituír por that. I visited the area where all the trendy shops are.
(Visiteiazonaondeestántodasastendasdemoda.)■ Why pódese omitir ou substituír por that. Tell us the reason (why / that) you ran away. (Dinosarazónpolaqueescapaches.)
Non-defining Relative ClausesAs explicativas engaden información extra sobre o seu antecedente, por iso van entre vírgulas. Fórmanse con who, which, when, where e whose mais nunca con that e ademais non se pode omitir o relativo.
Jack, who is English, works for a French firm. (Jack,queéinglés,traballanunhaempresafrancesa.)
London, where Kim was born, is a great city. (Londres,ondenaceuKim,éunhacidadefantástica.)Son moi formais polo que non se empregan no inglés falado.
As orAcións de relAtivo
DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
uses examples
who and that refer to people People who / that send many text messages have got larger thumbs. (A xente que envía moitas mensaxes de texto ten os polgares máis grandes.)
which and that refer to objects This is the new mobile phone (which / that) I’ve just bought. (Este é o novo teléfono móbil que veño de mercar.)
when and that refer to a moment in time
It was in 1973 when / that the mobile phone was invented. (Foi en 1973 cando se inventou o teléfono móbil.)
where refers to a particular place Japan is a country where people are very sensitive to noise. (Xapón é un país onde a xente é moi sensíbel ao ruído.)
whose refers to possession He’s the boy whose book I found in the cafeteria. (El é o rapaz cuxo libro atopei na cafetaría.)
NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
uses examples
who, which, when, where, whose can all be used, but that cannot be used
My brother, who is an engineer, designs computers. (O meu irmán, que é enxeñeiro, deseña ordenadores.)This MP3 player, which is rather old, has got poor sound quality. (Este reprodutor de MP3, que é bastante antigo, ten unha pobre cualidade de son.)
are you mobile?1unit
Grammar appendix
Top Marks 2 Galician © B Burlington Books [�]
verb ColloCationsAlgúns verbos van seguidos de certas palabras que só se asocian con eles e forman expresións denominadas collocations. Son moi habituais no inglés coloquial e convén aprendelas de memoria. Por exemplo:
runanerrand(facerunrecado) runatemperature(terfebre) runinthefamily(sercousade/virdefamilia) breakahabit(deixarunhábito) breakarecord(superarunhamarca) breakthelaw(infrinxiralei)No glosario podes atopar outras máis formadas cos verbos run e break.
idiomsSon modismos ou frases feitas que se foron formando ao longo do tempo e que teñen un sentido figurado.
A maioría das persoas que falan unha mesma lingua coñécenos e enténdenos; mais cando se trata dunha lingua estranxeira a cousa é outra, pois ás veces o seu significado non ten nada que ver co significado individual das palabras que os forman. Por exemplo:
speakone'smind(falarclaro,diciroquesepensa) liketalkingtothewall(comofalarlleáparede) straightfromthehorse'smouth(deprimeiraman) notbreatheaword(nondicirunhapalabra) can’tgetawordinedgeways(nonpoderdicirnada/
nondeixarllefalaraun/unha)beallears(sertodoouvidos)
beataboutthebush(andarconvoltas)
FormaAfirmativa: o Present Perfect Continuous (“Estiven traballando”, etc.) fórmase con have / has been + un verbo na forma ing.
Negativa: engádese not a have / has ou empregamos as formas contraídas haven't e hasn't.
Interrogativa: nas preguntas cómpre poñer o suxeito entre o auxiliar have / has e o participio been.
Usos ■ Expresar accións que comezaron no pasado e que aínda
continúan. Como o Present Perfect Continuous resalta o tempo que está a durar a acción, adoitamos traducilo por “levar“ en presente + un verbo en xerundio ou “a“ + infinitivo (“Levo traballando / a traballar...“).
■ Expresar accións rematadas mais recentemente cuxos efectos son visíbeis aínda.
As expresións temporais empregadas con este tempo verbal cómpre que indiquen un período, non un intre concreto.
present perFect continuous
ForM
Affirmative negative interrogative
I / You have been working I / You have not been working Have I / you been working?
He / She / It has been working He / She / It has not been working Has he / she / it been working?
We / You / They have been working We / You / They have not been working Have we / you / they been working?
uses examples Time expressions
An action that started in the past and which continues in the present
I have been working in London for a year. (Leva traballando en Londres un ano.) How long have you been waiting? (Canto tempo levas a esperar?)
for a year, since 2002, how long ...?
all night / morning / day / week ...
An action whose results are still apparent
I am tired. I have been driving all night. (Estou canso. Levo a conducir toda a noite.)
remember when...2unit
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Grammar appendix
Top Marks 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
FormaAfirmativa: O Past Perfect Continuous (“Estivera a esperar”, etc.) é igual en todas as persoas: had been + un verbo na forma ing.
Negativa: Engadimos not a had ou empregamos hadn't.
Interrogativa: Poñemos had diante do suxeito.
Usos ■ Falar dunha acción prolongada que ocorreu no
pasado antes que outra acción curta tamén pasada. É moi común traducilo como “levar” en pretérito pluscuamperfecto + un verbo en xerundio ou “a” + infinitivo.
I had been lookingfor a job for months until finally I found one.
(Levabamesesprocurando/aprocurartraballoatéqueporfinatopeiun.)
O habitual é que esas dúas accións vaian unidas por unha conxunción, que pode ser temporal como as que hai no cadro da páxina anterior (when, until, before), concesiva (although) ou causal (because).
The child got ill because hehad been playing outside in such cold weather.(Onenoenfermouporqueestiveraaxogarfóracofríoqueía.)
o xerundio e o inFinitivo
O xerundio En inglés non é a forma en ing empregada nos tempos continuos, senón a que funciona coma un substantivo. Por iso podemos atopalo:
■ como suxeito, falando de feitos en xeral.
Being a student in the 1950s was not easy. (Serestudantenosanoscincuentanoneradoado.)■ como obxecto directo dalgúns verbos.
continue like/dislike prefer enjoy love/hate recommend finish miss suggest He enjoys doing sport. (Gústallefacer/Gozafacendodeporte.)
■ Logo das preposicións.
We talked about going on holiday together in July.(Falamosdemarcharxuntosdevacaciónsenxullo.)
■ Logo destas formas verbais:
can’thelp be/getusedto can’tstand lookforwardto feellike spend(time) it’snouse don’tmind/wouldmind We spent the afternoon watchingfilms. (Pasamosatardevendopelículas.) Would you mind closing the window, please? (Importaríachepecharaventá,porfavor?)
O infinitivo É a forma base do verbo precedida de to e úsase deste xeito:
■ Como suxeito, falando dun feito concreto.
To leave now would be a mistake. (Marcharagoraseríaunerro.)■Logo de verbos como:
agree expect plan appear/seem hope promise choose learn refuse decide manage want/wish Did you manage to finish your project on time? (Puidechesremataroteutraballoatempo?)■ Detrás dalgúns adxectivos (busy,happy,ready,tired...) e
adverbios (slowly,fast,low,high...). I am too tired to go out.
(Estoucansademáisparasaír.) He ran too slowly to win the race. (Correudespaciodemáisparagañaracarreira.)■ detrás do obxecto indirecto de verbos como advise,
invite,tell,warn,teachou persuade. She persuaded me to join the team. (Elaconvenceumeparaqueentrasenoequipo.)Algúns verbos de percepción (hear, feel, see ...), let e make van seguidos de verbos na forma base (sen to).
I saw Jim leave the office. (VinaJimsaírdaoficina.)
pAst perFect continuous
ForM
Affirmative negative interrogative
I / You had been waiting I / You had not been waiting Had I / you been waiting?
He / She / It had been waiting He / She / It had not been waiting Had he / she / it been waiting?
We / You / They had been waiting We / You / They had not been waiting Had we / you / they been waiting?
uses examples Time expressions
An action which continued up to another past action
He had been waiting for ten minutes when she arrived. (El estivera a esperar dez minutos cando ela chegou.)
for hours, since last April, all morning ... , when, until, before ...
Grammar appendix
Top Marks 2 Galician © B Burlington Books [�]
My parents don’t let me stay out late. (Meuspaisnonmedeixansaíratétarde.)
Verbos seguidos de xerundio e de infinitivo Verbos como begin, propose, forbid, intend ou start poden ir con xerundio ou infinitivo e significan o mesmo.
I started to use/using the Internet about two years ago. (ComeceiausarInternethaiunsdousanos.)Mais stop, remember, regret e forget non significan o mesmo se van seguidos dun xerundio ou dun infinitivo.
■ Stop + xerundio significa deixar un hábito.
My father stopped smoking last month. (Meupaideixoudefumaromespasado.)
■ Stop + infinitivo significa interromper unha acción para facer outra cousa.
Can we stop to have some coffee? (Podemospararparatomarmoscafé?)
■ Remember + xerundio refírese a algo pasado.
I don’t remember talking to her before. (Nonlembroterfaladoconelaantes.)
■ Remember + infinitivo refírese ao futuro e emprégase para dicirlle a alguén.
Remember to call Jane before you go. (LembrachamaraJaneantesdemarchares.)
■ Regret + xerundio significa laiarse de algo pasado.
He regrets breaking up with Helen. (ArrepíntesedeterrotoconHelen.)
■ Regret + infinitivo anuncia unha mala noticia.
I regret to tell you that we can’t accept your proposal. (Lamentodicirllequenonpodemosaceptarasúaproposta.)
■ Forget + xerundio indica que esquecemos algo que fixemos no pasado.
I forgot seeing that film. (Esquecínqueviraesapelícula.)
■ Forget + infinitivo significa esquecer facer algo.
I forgot to tell you. (Esquecíndicircho.) Don’t forget to lock the door. (Nonesquezaspecharaportaconchave.)
phrasal verbs Os phrasal verbs, ou verbos con partícula, chámanse así porque van seguidos dunha preposición, un adverbio ou as dúas cousas, formando con elas unha palabra nova. Por exemplo, come significa “vir”, mais come in significa “entrar” e come down, “baixar”; stand significa “estar a pé” pero stand up, “erguerse / pórse en pé”.
In the past, students stood up when the teacher came into the classroom. (Antes,osalumnospoñíanseenpécandooprofesor
entrabanaclase.)
