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Geothermal energy
GEOTHERMAL ENERGYGEOTHERMAL ENERGY
Fausto BatiniFausto Batini
Enel – InternationalEnel – International
Rome – ItalyRome – Italy
fausto.batini@enel.itfausto.batini@enel.it
Rome, 2006 5th JulyRome, 2006 5th July
Geothermal energy
Contents1° PART1° PART
1. introduction
2. Geothermal energy basic concepts
• Heat sources
• Geothermal systems
3. The geothermal industry worldwide
• Electric energy generation
• Direct use application
2° PART
1. Resource assessment and project development
• Ranking of geothermal prospects
• Project development
• Operation and maintanamce
2. Drivers & barriers for the geothermal energy growth
• Technological challenges
• Economic and environmental sustainability
3. Conclusions
Geothermal energy
Contents1° PART1° PART
1. introduction
2. Geothermal energy basic concepts
• Heat sources
• Geothermal systems
3. The geothermal industry worldwide
• Electric energy generation
• Direct use application
2° PART
1. Resource assessment and project development
• Ranking of geothermal prospects
• Project development
• Operation and maintanamce
2. Drivers & barriers for the geothermal energy growth
• Technological challenges
• Economic and environmental sustainability
3. Conclusions
Geothermal energy
• The principal electricity operator in Italy with the leading
position in the generation, transmission*, distribution and sale
of electricity
• Strong presence in the gas market
• One of the world largest operators in the energy sector
Enel market capitalizationEnel market capitalization
Source: Bloomberg* Enel owns 36,14% of the share capital of Terna and has already signed an agreement for the sale of up to 30% of the
company
- 5.000 10.000 15.000 20.000 25.000 30.000 35.000 40.000 45.000 50.000
HUANENG POWER INTR INC-A
FIRSTENERGY CORP
SCOTTISH POWER PLC
CENTRICA PLC
CHUBU ELECTRIC POWER CO INC
KANSAI ELECTRIC POWER CO INC
TXU CORP
ENDESA S.A.
SOUTHERN CO
IBERDROLA SA
ELECTRABEL SA
DOMINION RESOURCES INC/VA
DUKE ENERGY CORP
SUEZ SA
NATIONAL GRID TRANSCO PLC
EXELON CORP
TOKYO ELECTRIC POWER CO INC
RWE AG
ENEL SPA
E.ON AG
mkt cap (Eur mn)
Geothermal energy
Enel in the world Europe
America
53.161 MW, 750 power plants, 1.000.000 km grid, over 34 million customers
America
• 1.592 MW Thermal• 671 MW Hydroelectric• 600,000 customers!
50% of EUFER:• 294 MW Wind• 89 MW Hydroelectric• 62 MW Cogeneration
SPAIN
ROMANIA
•51% of Dobrogea
•51% of Banat•1.4 million customers
RUSSIANorth Western thermal power plant management contract
BULGARIA• 67% of Maritza East III:• 732 MW Thermal
SLOVACCHIA•66% of Slovenske Elektrarne•6.850 MW
ITALIA• 30 million customers (power)• 2 million customers (gas)• 42.000 MW
• 286 MW Hydroelectric• 67 MW Wind• 21 MW Biomass and Biogas
• 293 MW Hydroelectric• 20 MW Wind• 115 MW Geo (12,7% of LaGeo)
Over 19.000 MW
of renewable energy
Geothermal energy
Contents1° PART1° PART
1. introduction
2. Geothermal energy basic concepts
• Heat sources
• Geothermal systems
3. The geothermal industry worldwide
• Electric energy generation
• Direct use application
2° PART
1. Resource assessment and project development
• Ranking of geothermal prospects
• Project development
• Operation and maintanamce
2. Drivers & barriers for the geothermal energy growth
• Technological challenges
• Economic and environmental sustainability
3. Conclusions
Geothermal energy
Temperature gradient in the earth is 33°C/km (In the geothermal areas > 100 °C/km)
A mean heat flux at the earth's surface is around 16 kWt/ km2 (In the geothermal areas > 100 kWt/ km2 )
42.000.000 MWt dissipated to the atmosphere and space
Geothermal heat source
Geothermal energy is, literally, the heat contained within the Earth that generates geological phenomena on a planetary scale.
Only a fraction of this energy can be recovered and exploited by man.
Geothermal energy
The thermal engine in the Earth
Immense volumes of deep hotter rocks, less dense and lighter than the surrounding material, rise with convective movements towards the surface
Geothermal energy
Geothermal areas worldwide
The heat flux tends to be strongest along tectonic plate boundaries where volcanic activity transports high temperature material to near the surface.
