grade graphing

GRADE GRAPHING

What You Will Do Place the date of each assignment on the x-axis

near the bottom of your paper leaving some extra room

Place percentage marks starting from 0 to 100% on the y-axis

Add a negative value to your y-axis—missing assignments—below the 0 on the y-axis

Create a colored histogram (bar graph) showing how much credit (percentage) you received per assignment

Missing assignments should show a bar going below the x-axis

It Should Look Like…

Part Two What is a Gene?

Recall from your cancer reading homework Think about the DNA animal you drew

(write this down) A gene is a piece of DNA that codes for proteins. The proteins created from a gene have a specific function for the organism.

Genes All genes come in different forms known as

alleles. You received two genes/alleles from your

parents– one allele from mom and the other allele from dad.

Alleles can be either dominant or recessive Dominant: (capital letters)– this gene/allele rules

over recessive alleles Recessive: (lowercase letters)– this gene/allele is

overruled when paired with a dominant allele

The breakdown

Examples Eye Color

Blue Eye color is a recessive allele (b) Brown Eye color is a dominant allele (B) What eye color will theses allele pairs show?

BB Bb bb(Brown) (Brown) (Blue)

What you will do Use the chart below to find the allele you and

your classmates possess. We will collect the class data and create a class

graph to determine what alleles are dominant and recessive. Trait Option 1 Option 2

Eye Color Not Blue BlueEye Shape Narrow/oval Round/CircularEarlobe Free AttachedSpace Between Front Teeth Space No spaceTongue Rolling Can roll edges Cannot roll edgesNumber of Fingers Six per hand Five per handHair on Middle Sections of Fingers

Hair No hair

Chin Shape Dimple in middle No dimpleShape of Hairline Widow’s peak No Widow’s PeakDimples Dimples No DimplesFreckles Freckles No Freckles

Data and Question (P3) Are you more likely to get a dominant

allele or a recessive allele from your parents? Why or why not? Option 1 Option 2

Eye Color (blue v non blue) 4 16Eye Shape (narrow v round) 7 13Ear Lobe (free v attached) 8 12Space between front teeth (yes v no) 4 16Tounge Rolling (yes v no) 15 5Fingers on Hand (6 v 5) 0 20Hair on Fingers (yes v no) 5 15Chin Shape (dimple v non) 0 20Hair line (widow's peak v non) 6 14Dimples (yes v no) 8 12Freckles (yes v no) 5 15

Data and Question (P4) Are you more likely to get a dominant

allele or a recessive allele from your parent? Why or why not? Option 1 Option 2

Eye Color (non blue v blue) 16 3Eye Shape (narrow v round) 3 11Ear Lobe (free v attached) 13 2Space between front teeth (yes v no) 2 18Tongue Rolling (yes v no) 15 4Fingers on Hand (6 v 5) 0 19Hair on Fingers (yes v no) 9 9Chin Shape (dimple v non) 2 17Hair line (widow's peak v non) 3 16Dimples (yes v no) 2 19Freckles (yes v no) 6 13

Genotype Your parents each gave you an allele for a

specific gene (hair color, eye shape etc.) . The pair of alleles is known as a Genotype.

Three different Genotypes: BB bb Bb

Homozygous(both alleles are the same)

Heterozygous (both alleles are different)

Phenotype The physical characteristic or trait

defined by a gene/allele is known as the phenotype.

Phenotypes for the eye color gene: blue eyes, brown eyes, green eyes

How do we predict Geno and Phenotypes?

Punnett Squares

A punnett square uses the parent genotype (P=parent) to predict all the possible offspring (f1=first filial) genotypes.

Monohybrid Cross

Punnett Squares The gametes

(pollen or egg) produced by each flower only have half (1N) the DNA meaning offspring only get one of the alleles from each parent

Dihybrid Cross Punnett sqares can make predictions for

two genotypes at once in a dihybrid cross.