En casos como os amentados é doado adiviñar o que significa o phrasal verb, mais a maioría das veces non é así pois teñen un significado moi distinto do que poderiamos agardar considerando as palabras que os forman. Por exemplo:
comeacross(atoparporcasualidade) comedownon(rifar,botarunhareprimendaa)Hai phrasal verbs transitivos e intransitivos, e os transitivos poden ser separábeis e inseparábeis. Os separábeis permiten intercalar o obxecto directo entre o verbo e a partícula, mentres que cos inseparábeis non se pode facer iso.
I was cleaning my room when I came across these pictures.
(Estabaalimparomeucuartocandoatopeiestasfotos.)No exemplo anterior o obxecto directo vai detrás do phrasal verb e non en medio porque come across é inseparábel. (Non se pode dicir *...when I came these pictures across”.)
Na unidade 2 vense os phrasal verbs máis comúns formados cos verbos come e stand. Repara nos seus significados na listaxe que hai na páxina 22.
os suFixos Os sufixos son terminacións que engadimos a algunhas palabras para formarmos outras novas.
Sufixos para formaren substantivos■Para formarmos substantivos a partir de verbos
empregamos os sufixos ment, tion / sion e er / or.
agree(acordar) agreement (acordo) invite(convidar) invitation (invitación) conclude(concluír) conclusion (conclusión) drive(conducir) driver (condutor) act(actuar) actor (actor)■ Tamén se forman substantivos engadindo os sufixos
ity, ship, ness e ence / ance a algúns adxectivos, substantivos ou verbos.
personal(persoal) personality(personalidade) friend(amigo/a) friendship(amizade) happy(feliz) happiness(felicidade) obedient(obediente) obedience(obediencia) annoy(amolar) annoyance(molestia)
Sufixos para formaren adxectivos■ Os sufixos ed e ing engádense aos verbos para
formaren adxectivos. Os adxectivos rematados en ed describen como se sente un/unha e os rematados en ing, o que fai que un/unha se sinta así.
amaze(sorprender) amazed(sorprendido/a) amazing(sorprendente)■ Os suxijos ful e less engádense a algúns substantivos e
axudan a saber o significado dos adxectivos resultantes, pois ful significa “con” e less “sen”.
care(coidado) careful(coidadoso/a) careless(descoidado/a)
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Grammar appendix
Top Marks 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
os ModAis
ForM
Modal examples Time expressions
can Mary can swim very fast. (Mary pode nadar moi rápido.) Ability
Can you call me tonight? (Podes chamarme á noite?) Request
I can meet you later. (Podo verte máis tarde.) Possibility
be able to I was able to finish my homework on time.(Fun quen de rematar os deberes a tempo.)
Ability
can’t I can’t eat a whole cake by myself.(Non podo comer unha torta enteira eu só.)
Inability
You can’t drive without a licence.(Non podes conducir sen permiso.)
Prohibition
That can’t be the price – it’s much too cheap!(Ese non pode ser o prezo: é demasiado barato!)
Disbelief
could She could run fast when she was a child.(Ela podía correr rápido cando era unha nena.)
Past ability
Could you help me with the suitcases? (Podería axudarme coas maletas?)
Polite request
You could exercise and eat healthier food.(Poderías facer exercicio e comer comida máis sa.)
Polite suggestion
Mark could join us at the cinema. (Mark podería unirse a nós no cinema.) Possibility
may / might It may / might rain tomorrow. (Podería chover / Poida que chova mañá.) Possibility
may May I join this team? (Podo incorporarme a este equipo?) Polite request
would Would you open the window, please? (Poderías abrir a ventá, por favor?) Formal request
Would you like something to drink? (Que queres para beber?) Offer
must You must bring your books to class.(Debes traer os teus libros á clase.) Obligation, strong necessity
She’s got a great job. She must be very happy.(Ela conseguiu un gran traballo. Debe de estar moi feliz.)
Certainty that something is true
have to I have to buy the tickets today.(Teño que comprar as entradas hoxe.) Obligation, necessity
need to I need to buy the tickets today.(Teño que preparar a cea esta noite.) Obligation, necessity
needn’t You needn’t bring anything to the party.(Non tes que traer nada á festa.) Lack of necessity
■ Por último, tamén se forman adxectivos engadindo os sufixos ous, al, able, ive e ant / ent a algúns substantivos e verbos.
danger(perigo) dangerous(perigoso/a) nation(nación) national (nacional)
predict(predicir) predictable (predicíbel) attract(atraer) attractive(atractivo/a) resist(resistir) resistant(resistente) confide(confiar) confident(seguro/adesi mesmo)
Crazy enGlish3unit
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Top Marks 2 Galician © B Burlington Books [�0]
Os modais son verbos especiais que teñen estes trazos: son invariábeis, isto é, iguais en todas as persoas; non precisan do para formaren a negativa nin a interrogativa; sempre van seguidos dun verbo na forma base, e non teñen infinitivo, participio nin futuro, formas en ing nin tempos compostos.
Be able to e have to son semimodais, pois pódense conxugar, e need to non é un modal, mais os tres se incluíron no cadro pois comparten algúns usos dos modais: habelencia, obriga e necesidade.
can / be able to / can’tCan ten os seguintes usos:
■ Expresarmos habelencia ou capacidade (saber / poder)
■Facermos pedimentos, dar e pedir permiso
■ Indicar posibilidade.
+ Tamén se emprega para facermos suxestións.
Youcan eat ravioli if you like pasta. (Podescomerraviolissechegustaapasta.)Be able to expresa habilidade como can e úsase en todos os tempos verbais que can non ten.
Can’t, ademais de significar imposibilidade no presente, emprégase para expresar:
■ falta de habelencia (non saber) ou de capacidade (non poder)
■ prohibición
■ dedución negativa ou certeza de que algo é imposíbel.
couldÉ o pasado de can e emprégase para expresar:
■ habelencia ou capacidade no pasado.
■ pedimentos máis educados ca con can.
■ suxestións menos directas ca con can.
■ posibilidade máis afastada ca con can.
may / mightOs dous expresan posibilidade, aínda que máis remota que con might. En interrogativa, may é unha forma educada de pedir algunha cousa; os pedimentos que comezan por May I have poden se traducir por “Dásme?” ou “Dáme vostede?”
wouldEn interrogativa é unha maneira formal de pedirlle a alguén que faga algo; co verbo like emprégase para facer ofrecementos ou invitacións.
must / have toOs dous expresan obriga, pero must só se emprega en presente e have to nos demais tempos. As persoas de autoridade empregan must, mentres que have to o emprega todo o mundo para dicir o que ten que facer.
Must tamén se emprega para expresarmos unha dedución lóxica sobre un feito presente (deber de, ter que).
need to / needn’tNeed to non é un modal, mais emprégase en afirmativa o mesmo que have to para expresar obriga e necesidade.
Needn’t en troques, si é un modal e indica ausencia de obriga e necesidade, o mesmo don’t have to.
mustn’t / don’t have toMustn’t indica prohibición. En troques, don’t have to significa “non ter que” ou “non ter por que”, isto é, ausencia de obriga e de necesidade, como needn’t.
should / ought to Os dous expresan consello ou opinión, mais should emprégase moito máis (ought to é moi estraño en negativa e interrogativa).
shallEmprégase en interrogativa para se ofrecer a facer algo e para facer unha suxestión.
+ Indica usos adicionais aos presentados no cadro.
don’t have to I don’t have to get up early tomorrow. (Non teño que erguerme cedo mañá.) Lack of necessity
mustn’t You mustn’t exceed the speed limit. (Non podes exceder o límite de velocidade.) Prohibition
should / ought to
You should / ought to improve your pronunciation.(Debes mellorar a túa pronuncia.)Advice, opinion
shall Shall I help you with your luggage?(Podo axudarlle coa súa equipaxe?) Offer, suggestion
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Grammar appendix
Top Marks 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
must have + participioExpresa unha conclusión lóxica sobre un feito pasado.
may / might have + participioEmprégase para facer unha suposición sobre algo pasado.
could have + participioSinala que se puido ter feito algo no pasado mais que finalmente non se levou a cabo.
couldn’t have + participioExpresa a certeza de que algo non ocorreu.
would have + participio Sinala que se quixo ter feito algo no pasado mais que non se puido debido a factores ou causas externas.
should / ought to have + participioCon ambos os dous podemos laiarnos do ocorrido e de que non pasara o que quixeramos.
shouldn’t have + participioExpresa unha opinión crítica sobre un feito pasado, sinalando que non debería ter ocorrido.
needn’t have + participioSinala que non existía necesidade de facer o que se fixo.
should / had better Xa viches que should se emprega para decir o que cremos que se debería facer, dar un consello ou unha opinión. Pois had better (ou a contracción 'd better) é outra forma moi coloquial de expresar o mesmo.
Afirmativa: Logo do suxeito poñemos had better + un verbo na forma base. Significa “É mellor que” + un verbo en presente de subjuntivo.
You had better (You'd better)go to the doctor. (Émellorquevaiasaomédico.)
Negativa: só precisa not, é dicir, had better + not + verbo na forma base.
We'd better not buy that car. It's very expensive. (Émellorquenonmerquemosesecoche.Émoicaro.)
Nota: Non se adoita empregar had better en interrogativa
Por outra parte, ten un uso distinto de should pois tamén se emprega para expresarmos unha advertencia, como avisando ao ouvinte de que algo malo ou desagradábel lle pode ocorrer se non fai o que lle dicimos. Daquela vén significar algo como “Será mellor que…”, “Máis vale que…”.
You'd better tidy your room now! (Serámellorquearranxesoteucuartoxa!)
You'd better not take my car! (Máisvalequenoncollasomeucoche!)
os preFixosSon letras que engadimos ao comezo dalgunhas palabras para formaren outras palabras novas.
■ Os prefixos un, im / il / in e dis engádense a algúns adxectivos, substantivos e verbos para formaren os seus opostos.
likely(probábel) unlikely(improbábel) polite(educado/a) impolite(maleducado/a) legal(legal) illegal(ilegal) sanity(siso) insanity(loucura) connect(conectar) disconnect(desconectar)
os ModAis perFectos
Modal Perfect examples Uses
must have Rob has arrived late. He must have been in a traffic jam. (Rob chegou tarde. Debe de ter estado nun embotellamento de tráfico.)
Certainty that something was true
may / might have She may / might have taken the wrong bus. (Ela pode ter collido un autobús errado.)