However, even in parts of the world far from plate boundaries, there can still exist areas of higher than average
natural heat flow.
Geothermal energy
Geothermal system
Heat source
Depth 5-10 km
T > 600- 700 ° C
Meteoric water
Hot fluid
Production wells
CaprockThickness 500 – 1500 m
Impervious rocks
Utilization of geothermal energy has been limited to areas in which geological conditions permit a carrier (water in the liquid phase or
steam) to 'transfer' the heat from deep hot zones to or near the surface, thus giving rise to geothermal system
ReservoirPorous – fractured
rocksTickness 500 – 1500 m
T = 150 – 300 °C
Reinjection well
Power plant
Steam gathering
system Drilling rig
Geothermal energy
Electric energy generation
This is the most common type of geothermal power unit.
NAMEPLATE CAPACITY :
5 - 60 MW
NAMEPLATE CAPACITY :
2 - 10 MW
Geothermal energy
HDR Project at Soultz: the Pilot Plant concept
Heat mining
Develop advanced technology to use the huge thermal energy amount contained in the earth crust
Geothermal energy
Contents1° PART1° PART
1. introduction
2. Geothermal energy basic concepts
• Heat sources
• Geothermal systems
3. The geothermal industry worldwide
• Electric energy generation
• Direct use application
2° PART
1. Resource assessment and project development
• Ranking of geothermal prospects
• Project development
• Operation and maintanamce
2. Drivers & barriers for the geothermal energy growth
• Technological challenges
• Economic and environmental sustainability
3. Conclusions
Geothermal energy
Once upon a time at the underworld watchdog site... Larderello (Italy)…
The dawn of geothermal industry
… in 1817 a small group of entrepreneurs formed the first geothermal firm starting the extraction of boric acid by
evaporation of the waters of the many geothermal lagoons present in
the Larderello region.
Geothermal energy
……
… and to measure the power of the steam
… in 1827 the first approach to explore the hell …
The dawn of geothermal industry
Geothermal energy
……
The dawn of geothermal industry
The first commercial electric power plant
Larderello 1 ( 1916 )
3x3000kW (indirect cycle)
In 1904 the first experiment of
electric energy generation
Geothermal energy
Geothermal highlights in Italy
Radicondoli - Travale•Since 1950•Exploited area 30 km2
•steam dominated reservoir• efficient capacity:160 MWAmiata
• since 1954 • exploited area 50 km2
• Water dominated system
• efficiente capacity :88 MW
Larderello • since 1913• exploited area 250 km2
• steam dominated reservoir• efficient capacity:463MW
Roma
Florence
Year 2005Efficient capacity (MW) 711Net generation (GWh) 5.036Heat distributed (Tcal ) 235CO2 avoided (Mt) 3,4TEP saved (MTEP) 1,13
Same geothermal system at depth over 3000 extending about
400 km2
Geothermal energy
Geothermal exploration & production process
RESOURCE EXPLORATION & ASSESSMENT
DRILLING ENGINEERING
& CONSTRUCTION OPERATION &
MAINTANANCE
Geothermal energy
… to select the most promising prospect
and to predict the drilling targets
An interdisciplinary integrated approach is applied to build an accurate subsurface geological model of the geothermal system…
Geological & structural model
Exploration & resource assessment
Geothermal energy
Drilling
Vertical and directional wellsare drilled from the same pad
at depth of 1000 – 4500 m
Montieri 1 well
Steam production
over 240 tonnes/h of steam
Geothermal energy
Design & construction of the power system
Power plants
20 MW each one
Steam pipeline
(lenght range :1-10 km)
Geothermal energy
Reduction of gas emission AMIS (process for H2S and Hg
removal)Abatement Hg >90% H2S 70-80%
Environmental sustainability
Architectural solutions to minimize the visual impact
Geothermal energy
Integrated management of geothermal resources for production optimization
Field and power plant O & M
Reinjection well
Production well Electric power plantSteam gathering system
Steam flowWater
Cooling towers
Geothermal energy
• 31 Units in operation
• Range 6.5 MW - 60 MW
• 508 wells
• 408 km steam&water pipelines
Enel’s geothermal assets in ItalyEnel’s geothermal assets in Italy
All the units are remote controlled
711 MW operating capacity
Geothermal energy
Fonte: IGA 2005
Enel geothermal portfolio – Ytd 2005
1930
2564
953838
711
535
435
202163
121151 79 7733 28 20 16 20
0
500
1000
1500
2000
PHILIP
PINES
USA
MEX
ICO
INDONES
IA
ITALY
JAPA
N
NEW Z
EALA
ND
ICEL
AND
COSTA R
ICA
KENYA
El S
ALVADOR
RUSSIA
NICARAGUA
GUATEMALA
CHINA
PORTU
GAL
TURKE
Y
Other
s
MW
(in
sta
lled
)
3000
2500The total installed capacity is 8,933 MW
8,000 MW running and supplying 56,786 GWh
an increase of 12% and 15% respectively with respect to year 2000
Enel
100%
12.5%
Geothermal energy
Geothermal installed capacity
•2/3 of the total installed capacity are for dry steam and single flash units•Binary units are increasing, but with a lower value of capacity per unit.
