geography chapter 3

Unit 2

Chapter 3

Industry: Mankind’s use of God’s Resources

One part of the Creation Mandate to Adam is control over every animal and every plant. God intended Adam to be the caretaker of the world that He had created. God intends for man to make the world more productive and more beautiful.

Industry

Industry – often described as man’s “hard work” to make a living.

Industry is either primary, secondary, or tertiary.

The most basic form of industry--Taking materials from the earth

that are needed for food, clothes and shelter.

Agriculture Fishing Forestry Mining

Primary

Primary industry does not change the form of natural resources.

EX: Grain & Cows NOT

Flour & Hamburgers

In the past….

Subsistence farmers – They grew enough to meet their own needs. They also made their own clothing, furniture and homes.

Farming

Some subsistence farmers actually raised a cash crop such as rice or corn to sell. This income usually does NOT provide enough food for the household.

…Later…

Agriculture revolution allowed farmers to produce more – Commercial farmers - raised large cash crops for profit and others were able to pursue other trades and professions…..teaching, manufacturing, artists…

DroughtDisease

Insect plaguesWeatherErosion

Challenges:

IrrigationInsecticides

Crop breeding

Modern techniques:

Nomadic Herding – common in rugged mountains and dry areas where regular farming is difficult.

Nomads move constantly in search of fresh pastures.

Animal Husbandry

Many nomadic people became raiders and conquerors. Huns – Central Asia Sioux – North America Masai – East AfricaMade clothing and shelter from animal skins

In the 18th century, Europeans developed ranching. Landowners let their cattle roam on big tracts of land. In America, ranchers let their cattle run free on “open range” owned by the government (no one had claim on the land).

Fishing, forestry and mining extract natural resources. Fishing provides food. Forestry provides wood for homes, furniture and paper.

Fishing and Forestry

Seafood is the world’s second largest export commodity, oil is the first.

Two varieties of seafood;Fish

Seaweed

Two methods of obtaining the

seafood:

Capture – Gathered in the wild

Aquaculture – cultivation in a controlled environment

China produces the greatest

amount of fish.

Japan consumes the largest amount of fish.

Seafood is produced primarily for food, but some is used to obtain extracts used to make fertilizers, animal food additives, fuels, cosmetics and wastewater treatments.

The seafood industry has come under fire from conservation groups.

It is important to meet man’s needs, and still protect the environment and all species who live in it.

Products:

Fruit – nuts, food products

Leaves - furniture polish, car wax, crayons, lipstick, medicine, fragrances…

Forestry

Branches: chemicals, plastics, paper productsBark: medicine, mulch, dyes, shoe polishTrunk: furniture, musical instruments, plywood, baseball bats, charcoal.

…

Sap: adhesives, ice cream, hair spray, soaps, cough syrups, cough drops, shampoo

Stumps: wood resin, turpentine, pine cleaners, laundry detergents, sports drinks.

…

Mining has surpassed agriculture, fishing and forestry – modern countries spend a large amount of money on metals, nonmetal minerals and fossil fuels.

Mining

Solid crystals that occur

naturally and have a definite chemical

composition. Found in the earth’s crust.

Minerals

Metals are the most important

mineral. Properties: shiny, malleable, ductile, and conductive.

* malleable – able to be hammered into sheets

* ductile – able to be drawn into wire

* conductive – able to conduct electricity

Metals

The first metal worker was Tubal-cain, a descendant of Cain (Genesis 4:22)

Archeologists sometimes divide ancient civilizations into 3 periods that reflect man’s increasing skill with metals:

Stone/copperBronze

Iron Age

Three types of metal

PreciousCommon

Alloys

Precious metals such as gold,

silver, and platinum are more valuable than other metal products.

They are considered precious because of their beauty, durability, and trade value.

Common metals are mined in great quantity from the earth’s surface. Three have been used since ancient times:

Copper Lead Iron

Copper is a native metal, like silver and gold that can be found in pure nuggets.Once used to make weapons, but it is very soft. Most common current use is in the electric industry.

Lead is extracted from an ore called galena. Lead was originally used by artists to make statues. It is now the main ingredient in car batteries.

Aluminum is a fourth common metal that was too difficult to separate from its natural form of bauxite.

It is light weight and resistant to corrosion – therefore ideal for cars, aircraft and other machines.

The other six common metals are chrome, manganese, zinc, nickel, tin and tungsten are not usually used by themselves, but combined with one or more of the first metals.

Alloys are formed when other metals are combined.

Copper and tin form bronze.Copper and zinc make brass.

Steel is the most important alloy. It is formed by combining iron with the carbon in coal. Nearly all of the world’s iron ore is now turned into steel.

Limestone – used to make cement, mortar and concrete.

Sulfur – used to make gunpowder and to process petroleum and steel, to produce fertilizer, to vulcanize rubber and to make matches.