A guess about a past action
could have You could have asked the doctor before taking that medicine. (Podías ter preguntado ao médico antes de tomar esa medicina.)
Ability to do something in the past which in the end was not done
couldn’t have He couldn’t have gone to the concert because he was doing a test.(Non puido ter ido ao concerto pois estaba a facer unha proba.)
Certainty that something did not happen
would have I would have gone to the party, but I was too busy. (Eu tería ido á festa, pero estaba atarefado de maís.)
Desire to do something in the past which in fact could not be done
should / ought to have You should / ought to have warned me earlier.(Deberías terme avisado máis cedo.)
Criticism or regret after an event
shouldn’t have He shouldn’t have forgotten about her birthday. (El non debería ter esquecido o seu cumpreanos.)
Criticism or regret after an event
needn’t have You needn’t have brought anything to my party. (Non tiñas que ter traído nada á miña festa.)
An unnecessary past action
Grammar appendix
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cAMbios nos ModAisDirect speech Reported speech
can could
may might
must / have to must / had to
will would
cAMbios noutrAs pAlAbrAs e eXpresións
Direct speech Reported speech
now then
today that day
tonight that night
yesterday the previous day / the day before
last week the previous week / the week before
a month ago the previous month / the month before
tomorrow the following day / the day after / the next day
next week the following week / the week after
here there
this / these that / those
■O prefixo mis engádese a algúns substantivos e verbos para indicar que algo se fai mal ou incorrectamente.
use(uso) misuse(maluso) understand(entender) misunderstand(malinterpretar)■Con en fórmanse verbos que describen o paso ao
estado ou situación sinalados pola palabra á que se engade este prefixo.
close(pechar) enclose(encerrar) slave(escravo) enslave(escravizar) joy(ledicia) enjoy(gozar)
■ Os prefixos under, over e non- son doados de entender, e no que se refire a co-, re, inter, anti-, bi, pre e multi, significan o mesmo que na nosa lingua.
underline(subliñar) overloaded(sobrecargado/a) non-aligned(nonnegociábel) co-worker(compañeiro/adetraballo) rewrite(reescribir) international(internacional) anti-hero(antiheroe) bilingual(bilingüe) prehistoric(prehistórico/a) multiracial(multirracial)
o estilo indirecto
tense direct speech Reported speech
Present Simple “We eat healthy food.” (“Comemos comida sa.”) She said that they ate healthy food. (Dixo que eles comían / comeron comida sa.)
Past Simple “We ate healthy food.” (“Comemos ...”) She said that they had eaten healthy food.(... comeran comida sa.)
Future Simple “We will eat healthy food.” (“Comeremos ...”) She said that they would eat healthy food.(... comerían comida sa.)
Present Continuous
“We are eating healthy food.” (“Estamos a comer ...”) She said that they were eating healthy food.(... estaban/estiveron a comer comida sa.)
Past Continuous
“We were eating healthy food.”(“Estabamos / estivemos a comer ...”)
She said that they had been eating healthy food.(... estiveran a comer comida sa.)
Present Perfect Simple
“We have eaten healthy food.” (“Temos comido ...” ) She said that they had eaten healthy food.(... tiñan comido comida sa.)
Present Perfect Continuous
“We have been eating healthy food.” (“Estivemos a comer ...”) She said that they had been eating healthy food.(... estiveran a comer comida sa.)
Past Perfect Simple
“We had eaten healthy food.” (“Tiñamos comido ...”) She said that they had eaten healthy food.(... tiñan comido comida sa.)
Past Perfect Continuous
“We had been eating healthy food.“ (“Estiveramos a comer ...“) She said that they had been eating healthy food.(... estiveran a comer comida sa.)
Food For thouGht4unit
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Top Marks 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
O estilo indirecto emprégase para contar o que alguén dixo mais sen citar exactamente as súas palabras.
Reported statementsPodemos contar en presente o que alguén vén de dicir, para o que abonda con suprimir as comiñas e trocar o pronome suxeito e a persoa do verbo.
“I am hungry.” (“Teñofame”.) He says that he is hungry. (Diquetenfame.)Porén, o normal é contalo en pasado (He said... ). Daquela o verbo seguinte dá un salto atrás: o Present Simple pasa a Past Simple, will a would, etc. –só o Past Perfect permanece igual-, e ademais dos pronomes persoais, trocan os demostrativos, os posesivos e as expresións de tempo e de lugar.
“I bought my house a year ago,” he said. (“Merqueiamiñacasahaiunano”,dixoel.) He said that he had bought his house the year before. (Dixoquemercaraacasahabíaunano.)Se a frase enuncia un feito que segue a ter vixencia no presente, non hai mudanzas nos tempos verbais.
“John, Jason and Nathan are British,” she said. (“John,JasoneNathansonbritánicos”,dixoela.)
She said that John, Jason and Nathan are British. (DixoqueJohn,JasoneNathansonbritánicos.)Os verbos máis empregados na conversa para introduciren o reported speech son say sen obxecto indirecto e tell + obxecto indirecto, e cos dous adoita omitirse a conxunción that.
“We know which foods are causing problem behaviour,” the doctor said. (“Sabemosquéalimentosestánacausarproblemasdeconduta”,dixoomédico.)
The doctor said / told us (that) they knew which foods were causing problem behaviour.
(Omédicodixo/díxonosquesabíanquéalimentosestabanacausarproblemasdeconduta.)
Reported questions■ As Yes / No questions (as que se contestan cun “si”
ou un “non”) pásanse a estilo indirecto empregando o verbo ask + if ou whether.
Daquela, como a pregunta deixa de selo e se converte nunha oración enunciativa, non hai inversión do suxeito e o verbo, signo de interrogación nin comiñas.
“Did Dr Gesch lead the research?” I asked. (“DirixiuoDr.Geschainvestigación?”,preguntei.)
I asked if / whether Dr Gesch had led the research. (PregunteiseoDr.Geschdirixiraainvestigación.)■ As Wh-questions (as que comezan con who, what,
etc. e non se poden contestar cun “si” nin cun “non”) empregan a partícula interrogativa no canto de if ou whether, mais tampouco hai inversión suxeito-verbo, signo de interrogación nin comiñas.
“Who led the research?” I asked. (“Quendirixiuainvestigación?”preguntei.)
I asked who had led the research. (Pregunteiquendirixiraainvestigación.) “What are the names of the offenders?” a reporter asked.
(“Comosechamanosdelicuentes?”,preguntouunxornalista.)
A reporter asked what the names of the offenders were. (Unxornalistapreguntoucomosechamabanos
delincuentes.)
Reported ordersPara pasarmos unha orde a estilo indirecto cambiamos o imperativo polo infinitivo. Mais antes empregamos un verbo que exprese mandato, como order ou tell, seguido do obxecto indirecto.
“Stop talking in class!” (“Deixadefalarnaclase!”) The teacher ordered me to stop talking in class.
(Oprofesorordenoumequedeixaradefalarnaclase.) Se a orde era negativa, poñemos not diante do infinitivo.
“Don’t give your son any chocolate.” (“Nonlledeanchocolateaoseufillo”.)Dr Gesch told the boy's parents not to give him any chocolate. (O Dr. Gesch dixo aos pais do rapaz que non lle desen chocolate.)
Do mesmo xeito exprésanse as advertencias, os rogos e as invitacións, mais empregando os verbos warn, beg ou ask e invite, respectivamente.
“Why don't you come with me?” (“Porquenonvéscomigo?”)She invited me to go with her. (Convidoumeairconela.)
Reported suggestionsPara expresarmos unha suxestión en estilo indirecto empregamos os verbos suggest ou recommend en pasado. Logo contamos o que dixo esa persoa de dúas formas:
■ Cun verbo en xerundio, sinalando que quen fixo a suxestion se incluía nela.
“Let’s go to the theatre!” Beth said. (“Vamosaoteatro!”,dixoBeth.)
Beth suggested going to the theatre. (Bethsuxeriuir/queforamosaoteatro.)■ Ou empregando unha oración con that + suxeito +
verbo na forma base, sinalando que a suxestión se refería a outra ou outras pesoas.
“Paul had better stay in bed,” the doctor said. (“Pauldebequedarmellornacama!”,dixoomédico.)
The doctor recommended that Paul (should) stay in bed. (OmédicorecomendouquePaulquedasenacama.)
Antes adoitaba empregarse o modal should diante do verbo na forma base, mais foise perdendo e hoxe o seu emprego resulta anticuado.
reportinG verbsSay, tell e ask só introducen a mensaxe sen engadir máis información, mentres que os seguintes verbos transmiten tamén a intención do falante ou o xeito en que falou:
■ en afirmacións: claim, answer, admit, agree, boast, apologise, complain, declare, deny, explain, inform, insist, offer, mention, promise, refuse, remind, reply
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“I will be home late,” she said. (“Chegareitardeácasa”,dixoela.)
She reminded me that she would be home late. (Lembroumequechegaríatardeácasa.)
■ en preguntas: enquire, request, want to know, wonder “Did you arrive on time?” Dave asked. (“Chegachesa
tempo?”,preguntouDave.) Dave wanted to know if I had arrived on time.
(Davequeríasaberseeuchegaraatempo.)■ en ordes: order, shout, demand, warn “Be careful!” he said. (“Tencoidado!”,dixoel.)
He shouted at me to be careful. (Berroumequetivesecoidado.)■ en súplicas e rogos: beg “Don’t tell anybody, please,” she said. (“Nonllocontesa
ninguén,porfavor”,dixo.)She begged me not to tell anybody.
(Rogoumequenonllocontaseaninguén.)■ en suxestións: advise, suggest, recommend, invite. “You should keep the windows closed,” Mum said.
(“Deberiadesmanterasventáspechadas”,dixomamá.) Mum advised us to keep the windows closed. (Mamá
aconsellounosquemantivésemosasventáspechadas.)
Forma Afirmativa: Fórmase con to be + o participio do verbo principal, que rematará en ed se é regular. Como en galego non se usa moito, é frecuente traducir a frase na forma impersoal ou na voz activa.
Negativa: Só cómpre engadir not ao auxiliar to be.
That film wasn’t directed by Spielberg. (EsapelículanonfoidirixidaporSpielberg.)Interrogativa: As preguntas comezan con to be, xa que o suxeito se coloca entre o auxiliar e o participio.