29%
37%
25%
8% 1%
Dry Steam
Single Flash
Double Flash
Binary
Back Pressure
Fonte: IGA 2005
About 8,000 MW in operation and supplying 56,786 GWh
Geothermal energy
Energy saving & pollution avoidedGEOTHERMAL ENERGY FOR ELECTRICITY GENERATION
56875 GWh in 2004
2%
44%
37%
12% 5% AFRICA
AMERICAS
ASIA
EUROPE
OCEANIA
Electric use
•Energy saving (*) of fuel oil per year 96,6 million barrels or 14, 5 millions tonnes
•Carbon pollution avoided (millions tonnes year) 3 (natural gas) or 13 (oil) or 15 (coal)
Total energy saving of fuel oil per year over 220 million barrels
Total carbon pollution avoided per year over 39 (oil) million tonnes(*) generating electricity with 0,35 efficiency factor
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY FOR DIRECT USE OF HEAT
72632 GWh
1%32%
21%
44%
2% AFRICA
AMERICAS
ASIA
EUROPE
OCEANIA
Direct uses
•Energy saving (*) of fuel oil per year 123,4 million barrels or 18,5 millions tonnes
•Carbon pollution avoided (millions tonnes year) 4 (natural gas) or 16 (oil) or 18 (coal)
Geothermal energy
World geothermal potential
… up to 72.500 MW exploitable with existing technologies while future technologies will allow the exploitation of up to 140.000 MW …
Source: World Bank
Geothermal energy
Geothermal energy worldwide development
• Indonesia (838 MW)• Filippine (1838 MW)
• New Zealand (403 MW)
Russia (79 MW)
• Canada• Usa (1935 MW)
Cina (19 MW)
•France - Guadalupe(15 MW)• Portugal (13 MW)• Italy (711 MW)
• Kenia (129 MW)• Ethiopia (7,3 MW)
• Cile• Bolivia• Perù• Argentina
Turchia (18 MW)
Iran
• Nicaragua (38 MW)• El Salvador (119 MW)• Costa Rica (163 MW)• Guatemala (29 MW)
Areas with high potential ( MW in operation)
Japan (530MW)
Iceland (202 MW)
Source : Bertani WGC 2005
• Mexico (953 MW)
8900 MW in operation forecasted to year 2010
Geothermal energy
Pozzi da postazioni
esistenti
Pozzi da postazioni da costruire
Zona d’esplorazione
Pozzi da postazioni
esistenti
Pozzi da postazioni
esistenti
Pozzi da postazioni da costruirePozzi da postazioni da costruire
Zona d’esplorazione
Sesta -Montecastelli
Montieri
Chiusdino
Selva - Bruciano
Lagoni Rossi profondo
Val di Corniaprofondo
Exploration program
2004-2008 3D seismic
11 wells at depth of 3500-4500
68 € millions investment
100 MW additional
in the next 5 years
Enel’s new development in ItalyEnel’s new development in Italy
Geothermal energy
Cile
Partenership with ENAP
ENG s.a & GDN s.a.
4 project under exploration
Apacheta
El Tatio – La torta
Calabozo
Chillan
Enel’s worldwide development
Berlin
Ahuachapan
Partenership with LaGeo
119 MW in operation
55 MW under construction
El Salvador
Partenership with LaGeo
GEONICA s.a.
2 project under exploration
Nicaragua
Chiltepe
Hoyo Mt.Galan
North America
projects
under evaluation
Far EastMarket opportunity
under evaluation
Geothermal energy
Contents1° PART1° PART
1. introduction
2. Geothermal energy basic concepts
• Heat sources
• Geothermal systems
3. The geothermal industry worldwide
• Electric energy generation
• Direct use application
2° PART
1. Resource assessment and project development
• Ranking of geothermal prospects
• Project development
• Operation and maintanamce
2. Drivers & barriers for the geothermal energy growth
• Technological challenges
• Economic and environmental sustainability
3. Conclusions
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