Non-Metal Minerals

Other minerals….Clay, sand, granite, marble, slate, sandstone, salt, and graphite.

Uranium was used to make the first atomic bomb.

Nonmetal Minerals cont…

Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are not minerals but the remains of living things.

The floodwaters trapped plants and animals beneath layers of sedimentary rock. The pressure changed the organic matter into fossil fuels.

Fossil Fuels

Coal is solid rock that occurs in various levels of quality.

Burned for heat - once used in making coke - a necessary ingredient in steel.

Coal

Petroleum is a liquid fossil fuel.

Pitch, used by Noah, was a form of petroleum.

Natural gas is a fossil fuel found in gaseous form.

Fuel for furnaces, water heaters, dryers and ovens.

Taking raw materials and changing them

into useful form.Two Types:

Construction & Manufacturing

Secondary

Construction

Cain built the first city – we are uncertain what materials he used.

The first great structure mentioned is the tower of Babel, made of brick and mortar.

Manufacturing

Manufacturing originally meant “to make by hand”.

Manufacturing now refers to big business and machines that turn raw materials into new products on a massive scale.

Industrial Revolution – period of radical change in modern industry.

Began in the textile industry.

Technology – the application of science to industry.

Key breakthrough – harnessing electricity .

Allowed industry to move away from rivers and place factories anywhere.

“second revolution”

Computer age. Robotics and computers make industry so efficient that fewer workers are needed. People are now free to find jobs “off the farm and factory”…

“third revolution”

Nondurable manufacturing – produces products that last less than a year.

food, fuels, chemicals, tobacco products, and more consumable products.

Durable manufacturing – makes products that last more than a year.

Furniture, housing materials, machines and other

equipment

Service industry – Approximately 80% of America’s workers are employed in this type of industry.

The more developed a country becomes, the more of its workers move to tertiary industries.

Tertiary Industries

Infrastructure – basic energy and equipment needs of all industries

Divided into three types:Utilities transportation

communication

Utilities – electricity, gas, water, trash collection and sewage disposal services.

90% of the world’s energy comes from fossil fuels.

Water, land and air.

Modes of Transportation

Print and electronic

Communication

Wholesale or retail

Trade

Finance – modern

banking – insurance – real estate – investments

Finance

Maids, mechanics, nurses, teachers, zookeepers, engineers, lawyers, researchers, computer programmers, and repair technicians.

General Services

The fifth form of tertiary industry.

Policemen, lawmakers, judges, bureaucrats, clerks, soldiers….

Government

The study of the process by which people and countries make choices regarding their resources, development and distribution of those resources, goods and services.

Economics

The Creator owns all of the

earth’s resources. Man is merely His steward.

Decisions for the use of His resources should be considered

in light of that fact.

Governments of the world are generally classified as

capitalist, socialist, or mixed economies.

Most of the western countries follow a system of capitalism. This means that private individuals or corporations build most industry and risk their own capital.

Capitalists

Capital – Money and equipment necessary to build industries.

Free market – anyone can start a business and attempt to make a profit.

Entrepreneurs – people who take a risk to start a business.

The government owns the major industries and promises to make decisions for the good of everyone. The government controls all aspects of the business.

Socialism

Communism is the most extreme form of socialism. The government owns everything.

Most of the socialist governments that collapsed in the late 80’s and early 90’s have attempted to combine both economies. Private citizens can own property and businesses, but the government closely regulates their choices.

Mixed Economies

Wealth is the ability to produce new things.

The most common way to measure the wealth of a country is the Gross Domestic Product (GPD).

The GPD is the monetary value of ALL the goods and services produced for sale within a country’s borders over the course of a year.

A more meaningful measure is a per capita GPD. This is the average value of products produced by each person in the country.

A high per capita GPD does not mean that a country has a lot of industry or that the average worker makes a lot of money.

Development – the effective use of raw materials, labor, and capital.

Countries with productive economies can afford to buy weapons and influence neighbors with their money. The leaders of these eight countries – Group 8 or G8 - meet in a different country every year to resolve economic and political disputes.

The G8 countries are developed countries with a wide variety of industry.

China and several other big nations are not included in the G8. They have a high GDP, but they are considered “developing countries.”

Developed countries have a division of labor that places most of the labor force in the tertiary industry.Developing countries have relatively few jobs available in the tertiary area.

For a government to be a fair and stable, it must be good. In Proverbs, God states that rulers who obey His law will enjoy stability and peace. (Proverbs 16:12; 20:28; 25:5; 28:2; 29:4,14)

Market-people or businesses that buy products.

Exports – shipped outImports – shipped in

Tariffs – taxes on imports and exports.

Embargo – ban on importing or exporting certain products or trading with a particular country.

Protectionism – the belief that the government should restrict foreign imports because they take away domestic jobs.

Free trade – imposing no or low tariffs…retailers have the freedom to sell any product the consumers want.