Were you examined by the doctor? (Examinouteomédico?)■ Se na pregunta hai un modal, un verbo en futuro ou
un tempo composto, a frase pasiva comeza co modal ou o verbo auxiliar, o mesmo que na voz activa.
Should everything in the news be believed? (Débesecrertododasnoticias?) Will the job be finished by Monday? (Otraballoestarárematadoparaoluns?) Have any new bands been discovered lately?
(Descubriusealgúngruponovoultimamente?)
■ As preguntas que levan partícula interrogativa tamén invirten a orde do verbo auxiliar e do suxeito, agás cando a partícula fai de suxeito.
�Where will the video clip be filmed? (Ondeserodaráovideoclip?)
Who was appointed for the job? (Aquennomearonparaoposto?)
Como pasarmos unha oración a pasiva■ Pór o verbo to be no mesmo tempo que tiña o verbo
principal en activa e engadir o participio dese mesmo verbo principal.
They sold their house last week. Their house was sold last week. (Asúacasafoivendida/vendeuseenFrancia.)■ Pór como suxeito o primeiro complemento que
haxa detrás do verbo en activa, sexa o directo ou o indirecto.
We will give a present to James at the party. A present will be given to James at the party. (DarémoslleunagasalloaJamesnafesta.)
A voZ pAsivA
Tense Active Passive
Present Simple This singer writes many songs. Many songs are written by this singer.
Past Simple This singer wrote many songs. Many songs were written by this singer.
Future Simple This singer will write many songs. Many songs will be written by this singer.
Present Continuous This singer is writing many songs. Many songs are being written by this singer.
Past Continuous This singer was writing many songs. Many songs were being written by this singer.
Present Perfect Simple This singer has written many songs. Many songs have been written by this singer.
Past Perfect Simple This singer had written many songs. Many songs had been written by this singer.
Modals This singer should write many songs. Many songs should be written by this singer.
Modal Perfects This singer must have written many songs. Many songs must have been written by this singer.
have to This singer has to write many songs. Many songs have to be written by this singer.
be going to This singer is going to write many songs. Many songs are going to be written by this singer.
musiC mania5unit
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Top Marks 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
We will give James a present at the party. James will be given a present at the party. (AJamesdarémoslle/daráselleunagasallonafesta.)De feito, isto último é o máis habitual.
Se o complemento indirecto é un pronome, cómpre cambialo á forma de suxeito.
They showed me their last album. I was shown their last album. (Ensináronmeoseuúltimoálbum.)Esta pasiva adoita empregarse cos verbos give, show, tell, ask, offer, pay, promise, lend, sell e send, que levan obxecto duplo: directo e indirecto.
■ Pasar o suxeito da oración activa ao final da pasiva precedido de by. E se é un pronome persoal, cambialo pola súa forma obxecto correspondente.
Many rock stars have held concerts here. Concerts have been held here by many rock stars. (Aquíderonconcertosmoitasestrelasderock.) He is likely to win a Grammy award next year. A Grammy award is likely to be won by him next year. (SeicagañaráunpremioGrammyovindeiroano.)■ Como se ve no cadro da páxina anterior, os modais e
be going to non cambian, é o verbo que os segue o que se pon en pasiva (be + participio).
The technician must operate the camera. The camera must be operated by the technician. (Acámaradebesermanexadapolotécnico.)
Usos da voz pasivaComo viches nos exemplos, a voz pasiva emprégase máis en inglés, mentres que en galego é moi pouco común na lingua literaria e practicamente inexistente no rexistro coloquial, pois adoitamos empregar a voz activa ou a forma impersoal co pronome “se”.
Os principais usos da voz pasiva son:
■ Salientar a acción máis que ao suxeito que a realiza.
■ Cando o suxeito que realiza a acción é obvio, ou descoñecido, ou non se quere nomealo.
In this hotel, the rooms are cleaned every day. (Nestehotellímpanseashabitaciónstodososdías.)■ E relacionado co anterior, para evitarmos unha frase
activa cuxo suxeito sexa they, somebody, nobody...
Nobody has cleaned this room yet. This room has not been cleaned yet. (Estahabitaciónnonalimparonaínda.)
it is said that / (he) is said toCon verbos como say, think, believe, know ou report é posíbel empregar dúas formas de pasiva:
■ A primeira é unha construción impersoal con it e logo unha oración con that, suxeito e verbo.
It is said that Eric Clapton is a great musician. (Seica/DisequeEricClaptonéungranmúsico.)
A tradución tamén é unha oración impersoal, pero activa: “Seica / Pénsase / Acredítase...”; só o verbo know pode traducirse en pasiva.
It is known that many pop singers come from England. (ÉsabidoquemoitoscantantespopsondeInglaterra.)■ A segunda forma prefire pór en primeiro lugar á
persoa da que se fala e non a it; daquela vemos o suxeito + un destes verbos en pasiva + un infinitivo.
Eric Clapton is said to be a great musician. Ao traducirmos este tipo de pasiva tamén recorremos ao pronome “se” ou poñemos un suxeito xeral como “todo o mundo”, “a xente”, etc. That band is known to have an awful singer. (Sábese/Todoomundosabequeesegrupotenun
cantantemalísimo.) Young people are believed to like only noisy music. (Axentecrequeaosmozossóllesgustaamúsica
ruidosa.)O verbo consider só é posíbel no segundo tipo de pasiva e ten unha tradución literal.
Eric Clapton is considered to be a great musician. (EricClaptonéconsiderado/considéraseungran
músico.)
have / Get + somethinG + doneOs verbos have e get + un substantivo + un participio expresan accións que encargamos a alguén.
I’m going to have / get my hair cut. (Voucortaropelo[faraooutrapersoa,noneu].)Esta estrutura ten un sentido pasivo, pois o substantivo que vai no medio recibe a acción do verbo que vai en participio. Mais adoita traducirse na voz activa.
I got my car repaired yesterday. (Amañei/Amañáronmeococheonte.)Aínda que have e get se empregan indistintamente, get é máis informal e, polo tanto, máis común no inglés falado.
We got our house painted last week. (Pintamos/Pintáronnosacasaasemanapasada.)
ColloCationsNa unidade 1 vimos o que son, e algunhas formadas cos verbos run e break. Agora veremos as que se forman con go como verbo e go como substantivo.
gobald(caeropelo,quedarcalvo/a) gobroke(arruinarse,quedarsenuncan) gomad(tolear) haveagoat (intentar,probara)
(be)onthego([estar]activo,bulir,nonparar)Mira no glosario as collocations formadas con thing.
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O segundo condicionalFórmase con if + Past Simple na condición e would + o verbo na forma base no resultado. A condición refírese ao presente mais é hipotética, isto é, é pouco probábel que ocorra, por iso traducimos o verbo en pretérito imperfecto de subxuntivo, non en pasado.
If you told him, he would understand the situation. (Sellodixeras,elentenderíaasituación.)Se o verbo da condición é to be, adóitase empregar were en todas as persoas.
If that camera weren’t so expensive, I would buy it. (Seesacámaranonfosetancara,eumercaríaa.)E emprégase sempre were co pronome I cando damos un consello.
If I were you, I would ask my parents for permission. (Eudeti,pediríapermisoameuspais.)As variantes do segundo condicional son could e might, mais ambos os dous sinalan menos probabilidade de que se cumpra a hipótese. Equivalen a “podería”, “talvez / quizais”.
If I could study all night, I would pass the test tomorrow. (Sepuideraestudartodaanoite,mañáaprobaríao
exame.)
Son oracións compostas por unha proposición subordinada que expresa a condición (conditional clause) e unha principal que expresa o resultado (result clause). Hainas de tres tipos.
O primeiro condicionalFórmase con if + Present Simple na condición e futuro con will no resultado. Expresa o que ocorrerá se se cumpre a condición sinalada.
�If I finish the project soon, I will go to the cinema with you. (Serematootraballoaxiña,ireiaocinemacontigo.)
Como se ve no cadro, cando a condición vai primeiro adóitase pór unha vírgula entre ambas as dúas partes, pero ao contrario non.
Ademais do futuro, no resultado poden empregarse os modais may e might ou o verbo en imperativo.
If the library is open, I may / might borrow a book. (Seabibliotecaestáaberta,podo/poderíatirarprestadounlibro.)
If you see Jane, say hello to her. (SevesaJane,saúdaa.)En negativa, ou negamos o verbo da condición ou usámolo en afirmativa coa conxunción unless, que equivale a if not (se non, a non ser que).
He won’t believe anything unless we prove it is true. (Noncreránadasenondemostramosqueéverdade.)
As orAcións condicionAis
First conditionAl
Conditional clause Result clause examples
if + Present Simple
unless
Future Simple+ base form
may / mightimperative
If you study something practical, you will have a profession. (Se estudas algo práctico, conseguirás unha profesión.)You will meet a lot of people if you go to university.(Satisfarás a un montón de xente se ti vas á universidade.) If she is free tomorrow, she may / might want to come with us. (Se está libre mañá, quizais queiras / quererías vir connosco.)Look for a summer job unless you want to travel abroad.(Busca un traballo para o verán a non ser que queiras viaxar ao estranxeiro.)
second conditionAl
if + Past Simple
unless
would+ base form
could / might
If I had the opportunity, I would become an engineer.(Se tivese a oportunidade, chegaría a ser enxeñeiro).I could / might visit London if my friends were there.(Podería visitar Londres se os meus amigos estivesen alí.)
tHird conditionAl
if + Past Perfect
unless
would have+ past participle
could / might have
If you had listened to me, this wouldn’t have happened.(Se me tivese escoitado, isto non tería ocorrido.)He could / might have studied at university if he had wanted to.(El podería / puido ter estudado na universidade se tivese querido.)
makinG ChoiCes6unit
[��]
Grammar appendix
Top Marks 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
O terceiro condicionalFórmase con if + Past Perfect na condición e would have + participio no resultado. Neste caso tampouco se expresa unha condición pois se refire ao pasado e a hipótese xa non pode realizarse.
You would have learnt to play the guitar sooner if you had taken classes.
(Teríasaprendidoatocaraguitarraantessetivesesidoaclases.)
As variantes para formarmos o terceiro condicional son os modais perfectos could have e might have + participio na proposición principal.
If we had bought the tickets on time, we could / might have gone to the cinema.
(Setivésemosmercadoasentradasatempo,poderiamosteridoaocinema.)
as oraCiÓns temporaisAs referidas ao futuro fórmanse como as do primeiro condicional: Present Simple na proposición subordinada e futuro con will na principal. O que mudan son as conxuncións, que neste caso son when, by the time, as soon as, etc.