What are the parent genotypes?

SsBb

Other forms of heredity Some genes are dominant or recessive

What are the different phenotypes going to be?RR= RedRr = RedRr = White

Other forms of heredity Not every gene is dominant or

recessive… What if:

RR= Red rr= White Rr= PINK?

When a heterozygous pair have a BLENDED phenotype the genes have incomplete dominance.

Other forms of heredity Not every gene is dominant or

recessive… What if:

RR= Red rr= White Rr= Red AND White?

When a heterozygous pair have a MIXED phenotype the genes are codominant

Incomplete or Codominant?

Incomplete or Codominant?

Your task: Gummy Bears Use the gene guide for dominance, co-

dominance and incomplete dominance. Determine the genotypes and phenotypes for each gene pair. Check with me when finished.

Complete the lab of gummy bear crosses using punnette squares to determine what genotypes and phenotypes will appear in the offspring. Record in comp book.

Match the appropriate bear to each problem.

Sex Linked Genes How is sex (male

or female) determined in humans?

The X-female and Y-male chromosomes

Female = XXMale= XYDeformed = -Y, X-,

XYY, XXY, XXX,

X Y

Sex Linked Genes The X and Y sex chromosomes have

genes like all other chromosomes

Because the genotype for male (XY) and female (XX) people is different, the phenotype is different too.

Sex Linked Genes Example: Hemophilia = poor blood clotting

due to mutation on a gene found in the X chromosome.

Xh = recessive allele for hemophilia

XH = dominant allele for normal blood clotting

Genotype

Phenotype

Sex Linked Genes Who has Hemophilia?

Female Genotypes -- Phenotypes

XhXh

XHXH

XHXh

Male Genotypes-- Phenotypes XHY XhY

YESNONO

NOYES

The chance of getting a recessive Xh is 1/7000

1/7000 men have hemophelia

1/49,000,000 women have hemopheila

Sex Linked Genes Because men only have one X

chromosome, they are more likely to show recessive genotypes and phenotypes

Male recessive X- conditions: Hemophilia Red-Green Color Blindness Male Pattern Baldness

Pedigree Pedigrees are family trees that visually

tell us how genes have been passed from one generation to the next.

We can sue pedigrees to predict if a gene is dominant, recessive, or sex-linked.

PedigreeSex Linked?Dominant?Recessive?

Karyotypes What do

you see in the picture?

How is each pair different?

Can we actually see genes?

Spectral Karyotype

Karyotypes Karyotypes examine all of the

chromosomes of an organism.

Karyotypes are useful for categorizing the chromosomes by number and appearance.

We use karyotypes today to see how genetic mutations change our chromosomes.

Normal Human Karyotype What is

different between this picture and the previous?

Comparison Genotype

Phenotype

Karyotype

H HH

Turner Syndrome What is

wrong with this karyotype?

Down Syndrome What is

wrong with this karyotype?

“Cri du chat” Syndrome What is

wrong with this karyotype?

Your Task

Sex Genetic Disorder

Chromosome Error

Insect 1Insect 2Insect 3Insect 4Insect 5Insect 6

Use the karyotype sheet provided to find genetic chromosome disorders for sixdifferent insects. Copy the chart below in your composition book to record answers.

Multiple Alleles Some genes have multiple alleles

(multiple dominant or recessive genes) that create greater genotypic and phenotypic variation.

(think back to the gummy bear lab)

Blood Types Blood Type: A, B, AB,

o A = dominant B = dominant AB = co-dominant o = recessive

Blood types tell us about the specific antigen on the outsideof your blood cells.

Universal receiver Universal Donor

Blood Typing Practice(complete crosses 1-2)

1) Homozygous A crosses with co-dominant AB What genotypes and phenotypes appear in

the offspring?

2) Heterozygous oA crosses with co-dominant AB What genotypes and phenotypes appear in

the offspring?

DNA Mutations Frame Shift Deletion Addition