gould s.j. & eldredge n. 1977 punctuated equilibria: the tempo and mode of evolution...

• Gould S.J. & Eldredge N. 1977Punctuated equilibria: the tempo and mode of evolution reconsidered.Paleobiology 3: 115-151.

Herhaling

"most evolutionary change is concentrated in rapid events of speciation in small, peripherally isolated populations"

"the norm for a species … is morphological stasis"

"paleontologists have worn blinders … ignored gaps in the stratigraphic sequences … and evolutinaru stasis"

• Gould S.J. & Eldredge N. 1977Punctuated equilibria: the tempo and mode of evolution reconsidered.Paleobiology 3: 115-151.

Herhaling

Verpersoonlijking van de "vijand"

John Wyatt Durham

Gryphaea

"…Trueman rejoiced in Gryphaea, but never mentioned the hundreds of Liassic species that showed no temporal change … "

Micraster

"…Rowe monographed Micraster but spoke not a word about its legion of static colleagues in the English chalk … "

"…Ziegler's celebrated study of the Silurian brachiopod Eocoelia … presents data for five characters. Three display a fluctuating pattern, one no trend at all, and the last a directional pattern. Only the last is graphed."

Lepidolina multiseptata

Tomowo Ozawa

"…Ozawa measures nine characters … Four exhibit gradual trends; five do not. The first four are either graphed or listed in tables; the remaining five are discussed in qualitative terms only."

• Gould S.J. & Eldredge N. 1977Punctuated equilibria: the tempo and mode of evolution reconsidered.Paleobiology 3: 115-151.

Herhaling

Verpersoonlijking van de "vijand"

Review van empirische testen

Studies op verkeerde schaal te kleine schaal ("neontologische" studies) te grote schaal (graduele series van soorten)

• Gould S.J. & Eldredge N. 1977Punctuated equilibria: the tempo and mode of evolution reconsidered.Paleobiology 3: 115-151.

Herhaling

Verpersoonlijking van de "vijand"

Review van empirische testen

Studies op verkeerde schaal Studies met ontoereikende data(-analyse)

"…most cases presented as falsifications are circular because they rely upon the gradualistic presuppositions they claim to test…"

• Gould S.J. & Eldredge N. 1977Punctuated equilibria: the tempo and mode of evolution reconsidered.Paleobiology 3: 115-151.

Herhaling

Verpersoonlijking van de "vijand"

Review empirische testen

Studies op verkeerde schaal Studies met ontoereikende data Mogelijks "ware" gevallen van gradualisme

ontworteling en reïnterpretatie

• Gould S.J. & Eldredge N. 1977Punctuated equilibria: the tempo and mode of evolution reconsidered.Paleobiology 3: 115-151.

Herhaling

Verpersoonlijking van de "vijand"

Review empirische testen

Studies op verkeerde schaal Studies met ontoereikende data Mogelijks "ware" gevallen van gradualisme Studies die punctuated equilibria ondersteunen

• Gould S.J. & Eldredge N. 1977Punctuated equilibria: the tempo and mode of evolution reconsidered.Paleobiology 3: 115-151.

Herhaling

Verpersoonlijking van de "vijand"

Review empirische testen

Nieuwe ideeën

Species selection

• Gould S.J. & Eldredge N. 1977Punctuated equilibria: the tempo and mode of evolution reconsidered.Paleobiology 3: 115-151.

Herhaling

Verpersoonlijking van de "vijand"

Review empirische testen

Nieuwe ideeën

Species selection relative ability to speciate, not morphological flexibility

• Gould S.J. & Eldredge N. 1977Punctuated equilibria: the tempo and mode of evolution reconsidered.Paleobiology 3: 115-151.

Herhaling

Verpersoonlijking van de "vijand"

Review empirische testen

Nieuwe ideeën

Species selection relative ability to speciate, not morphological flexibility "the need to translate micro to macroevolution guarantees that paleobiology shall provide essential theory"

• Gould S.J. & Eldredge N. 1977Punctuated equilibria: the tempo and mode of evolution reconsidered.Paleobiology 3: 115-151.

Herhaling

Verpersoonlijking van de "vijand"

Review empirische testen

Nieuwe ideeën

Politiek

• Gould S.J. & Eldredge N. 1977Punctuated equilibria: the tempo and mode of evolution reconsidered.Paleobiology 3: 115-151.

• Gould S.J. & Eldredge N. 1993Punctuated equilibria comes of age.Nature 366: 223-227.

Overwinning !

"punctuated equilibrium has been accepted by most of our colleagues … as a valuable addition to evolutionary theory"

• Gould S.J. & Eldredge N. 1977Punctuated equilibria: the tempo and mode of evolution reconsidered.Paleobiology 3: 115-151.

• Gould S.J. & Eldredge N. 1993Punctuated equilibria comes of age.Nature 366: 223-227.

Overwinning !

"misunderstandings of colleagues … who failed to grasp …"

• Gould S.J. & Eldredge N. 1977Punctuated equilibria: the tempo and mode of evolution reconsidered.Paleobiology 3: 115-151.

• Gould S.J. & Eldredge N. 1993Punctuated equilibria comes of age.Nature 366: 223-227.

Overwinning !

"the need to reformulate macroevolution, notably the key phenomenon of trends, as an accumulation of discrete speciation events treated as entities rather than undefinable segments of continua"

• Gould S.J. & Eldredge N. 1977Punctuated equilibria: the tempo and mode of evolution reconsidered.Paleobiology 3: 115-151.

• Gould S.J. & Eldredge N. 1993Punctuated equilibria comes of age.Nature 366: 223-227.

Overwinning !

Macro-evolutie = species sorting

"Most macroevolution must be rendered by asking what kinds of species … did better than other (speciated more frequently, survived longer) … "

• Gould S.J. & Eldredge N. 1977Punctuated equilibria: the tempo and mode of evolution reconsidered.Paleobiology 3: 115-151.

• Gould S.J. & Eldredge N. 1993Punctuated equilibria comes of age.Nature 366: 223-227.

Overwinning !

Macro-evolution = species sorting

Implicaties "levende fossielen" "darwins" nonsensicaal Cope's rule : kleine soorten speciëren sneller gecorreleerde punctuaties

• Gould S.J. & Eldredge N. 1977Punctuated equilibria: the tempo and mode of evolution reconsidered.Paleobiology 3: 115-151.

• Gould S.J. & Eldredge N. 1993Punctuated equilibria comes of age.Nature 366: 223-227.

Overwinning !

Macro-evolution = species sorting

Implicaties

Empirische ondersteuning

Jaar

72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98

Aanta

l ci

tati

es

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jaar

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10

20

30

40

50

60

Jaar

73-77 78-82 83-87 88-92 93-97 overall

% v

an d

e ar

tikel

s

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20

40

60

80

positief neutraal negatief