� When I get home, I’ll call you. (Candochegueácasa,chamareite.) I will buy a car as soon as I pass my driving test. (Mercareiuncochetanaxiñacomoaprobeoexamede
conducir.)
As oracións desiderativas expresan un desexo e en inglés poden formarse de dúas maneiras: co verbo wish ou coa expresión if only.
O verbo wish significa “desexar”, mais nas oracións deste tipo equivale máis ben ao condicional “desexaría” ou “gustaría”. Cando o suxeito é I tradúcese por “Oxalá”. A continuación vai seguido directamente dunha oración subordinada pois a conxunción that adoitar omitirse.
Rick wishes (that) he lived closer to his school. (Rickdesexaríavivirmáispretodoseuinstituto.) I wish (that) I lived closer to my school. (Oxalávivisemáispretodomeuinstituto.)If only é unha expresión que ten o mesmo significado: “Oxalá”, “Se polo menos...”.
Tanto wish como if only podemos empregalos con varios tempos verbais, como se ve no cadro:
■ Con Past Simple referímonos a situacións presentes que quixeramos mudar ou mellorar.
I wish / If only I were more responsible. (Oxaláfosemáisresponsábel.)
■ Se o verbo que vai en Past Simple é to be cómpre empregar were en todas as persoas (é un resto do subxuntivo).
I wish / If only it were that simple! (Oxaláfosetandoado!)■ Co Past Perfect referímonos a feitos pasados,
lamentando que xa non teñen remedio.
Do you wish you had stayed in Ireland longer? (GustaríacheterquedadoenIrlandamáistempo?) If only I had known earlier! (Oxaláotivesesabidoantes!)■ Co could ou would + un verbo na forma base
referímonos ao futuro, expresando a esperanza de que ocorra o que desexamos.
I wish I could pass the literature test. (Oxaláaprobe/poidaaprobaroexamedeliteratura.)■ Se o suxeito de wish e o do verbo na forma base son
diferentes, empregamos would.
I wish / If only the weather would improve. (Oxalámellore/melloraseotempo.)
As orAcións desiderAtivAs
Form uses Examples
wish / if only + Past Simple
Refers to a present situation that the speaker is unhappy about
I wish I had a computer. (Oxalá tivese un ordenador.)He wishes his friends were here now.(Oxalá os seus amigos estivesen aquí agora.)
wish / if only + Past Perfect
Expresses regret about a past action or situation
If only I hadn’t lost my mobile phone!(Oxalá non tivese perdido o meu móbil.) I wish he had called me.(Oxalá me tivese chamado.)
wish + could / would + base form
Refers to the future. Expresses a desire for something to happen in the future
I wish I could go to university.(Oxalá poida / puidese ir á universidade.)I like Jack so much. If only he would call me!(Gústame moito Jack. Oxalá me chame/chamase!)
A
a good deal /L ZHX 'XALo/ moito/a, moitos/as
above all /LVJd 'Go/ sobre todo
abroad /L'VpGX/ (en / a) o estranxeiro
accountant /L'YPmWLmW/ contábel
address (v) /L'XpCg/ dirixirse (a alguén)
afford /L'cGX/ permitirse
all /Go/ todo/a, todos/as
all in all /Go Bm Go/ en xeral
allow /L'oP/ permitir
alone /L'oNm/ só/soa
annoyed /L'mQX/ amolado/a, enfadado/a
apartment /L'UEWlLmW/ (Am. Eng.) piso, apartamento
apply for /L'UoO cG/ solicitar, pedir
appreciate /L'UpAiBCBW/ ver con bos ollos, parecer ben (be appreciated: estar ben visto; agradecer)
approach (sb) /L'UpNWi/ método
approach (v) /L'UpNWi/ achegarse a
ardent /'EXLmW/ afervoado/a
argue /'EZqI/ rifar, discutir
argument /'EZqHlLmW/ rifa, discusión
as long as /Dh 'oFn Dh/ mentres, sempre que
assortment /L'gGWlLmW/ colección, variado
autumn /'GWLl/ outono
avoid /L'dQX/ evitar
B
ban (v) /VDm/ prohibir
be about to /VA L'VPW WI/ estar a piques de
be all ears /VA Go 'Rh/ (idiom) ser todo/a oídos
beat about the bush /VAW LVPW fL 'VHi/ (idiom) andar con voltas
beg /VCZ/ suplicar, pregar
bell-bottom jeans /VCoVFWLl 'bAmh/ vaqueiros con forma de campá
biologist /VO'FoLbBgW/ biólogo/a
biscuit /'VBgYBW/ galleta
bite off more than one can chew /VOW Fc lG fæm
rJm Yæm 'aI/ (idiom) can que vai a moitas vodas non pode comer en todas
bite somebody’s head off /VOW gJlVFXBh 'kCX Fc/
(idiom) responder / reaccionar con brusquidade, de malas maneiras
boarding school /'VGXBn gYIo/ internado
boot /VIW/ maleteiro
bottom line /VFWLl 'oOm/ balance final (the ~ is that ...: a fin de contas / en poucas palabras...)
break a habit /VpMY L 'kDVBW/ deixar un hábito
break a promise /VpMY L 'UpFlBg/ romper unha promesa
break a record /VpMY L 'pCYGX/ superar unha marca
break someone’s heart /VpMY gJlrFmh 'kEW/ romperlle o corazón a alguén
break the ice /VpMY fA 'Og/ romper o xeo
break the law /VpMY fL 'oG/ infrinxir a lei
break the monotony /VpMY fL lL'mFWLmi/ romper a monotonía
break the news /VpMY fL 'mqIh/ dar a noticia
burst into tears /VKgW BmWI 'WBLh/ romper a chorar
business executive /'VBhmLg BZhCYqHWBd/ executivo/a
C
cab /YDV/ (Am. Eng.) taxi
can (sb) /Yæm/ (Am. Eng.) lata, bote
candy /'YæmXi/ (Am. Eng.) caramelo, lambonada
chance /aEmg/ probabilidade, ocasión
change for the better /aMmb cG fL 'VCWL/ cambiar, mudar a / para mellor
charm (sb) /aEl/ encanto, atractivo
check /aCY/ revisar, examinar
cheer (v) /aR/ aclamar, vitorear
chemist’s /'YClBgWg/ farmacia
chips /aBUg/ patacas fritidas
choice /aQg/ elección, escolla, opción
clap (v) /YoDU/ aplaudir
closet /'YoFhBW/ (Am. Eng.) armario
collapse (v) /YL'oDUg/ vir abaixo, derrubarse
come along /YJl L'oFn/ chegar, ocorrer; vir, ir, acompañar
command /YL'lEmX/ dominio
commit a crime /YLlBW L 'YpOl/ cometer un delito
computer programmer /YLlUqIWL 'UpLHZpDlL/
programador/a informático/a
confident /'YFmcBXLmW/ seguro/a de si mesmo/a
contest (sb) /'YFmWCgW/ concurso
convincingly /YLm'dBmgBnoi/ convincentemente
cookie /'YHYi/ (Am. Eng.) galleta
cope with /'YNU rBf/ facer frente a, sobrelevar
(a) couch potato /(L) 'YPa ULWMWN/ (un/unha) preguiceiro/a, (un/unha) lacazán/ana; adicto/a á televisión
crave /YpMd/ devecer por, ter moitas ganas de
crime /YpOl/ delito; delincuencia, criminalidade
crowded /'YpPXBX/ ateigado/a de xente
currently /'YJpLmWoi/ arestora
D
dare (v) /XCL/ atreverse a
day-care centre /'XMYCL gCmWL/ xardín de infancia
deal (sb) /XALo/ trato, acordo
depart (from) /XB'UEW (cpFl)/ afastarse (de)
deserve /XB'hKd/ merecer(se), ser merecente de
WORD LIST
Top Marks 2 Galician © B Burlington Books [18]
devise /XB'dOh/ idear, crear
devoted /XB'dNWBX/ dedicado/a
diamond mine /'XOLlLmX lOm/ mina de diamantes
disapproval /XBgL'UpIdLo/ desaprobación, obxección
disruptive /XBg'pJUWBd/ perturbador/a, problemático/a
disturb /XB'gWKV/ amolar, perturbar
docks (sb) /XFYg/ porto
doubt (sb) /XPW/ dúbida
drop (v) /XpFU/ descender, baixar, caer
drugstore /'XpJZgWG/ (Am. Eng.) farmacia
dustbin /'XJgWVBm/ cubo do lixo
E
each /Aa/ cada
electrician /BoCY'WpBiLm/ electricista
elevator /'CoBdCBWL/ (Am. Eng.) ascensor
enable /Bm'CBVLo/ permitir, facer posíbel
engineer /CmbB'mBL/ enxeñeiro/a
enrol /Bm'pNo/ matricularse, inscribirse
enthusiastic /BmeqIhB'DgWBY/ entusiasta
equipment /B'YrBUlLmW/ equipo
expel /BY'gUCo/ expulsar
F
fall (sb) /cGo/ (Am. Eng.) outono
faraway /'cELrCB/ lonxano/a, afastado/a
fashion designer /'cæiLm XBhOmL/ deseñador/a de moda
faucet /'cGgBW/ (Am. Eng.) billa
film (sb) /cBol/ película
fingertip /'cBnZLWBU/ punta / xema do dedo (be at your ~: ter aos teus pés)
first-rate /cKgW'pMW/ de primeira, de primeira orde
flashlight /'coæioOW/ (Am. Eng.) lanterna
flat (sb) /coæW/ piso, apartamento
food for thought /cIX cG 'eGW/ facer reflexionar
forbidden /cL'VBXLm/ prohibido/a
fortnight /'cGWmOW/ quincena
French fries /'cpCma cpOh/ (Am. Eng.) patacas fritidas
front-row seat /cpJmWpN 'gAW/ asento en / de primeira fila
G
garbage can /'ZEVBb Yæm/ (Am. Eng.) cubo do lixo
garden /'ZEXLm/ xardín
gas /ZDg/ (Am. Eng.) gasolina
gather /'ZDfL/ reunir(se), xuntar(se)
(can’t) get a word in edgeways /(YEmW) ZCW L rKX
Bm 'CbrCBh/ (idiom) (non ser quen de) dicir case que nada / dar fala
go bald /ZLH 'VGoX/ caer o pelo, quedar calvo/a
go broke /ZLH 'VpNY/ arruinarse, quedar sen un can
go from bad to worse /ZLH cpFl VDX WL 'rKg/ ir de mal en peor, saír dun souto e entrar noutro
go mad /ZLH 'lDX/ tolear
go too far /ZLH WI 'cE/ chegar lonxe de máis
goal /ZNo/ obxectivo
graceful /'ZpMgcLo/ flexíbel, lixeiro/a, áxil, requintado/a
H
handbag /'kæmXVæZ/ bolso
hard /kEX/ duro/a, difícil (try ~: esforzarse)
hardly /'kEXoi/ apenas
harsh /kEpi/ duro/a, severo/a
have a go at /kDd L ZLH DW/ intentar, probar a
have a thing about /kDd L eBn LVPW/ estar obsesionado/a con
have one’s cake and eat it /kDd rJmg YMY DmX AW BW/
(idiom) querer o mundo, montes e moreas
hazard /'kDhLX/ risco, perigo
hesitate /'kChBWMW/ vacilar, dubidar (en)
holiday /'kFoLXM/ vacacións
hoot /kIW/ tocar a bucina
hop (v) /kFU/ saltar á pata coxa
I
I’ll eat my hat if... /Oo AW lO 'kDW Bc/ (idiom) Tragarei as miñas palabras se...
