german nationalism and the creation of united germany
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Napoleon's conquests destroyed the Holy Roman Empire and unified many German states in the Confederation of the Rhine.
Nationalism united the Nationalism united the German states to defeat the German states to defeat the
French in 1813-15French in 1813-15
The Congress of Vienna formed the German
Confederation of 39 states where Austria dominated.
German students increased nationalist spirit in spite of the
attempt to stop it in the Karlsbad Decrees
Unification could come under Austria or Prussia:
But which one?
182718281834183818421854
The Zollverein was created by Prussia to increase
trade among the German states
The Zollverein1828-1854
1848: The Frankfurt Diet failed to form a constitutional
monarchy under Prussian King Frederick William IV
King William I of Prussia (reigned
1861-1888)was a strong
monarch willing to oppose
Austria and unify
Germany
King William
appointed Otto von Bismarck
Chancellor; Bismarck led the
unification process
Bismarck’s plan: Eliminate Austria
and unite
Germany under
the Prussian monarch
yHow is this for high?
Bismarck andBismarck and Realpolitik: Realpolitik:
• “Laws are like sausages, it is better not to see them being made. .”
• “Never believe anything in politics until it has been officially denied.”
• People never lie so much as after a hunt, during a war or before an election.
• “When a man says he approves of something in principle, it means he hasn't the slightest intention of carrying it out in practice..”
• “The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions, but by blood and iron.”
• “When you want to fool the world, tell the truth.”
Bismarck used
nationalism to
strengthen the
monarchy and
weaken his
political opposition
Bismarck got Britain and Russia to agree to not
interfere in any conflict between Prussia and Austria
Bismarck led
Napoleon III to
believe that he
could gain territory
for France by
mediating between Prussia
and Austria
In 1864, Prussia and
Austria fought
Denmark gaining the
states of Schleswig
and Holstein
Bismarck engineered a conflict between
Prussia and Austria over
the governing
of Schleswig and Holstein
Battle of Sadowa (Königgrätz), 1866
Austria was defeated by Austria was defeated by Prussia in the Seven Weeks’ Prussia in the Seven Weeks’
War, 1866War, 1866
Napoleon III failed to secure anything
for France in the Seven
Weeks’ War
PEACE AND NO PIECES!
Bismarck: “Pardon, mon ami, but we really can’t allow you to pick up anything here.”
Napoleon III: “Pray, don’t mention it M’sier. It’s not of the slightest consequence.”
Setting up Napoleon III and FranceSetting up Napoleon III and France
• France was forced out of Mexico; Napoleon III failed to gain anything for France after Prussia’s war with Denmark or the Seven Weeks’ War
• Queen Isabella of Spain abdicated; Bismarck nominated Prince Leopold von Hohenzollern, cousin to William I, to be King of Spain
• France protested; Leopold’s name was withdrew• The French ambassador met William I at Bad
Ems and asked for an apology• The apology was given, but Bismarck edited the
report of the conference to insult France; the Ems Telegram was published on Bastille Day, 1870
• War was declared by France on Prussia bringing the unification of the remaining German states
Bismarck edited the “Ems Telegram” to insult France and precipitate war
German Army crosses the Loire, 1870
The south German states The south German states united with Prussia in the united with Prussia in the
Franco-Prussian WarFranco-Prussian War
Napoleon III was defeated and Napoleon III was defeated and captured at Sedan. It was the end captured at Sedan. It was the end
of the Second Empire.of the Second Empire.
German troops march
into Paris in 1870:
France was
defeated in 5
months
Siegfried (Germany)
defeatsJoan of Arc
(France) in the Franco-
Prussian War, 1870-71
The Coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm IThe Coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm I
The German Empire was declared in the Palace of Versailles in January 1871
Consequences of theFranco-Prussian War
• Germany unified under the Prussian monarchy as the German Empire• France’s Second Empire was defeated• France established the Third Republic• Final unification of Italy was achieved with
the addition of Rome and the Papal States• Uprising and defeat of Paris Commune• Loss of Alsace-Lorraine leaves France
bitter and wanting revenge• Balance of power upset; Germany
dominated Central Europe
Europe, 1860
AustrianEmpire
Europe, 1871
Austro-Hungarian
Empire
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