ignore /BZ'mG/ facer caso omiso, non respectar
imbalance /Bl'VDoLmg/ desequilibrio
improve /Bl'UpId/ mellorar
inmate /'BmlMW/ preso/a; interno/a nun hospital
insane /Bm'gCBm/ tolo/a
interrupt /BmWL'pJUW/ interromper
intersection /'BmWLgCYim/ (Am. Eng.) cruzamento
J
judge (v) /bJb/ xulgar
junction /'bJnYiLm/ cruzamento
(to be) just the thing for/(WI VA) bJgW fL 'eBn cG/ (ser) o mellor / o máis axeitado para
K
knock over /mFY 'NdL/ atropelar; guindar, envorcar
L
lack (v) /oæY/ non ter, carecer de
large /oEb/ grande, numeroso/a
level /'oCdLo/ nivel
liable /'oOLVLo/ propenso/a
lift (sb) /oBcW/ ascensor
Top Marks 2 Galician © B Burlington Books [19]
WORD LIST
lighting /'oOWBn/ iluminación
like talking to the wall /oOY WGYBn WI fL 'rGo/
(idiom) como falarlle á parede
live (adx) /oOd/ en vivo, en directo
liver /'oBdL/ fígado
look down on /oHY 'XPm Fm/ mirar por riba do ombro, menosprezar a
lorry /'oFpi/ camión
lumber /'oJlVL/ madeira
M
mackerel /'læYpLo/ cabala, xarda
mail /lCBLo/ (Am. Eng.) botar ao correo ou á caixa do correo
mainstream /'lCBmgWpAl/ normal, común
make a big thing about /lMY L VBZ 'eBn LVPW/
esaxerar, darlle demasiada importancia a
make ends meet /lMY CmXh 'lAW/ chegar a fin de mes
marauder /lL'pGXL/ canalla, malandrín
matron /'lCBWpLm/ coidadora, supervisora
matter (sb) /'lDWL/ asunto, cuestión
meanwhile /'lAmrOo/ entrementres
measure (v) /'lCjL/ medir, calcular, avaliar
might as well /lOW Dh 'rCo/ ben podería
mimic (v) /'lBlBY/ imitar, asemellarse adquirindo a aparencia de
miss (v) /lBg/ botar, facer de menos
miss out on /lBg 'PW Fm/ perderse (algo bo)
moved to tears /lIdX WI 'WBLh/ emocionado/a, conmovido/a até as bágoas
movie /'lIdi/ (Am. Eng.) película
N
name (someone) after /mMl (gJlrJm) 'EcWL/ pór (a alguén) o nome de (outra persoa)
no longer /mN 'oFnZL/ xa non
no such thing /mN gJWi 'eBn/ non tal, de ningún xeito (there is ~ : iso non existe / non é posíbel)
not breathe a word /mFW VpAf L 'rKX/ (idiom) non dicir nin chío
not my cup of tea /mFW lO YJU Fd 'WA/ (idiom) non (é) o meu favorito/a, non me gusta
notice (v) /'mNWBg/ decatarse de, darse conta de
nourishing /'mJpBiBn/ nutritivo/a, alimenticio/a
nowadays /'mPLXMh/ hoxe en día
O
obey /L'VM/ obedecer
obviously /'FVdBLgoi/ obviamente
offender /L'cCmXL/ delincuente, infractor/a
on display /Fm XB'gUoM/ á vista
on stage /Fm 'gWMb/ en escena
(to be) on the go /(WI VA) Fm fL 'ZLH/ (estar) atarefado/a ou activo/a, non parar quedo/a
only /'Nmoi/ só, soamente
overcome /NdL'YJl/ vencer, superar
overhear /NdL'kBL/ ouvir por casualidade
P
pants /UDmWg/ (Am. Eng.) pantalón, pantalóns
pavement /'UMdlLmW/ beirarrúa
perform /UL'cGl/ actuar
petrol /'UCWpLo/ gasolina
(to be a) piece of cake /(WI VA L) UAg Fd YMY/ (idiom) (ser) carne sen ósos, (estar) no papo
pill /UBo/ pílula
point out /UQmW 'PW/ sinalar
post /UNgW/ botar ao correo ou á caixa do correopour down /'UG XPm/ chover a xerros / a callón / a arroiar / ás cuncas
preferable /'UpCcpLVLo/ preferíbel
pretty (adv) /'UpBWi/ bastante, abondo/a
privacy /'UpBdLgi/ privacidade
proficient /UpL'cBiLmW/ competente
profitable /'UpFcBWLVLo/ rendíbel, lucrativo/a
proposal /UpL'UNhLo/ proposta
prosper /'UpFgUL/ prosperar
psychologist /gO'YFoLbBgW/ psicólogo/a
punishment /'UJmBilLmW/ castigo
purse /UKg/ (Am. Eng.) bolso
put all one’s eggs in one basket /UHW Go rJmh CZg Bm
rJm 'VEgYBW/ (idiom) xogar a unha carta / o pescozo, o físico
put away /UHW L'rCB/ gardar, recoller
Q
quit /YrBW/ deixar (un hábito, costume)
R
rage (sb) /pCBb/ ira, carraxe; ataque de ira, arroutada
raise /pMh/ aumentar
rare /pCL/ pouco feito/a (filete, carne...)
rarely /'pCLoi/ rara vez, case que nunca
rate (sb) /pMW/ índice, taxa
read aloud /pAX L'oPX/ ler en voz alta
regret (sb) /pB'ZpCW/ arrepentimento
remain /pB'lCBm/ permanecer, continuar
remarkable /pB'lEYLVLo/ notábel, extraordinario/a
restraint /pB'gWpMmW/ contención
rewarding /pB'rGXBn/ gratificante, satisfactorio/a
roasting /'pLHgWBn/ abrasador/a
ruin /'pIBm/ arruinar
rule (sb) /pIo/ regra, norma
Top Marks 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
WORD LIST
[20]
run a risk /pJm L 'pBgY/ correr un risco
run a temperature /pJm L 'WClUpLaL/ ter febre
run an errand /pJm Dm 'CpLmX/ facer un recado, unha encomenda
run counter to /pJm 'YPmWL WI/ ser contrario/a a, oporse a
run in the family /pJm Bm fL 'cDlLoi/ ser cousa de / virlle a un/unha de familia
run short /pJm 'iGW/ acabárselle a un/unha, quedar sen
run wild /pJm 'rOLoX/ correr / moverse sen control
S
sail away /gMo L'rCB/ levar áncoras, saír ao mar
sales agent /'gMoh CBXjLmW/ axente comercial
screen (sb) /gYpAm/ pantalla
screen (v) /gYpAm/ proxectar
secretary /'gCYpLWLpi/ secretario/a
seed /gAX/ semente
seem /gAl/ parecer, asemellar
self-consciousness /gCoc 'YFmiLgmLg/ timidez, apoucamento
sell like hotcakes /gCo oOY 'kFWYMYg/ (idiom) vender como roscas
sensitive /'gCmgLWBd/ sensíbel
severe /gB'dBL/ grave, severo/a
shopping cart /'iFUBn YEW/ (Am. Eng.) carro da compra
shore /iG/beira
sidewalk /'gOXrGY/ (Am. Eng.) beirarrúa
signal (v) /'gBZmLo/ indicar, sinalar
skilled /gYBoX/ cualificado/a
slight /goOW/ lixeiro/a, livián/á, leve
so long as /gN 'oFn Dh/ sempre que
solve /gFod/ resolver, solucionar
speak one’s mind /gUAY rJmh 'lOmX/ (idiom) falar claro, dicir o que un/unha pensa
staff /gWEc/ empregados/as, cadro de persoal
station-wagon /'gWMiLmrDZLm/ camioneta
stifling /gWOcoBn/ sufocante, asfixiante
straight (adv) /gWpMW/ dereito, directamente
straight from the horse’s mouth /gWpMW cpFl fL kGgBh
'lPe/ (idiom) de primeira man
strict /gWpBYW/ estrito/a, severo/a
subway /'gJVrM/ (Am. Eng.) metro
summon /'gJlLm/ chamar, convocar
survive /gL'dOd/ sobrevivir
sweat (v) /grCW/ suar
sweet (sb) /grAW/ caramelo, lambonada
switch off /grBWi 'Fc/ apagar
T
tailor-made /'WMoLlMX/ feito/a a medida
take (something) with a pinch of salt /WMY (gJleBn)
rBf L UBma Fd 'gGoW/ (idiom) tomar (algo) con reservas, non crelo a pé fixo
tap (sb) /WæU/ billa
tap (v) /WæU/ dar golpiños con
tape /WMU/ cinta métrica
temperature /'WClUpLaL/ febre
term /WKl/ trimestre
terrific /WL'pBcBY/ estupendo/a, fantástico/a, xenial
the next best thing /fL mCYgW VCgW 'eBn/ o máis semellante (a)
the real thing /fL 'pBLo eBn/ o/a auténtico/a, verdadeiro/a
though /fLH/ aínda que, anque
through /epI/ por, a través de
throughout /epI'PW/ en, por todo/a
tidy (adx) /'WOXi/ ordenado/a, recollido/a
tin /WBm/ lata, bote
torch /WGa/ lanterna
treat (v) /WpAW/ tratar
trend /WpCmX/ tendencia
tribute /'WpBVqIW/ homenaxe
trolley /'WpFoi/ carro da compra
trousers /'WpPhLh/ pantalón, pantalóns
truck /WpJY/ (Am. Eng.) camión
trunk /WpJnY/ (Am. Eng.) maleteiro
turn out /WKm 'PW/ resultar, saír
twice as long /'WrOg Dh oFn/ o duplo de tempo
U
underground /'JmXLZpPmX/ metro
unknown /Jm'mNm/ descoñecido/a
upcoming /'JUYJlBn/ próximo/a, vindeiro/a
V
vacation /dL'YCBiLm/ (Am. Eng.) vacacións
value (sb) /'dæoqI/ valor
value (v) /'dæoqI/ valorar, apreciar
virtually /'dKaHLoi/ practicamente, case
W
wardrobe /'rGXpNV/ armario
weird /rBLX/ estraño/a, raro/a
(to be) well worth /(WI VA) 'rCo rKe/ pagar a pena
whole /kLHo/ todo/a, enteiro/a
witness (v) /'rBWmLg/ ver, presenciar
wreck (v) /pCY/ esnaquizar, estragar
Y
yard /qEX/ (Am. Eng.) patio, xardín
yell /qCo/ berrarTop Marks 2 Galician © B Burlington Books [21]
WORD LIST
add up: sumar
be over: ter(se) acabado
bite off: arrincar cos dentes
bring back: volver (algo emprestado) (= give back)
bring down: reducir, facer baixar (= cut down)
bring forward: adiantar (unha citación, unha viaxe...)
bring in: gañar (cartos) / traer, convidar
bring on: producir, causar
bring out: sacar ao mercado, publicar
bring up: sacar, formular (un tema) / educar, criar
climb down: baixar (= come down, go down) / baixar (da cama)
climb into: meterse (na cama)
come across: atopar (de casualidade)
come along: chegar, ocorrer / vir, ir, acompañar (= go along)
come apart: desfacerse, esnaquizarse
come down on: rifar, botar unha reprimenda a
come in: entrar, pasar
come into: entrar en (= go into) / herdar
come round: vir visitar / recobrar a conciencia, acordar
come through: saír de (algo malo), sobrevivir / atravesar, pasar por
come up with: propor, ocorrérselle a un/unha (unha idea, un plan)
count on: contar con, confiar en (alguén)
get by: amañarse, ir tirando (con poucos cartos)
get in: entrar (nun coche)
get into: entrar (na universidade)
get off: baixar (dun autobús, tren ou avión)
go back: volver, regresar, voltar (= come back, get back, turn back)
hand in: entregar (un traballo)
keep off: afastarse, apartarse de (~ the grass: prohibido pisar o céspede) (sinal)
keep on: continuar, seguir (= carry on, go on)
keep out: non deixar entrar / prohibido o paso (sinal)
keep up with: seguir o fío / ritmo de, manterse ao corrente de
knock over: atropelar (= run over) / tirar, envorcar
let down: fallar, decepcionar, defraudar
let on: revelar, dicir
let up: diminuír, amainar; (chuvia) escampar
lock up: pechar (a alguén) / pechar con chave
look at: mirar, reparar en, fixarse en
look back: mirar cara atrás / mirar ao pasado
look down on: mirar por riba do ombro, menosprezar a
make for: ir a, dirixirse cara a
make off with: fuxir con, levarse
make up: facer as paces, reconciliarse
make up for: compensar (por)
move away: mudarse (a outro barrio ou ciudade) / afastarse, apartarse
move out: mudarse de casa
pass by: pasar por diante de, pasar de longo
point out: sinalar, advertir
pour down: caer (a auga), chover a cachón
pull back: retirar, sacar, tirar
pull into: introducir en
put down: humillar, facer de menos, aldraxar (a alguén) / apuntar, anotar (= take down, write down) / deixar, colgar
(o teléfono) (= hang up, ring off)
put forward: propor, presentar
put off: aprazar, adiar, pospor
put out: apagar (un cigarro, un lume)
put (someone) through: facer pasar por, someter (a alguén) a / pasar unha chamada de teléfono
put up: construír, erguer (un monumento, a man) / aumentar subir (os prezos) / aloxar (a alguén por pouco tempo)
put up with: aguantar, aturar, soportar
run away: escapulir, fuxir (= get away)
see (someone) into: acompañar (a alguén) a / até a entrada
see (someone) off: despedir (a alguén que marcha de viaxe)
see (someone) out: acompañar (a alguén) a / até a saída
see through (someone): calar; lerlle o pé, verlle o rabo (a alguén)
see to: encargarse de, ocuparse de, atender a
set up: montar (unha páxina web, un negocio...)
show off: presumir, fachendear
sit back: encostarse, sentar comodamente
split up: separar, quebrar (= break off, break up)
stand by: apoiar, non abandonar (a alguén)
stand for: representar, significar
stand in for: substituír (a alguén)
stand out: salientar, sobresaír
stand up: pórse en pé, erguerse
stand up to: facer fronte, arrostrar / resistir
start out: comezar (nun traballo ou profesión)
take away from: quitarlle, restarlle a / reducir, diminuír
throw away: tirar (ao lixo)
try on: probar (roupa)
turn away: afastarse, apartarse / negar a entrada (a un país, unha discoteca...) / volver (a cabeza, a cara)
turn in: deitarse / delatar, entregar (á policía)
turn into: converterse en
turn on: atacar; prender (a radio, o televisor...) (= put on, switch on) / abrir (unha billa)
turn out: saír, resultar (ben, mal) (= work out) / apagar (a luz...) (= switch off, turn off)
turn round / around: dar a volta
turn up: chegar, aparecer, presentarse (nun sitio) (= show up) / subir (o volume)
use up: usar, empregar, gastar, acabarse
walk away from: afastarse de
walk off: ir(se), marchar
walk out: saír
Top Marks 2 Galician © B Burlington Books [22]
PHRASAL VERBS
ADJECTIVES + PREPOSITIONS
(after to be)
afraid of: asustado/a de
bad for: malo/a para
cruel to: cruel con
disappointed in: decepcionado/a de
disappointed with: decepcionado/a con
excited about: emocionado/a con
good at: bo/boa en / para
insulted by: insultado/a por
interested in: interesado/a en
involved in: involucrado/a en
late for: tarde a
pleased with: compracido/a, ledo/a con
proud of: fachendoso/a de
satisfied with: satisfeito/a de
surprised by: sorprendido/a por / con
terrible at: malísimo/a en / para
NOUNS + PREPOSITIONS
apology for: desculpa por
argument about: rifa sobre / por
awareness of: conciencia de
disadvantage of: desvantaxe de
effect on: efecto, influencia en / sobre
increase in: aumento en / de
interest in: interese en / por
lack of: falta de
need for: necesidade de
objection to: obxección a / contra
reason for: razón para
report on: informe de / sobre
solution to: solución a
VERBS + PREPOSITIONS
accuse (someone) of: acusar (a alguén) de
agree with: estar de acordo con
apologise for: desculparse por
arrive at: chegar a
arrive in: chegar a (unha cidade ou un país)
believe in: crer en
belong to: pertencer a
boast about: presumir de
concentrate on: concentrarse en
depend on: depender de
hear about: saber de
hear of: ouvir / oír falar de
insist on: insistir, teimar en
listen to: escoitar (a)
rely on: confiar en
remind (someone) of: lembrarlle (a alguén) (a)
succeed in: triunfar en
talk about: falar de / sobre
talk to / with: falar con
think about / of: opinar de / matinar, pensar en
wait for: agardar, esperar
Top Marks 2 Galician © B Burlington Books [23]
PREPOSITION LIST
base form (V1) Past simPle (V2) Past ParticiPle (V3) GaliciaN
be /VA/ was / were /rFh/rK/ been /VAm/ ser, estarbeat /VAW/ beat /VAW/ beaten /'VAWm/ golpear, bater become/VB'YJl/ became /VB'YMl/ become /VB'YJl/ chegar a serbegin /VB'ZBm/ began /VB'Zæm/ begun /VB'ZJm/ comezar, empezarbend /VCmX/ bent /VCmW/ bent /VCmW/ dobrarbet /VCW/ bet /VCW/ bet /VCW/ apostarbite /VOW/ bit /VBW/ bitten /'VBWm/ trabarbleed /VoAX/ bled /VoCX/ bled /VoCX/ sangrarblow /VoLH/ blew /VoI/ blown /VoLHm/ soprarbreak /VpMY/ broke /VpLHY/ broken /'VpLHYm/ crebar, romper, racharbring /VpBn/ brought /VpGW/ brought /VpGW/ traerbuild /VBoX/ built /VBoW/ built /VBoW/ construírburn /VKm/ burnt / burned /VKmW/VKmX/ burnt / burned /VKmW/VKmX/ queimarburst /VKgW/ burst /VKgW/ burst /VKgW/ estouparbuy /VO/ bought /VGW/ bought /VGW/ mercarcatch /Yæa/ caught /YGW/ caught /YGW/ coller, agarrarchoose /aIh/ chose /aLHh/ chosen /'aLHhm/ elixircome /YJl/ came /YMl/ come /YJl/ vircost /YFgW/ cost /YFgW/ cost /YFgW/ custarcut /YJW/ cut /YJW/ cut /YJW/ cortardeal /XAo/ dealt /XCoW/ dealt /XCoW/ comerciar, tratardig /XBZ/ dug /XJZ/ dug /XJZ/ cavar, sachardo /XI/ did /XBX/ done /XJm/ facerdraw /XpG/ drew /XpI/ drawn /XpGm/ debuxardream /XpAl/ dreamt / dreamed /XpClW/XpAlX/ dreamt / dreamed /XpClW/XpAlX/ soñardrink /XpBnY/ drank /XpænY/ drunk /XpJnY/ beberdrive /XpOd/ drove /XpLHd/ driven /'XpBdm/ conducireat /AW/ ate /CBW/ eaten /'AWm/ comerfall /cGo/ fell /cCo/ fallen /'cGom/ caerfeed /cAX/ fed /cCX/ fed /cCX/ alimentarfeel /cAo/ felt /cCoW/ felt /cCoW/ sentir(se)fight /cOW/ fought /cGW/ fought /cGW/ loitarfind /cOmX/ found /cPmX/ found /cPmX/ atoparfly /coO/ flew /coI/ flown /coLHm/ voarforget /cL'ZCW/ forgot /cL'ZFW/ forgotten /cL'ZFWm/ esquecerforgive /cL'ZBd/ forgave /cL'ZMd/ forgiven /cL'ZBdm/ perdoarfreeze /cpAh/ froze /cpLHh/ frozen /'cpLHhm/ conxelar(se)get /ZCW/ got /ZFW/ got /ZFW/ conseguir, acadar, recibirgive /ZBd/ gave /ZMd/ given /'ZBdm/ dargo /ZN/ went /rCmW/ gone /ZFm/ irgrow /ZpN/ grew /ZpI/ grown /ZpNm/ crecer, cultivarhang /kæn/ hung / hanged /kJn/kænX/ hung / hanged /kJn/kænX/ pendurarhave /kæd/ had /kæX/ had /kæX/ terhear /kBL/ heard /kKX/ heard /kKX/ oír, ouvirhide /kOX/ hid /kBX/ hidden /'kBXm/ agocharhit /kBW/ hit /kBW/ hit /kBW/ golpear, bater, pegarhold /kNoX/ held /kCoX/ held /kCoX/ suxeitar, soster, termar dehurt /kKW/ hurt /kKW/ hurt /kKW/ facer dano, mancar, ferirkeep /YAU/ kept /YCUW/ kept /YCUW/ gardar, manterknow /mN/ knew /mqI/ known /mNm/ saber, coñecerlay /oCB/ laid /oCBX/ laid /oCBX/ poñer, pór, estenderlead /oAX/ led /oCX/ led /oCX/ guiar, conducirlearn /oKm/ learnt / learned /oKmW/oKmX/ learnt / learned /oKmW/oKmX/ aprenderleave /oAd/ left /oCcW/ left /oCcW/ deixar, marchar, saír
IRREGULAR VERBS
Top Marks 2 Galician © B Burlington Books [24]
base form (V1) Past simPle (V2) Past ParticiPle (V3) GaliciaN
lend /oCmX/ lent /oCmW/ lent /oCmW/ prestar, emprestarlet /oCW/ let /oCW/ let /oCW/ permitir, deixarlie /oO/ lay /oCB/ lain /oCBm/ tombarse, deitarselie /oO/ (regular verb) lied /oOX/ lied /oOX/ mentirlight /oOW/ lit /oBW/ lit /oBW/ acender, prenderlose /oIh/ lost /oFgW/ lost /oFgW/ perdermake /lCBY/ made /lCBX/ made /lCBX/ facer, fabricarmean /lAm/ meant /lCmW/ meant /lCmW/ significar, querer dicirmeet /lAW/ met /lCW/ met /lCW/ coñecer a, reunirse / xuntarse conpay /UM/ paid /UMX/ paid /UMX/ pagarput /UHW/ put /UHW/ put /UHW/ poñer, pórread /pAX/ read /pCX/ read /pCX/ lerride /pOX/ rode /pLHX/ ridden /'pBXm/ montarring /pBn/ rang /pæn/ rung /pJn/ chamar (por teléfono)rise /pOh/ rose /pLHh/ risen /'pBhm/ elevarse, alzarse, erguerserun /pJm/ ran /pæm/ run /pJm/ corrersay /gM/ said /gCX/ said /gCX/ dicirsee /gA/ saw /gG/ seen /gAm/ versell /gCo/ sold /gLHoX/ sold /gLHoX/ vendersend /gCmX/ sent /gCmW/ sent /gCmW/ enviarset /gCW/ set /gCW/ set /gCW/ colocarsew /gN/ sewed /gNX/ sewn /gNm/ cosershake /iMY/ shook /iHY/ shaken /'iMYm/ axitarshine /iOm/ shone /iFm/ shone /iFm/ brillar, escintilarshoot /iIW/ shot /iFW/ shot /iFW/ dispararshow /iLH/ showed /iLHX/ shown /iLHm/ amosarshut /iJW/ shut /iJW/ shut /iJW/ pechar, calarsing /gBn/ sang /gæn/ sung /gJn/ cantarsink /gBnY/ sank /gænY/ sunk /gJnY/ afundirsit /gBW/ sat /gæW/ sat /gæW/ sentarsleep /goAU/ slept /goCUW/ slept /goCUW/ durmirsmell /glCo/ smelt / smelled /glCoW/glCoX/ smelt / smelled /glCoW/glCoX/ ulir, cheirarspeak /gUAY/ spoke /gULHY/ spoken /'gULHYm/ falarspell /gUCo/ spelt /gUCoW/ spelt /gUCoW/ soletrearspend /gUCmX/ spent /gUCmW/ spent /gUCmW/ gastar, pasar (tempo)spill /gUBo/ spilt /gUBoW/ spilt /gUBoW/ verterspoil /gUQo/ spoilt / spoiled /gUQoW/gUQoX/ spoilt / spoiled /gUQoW/gUQoX/ arruinar, estragarspread /gUpCX/ spread /gUpCX/ spread /gUpCX/ untar, difundir(se), espallarspring /gUpBn/ sprang /gUpæn/ sprung /gUpJn/ brincar, choutar, saltarstand /gWæmX/ stood /gWHX/ stood /gWHX/ estar a pésteal /gWAo/ stole /gWLHo/ stolen /'gWLHom/ roubarstick /gWBY/ stuck /gWJY/ stuck /gWJY/ apegar sting /gWBn/ stung /gWJn/ stung /gWJn/ picar (un insecto)swear /grCL/ swore /grG/ sworn /grGm/ xurarsweep /grAU/ swept /grCUW/ swept /grCUW/ varrerswim /grBl/ swam /græl/ swum /grJl/ nadartake /WMY/ took /WHY/ taken /'WMYm/ coller, levarteach /WAa/ taught /WGW/ taught /WGW/ aprender, ensinartear /WCL/ tore /WG/ torn /WGm/ rachar, esgazartell /WCo/ told /WLHoX/ told /WLHoX/ dicir, contar think /eBnY/ thought /eGW/ thought /eGW/ pensar, coidarthrow /epN/ threw /epI/ thrown /epNm/ guindar, tirarunderstand /JmXC'gWæmX/ understood /JmXC'gWHX/ understood /JmXC'gWHX/ comprender, entenderwake up /'rMY JU/ woke up /'rLHY JU/ woken up /'rLHYm JU/ espertarwear /rCL/ wore /rG/ worn /rGm/ levar posto, poñersewin /rBm/ won /rJm/ won /rJm/ gañarwrite /pOW/ wrote /pLHW/ written /'pBWm/ escribir
Top Marks 2 Galician © B Burlington Books [25]
IRREGULAR VERBS
Lembra: Os tempos verbais do Subxuntivo galego, tradúcense en inglés polos seus correspondentes en indicativo. Así o Presente de Subxuntivo, o Futuro de Subxuntivo e o Pretérito Imperfecto de Subxuntivo traduciranse igual ca o Presente, o Futuro e o Pretérito Imperfecto de Indicativo, respectivamente.
CADROS RESUMO DAS EQUIVALENCIAS DOS TEMPOS VERBAIS ENTRE O INGLÉS E O GALEGO
TEMPOSVERBAIS
PRESENTE
Eu andoTi andas
El/Ela andaNós andamosVós andades
Eles/Elas andan
PRETÉRITO IMPERFECTO
Eu andabaTi andabas
El/Ela andabaNós andabamosVós andabades
Eles/Elas andaban
PRETÉRITO PERFECTO
Eu andeiTi andachesEl/Ela andouNós andamosVós andastes
Eles/Elas andaron
PERÍFRASE
Eu estou a andar / andandoTi estás a andar / andando
El/Ela está a andar / andandoNós estamos a andar / andandoVós estades a andar / andando
Eles/Elas están a andar / andando
PERÍFRASE
Eu estaba a andar / andandoTi estabas a andar / andando
El/Ela estaba a andar / andandoNós estabamos a andar / andandoVós estabades a andar / andando
Eles/Elas estaban a andar / andando
PERÍFRASE
Eu teño andadoTi tes andado
El/Ela ten andadoNós temos andadoVós tedes andado
Eles/Elas teñen andado
TENSES
PRESENT SIMPLE
I walkYou walk
He/She walksWe walkYou walkThey walk
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
I am walkingYou are walking
He/She is walkingWe are walkingYou are walkingThey are walking
PAST CONTINUOUS
I was walkingYou were walking
He/She was walkingWe were walkingYou were walkingThey were walking
PAST SIMPLE
I walkedYou walked
He/She walkedWe walkedYou walkedThey walked
PRESENT PERFECT
I have walkedYou have walked
He/She has walkedWe have walkedYou have walkedThey have walked
OUTRASEQUIVALENCIAS
Top Marks 2 Galician © B Burlington Books [26]
PERÍFRASE
Eu tiña andadoTi tiñas andado
El/Ela tiña andadoNós tiñamos andadoVós tiñades andado
Eles/Elas tiñan andado
PRETÉRITO PLUSCUAMPERFECTO
Eu andaraTi andaras
El/Ela andaraNós andaramosVós andarades
Eles/Elas andaran
FUTURO
Eu andareiTi andarás
El/Ela andaráNós andaremosVós andaredes
Eles/Elas andarán
FUTURO DO PRETÉRITO
Eu andaríaTi andarías
El/Ela andaríaNós andariamosVós andariades
Eles/Elas andarían
INFINITIVO CONXUGADO
Eu andarTi andares
El/Ela andarNós andarmosVós andardes
Eles/Elas andaren
PAST PERFECT
I had walkedYou had walked
He/She had walkedWe had walkedYou had walkedThey had walked
WILL
I will walkYou will walk
He/She will walkWe will walkYou will walkThey will walk
CONDITIONAL
I would walkYou would walk
He/She would walkWe would walkYou would walkThey would walk
INFINITIVE / GERUND
(to) walk / walking
TEMPOSVERBAIS TENSES
OUTRAS EQUIVALENCIAS
Para a tradución do Future Perfect e Future Continuous repasa as unidades correspondentes deste mesmo apéndice gramatical.
IH-005-803Top Marks 2 Galician © B Burlington Books [27]
CADROS RESUMO
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