geographies of diversity in newham

Geographies of diversity in Newham

OCTOBER 2013

• The ethnic minority population, as measured by non-white residents, increased between 1991 and 2011 by 122,700 in Newham.

•Despitethisgrowth,theWhiteBritishethnicgroup,onlymeasuredsince2001,remainsthelargestethnicgroupintheboroughaccountingfor17%ofthepopulation.

•IndianisthelargestethnicminoritygroupinNewhamaccountingfor14%ofthepopulation.Thegroupisfairlyevenlydistributedacrosstheborough,butthereareclustersinEastHam,GreenStreetEastandGreenStreetWestwards.

•ThesecondlargestethnicminoritygroupisAfrican,whichgrewinNewhambyoneandthree-quartersbetween1991and2011.Thegroupisevenlydistributedacrosstheboroughwiththegreatestclustersinthesouthwest.

• There is evidence of dispersal of ethnic minority groups from areas in which they have previously clustered.

•TheIndian,African,OtherWhiteandBangladeshiethnicgroupsaregrowingmostrapidlyinwardswheretheyareleastclusteredandslowerinwardswheretheyaremostclustered.

• New measures in the 2011 Census show that Newham is not becoming less British, despite its increased ethnic diversity. More people report a British or English national identity than report White British ethnic identity.

•PoorEnglishlanguageproficiencyishigherinNewhamthanthenationalaveragereflectingalocalneedforsupportservices.However,onlyasmallminorityofresidentscannotspeakEnglishwelleveninthoseareaswheretheneedisgreatest.

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56% (inlcudes White Other)

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2001

2011

White Other* White British Indian African Bangladeshi

Pakistani Other Asian Caribbean Other Black Others

Total population – 306,998

Total population – 250,397

Total population – 216,251

Figure 1.IncreasedethnicdiversityinNewham,1991-2011

*WhiteOtherincludesWhiteIrishin2001(3,278or1.3%)andWhiteIrish(2,172or0.7%)andWhiteGypsyorIrishTraveller(462or0.2%)in2011.Figuresmaynotaddduetorounding.

LOCAL DYNAMICS OF DIVERSITY: EVIDENCE FROM THE 2011 CENSUSPrepared by ESRC Centre on Dynamics of Ethnicity (CoDE)

Summary

1 www.ethnicity.ac.uk

The growth of ethnic diversity 1991-2011

Theethnicminoritypopulation(ornon-whitepopulation)increasedby122,700or128%inNewhambetween1991and2011(seeFigure1).Despitethisgrowth,theWhiteBritishethnicgroup,onlymeasuredsince2001(seebox),remainsthelargestgroupinNewham.InNewham,nooneethnicgroupaccountsformorethanafifthofthepopulation.TheWhiteBritish(17%),Indian(14%),African(12%),Bangladeshi(12%)andPakistani(10%)arethelargestethnicgroups.Theremainderofthepopulationcomprisesadiversemixofethnicgroups,includingOtherAsian(6%),Caribbean(5%)andOtherBlack(2%).

Census ethnic group questionTherehasbeenaquestiononethnicityintheUKCensussince1991.Thequestionhaschangedovertimeintermsofhowitisframedandthepre-definedresponsecategoriesofferedforpeopletochoosefrom.In1991,thecensusasked‘whichethnicgroupdoyoudescendfrom:White;Black-Caribbean;Black-African;Black-Other;Indian;Pakistani;BangladeshiandChinese.’Butin2001,itaskedabout‘yourethnicgroupintermsofculturalbackground.’Therewereadditionalpre-definedcategoriesofMixedandWhiteIrishin2001aswellasan‘Other’categoryforeachbroadgroupofWhite,Mixed,AsianandBlack.The2011questionchangedagain,simplyaskingabout‘yourethnicgrouporbackground’andtherewerecategoriesaddedforWhiteGypsyorIrishTravellerandArab.Thechangesinthephrasingofthequestionandthetickboxresponsecategoriesrestrictcomparisonacrosscensuses.

Geographies of diversity in Newham

Figure 2.GeographicaldistributionofNewham’slargestethnicminoritygroupsacrossEastLondonbyward,2011

0% - 5%

5% - 10%

10% - 20%

20% - 50%Newham average: 13%East London average: 3%England & Wales average: 3%

Percentage of popula�on

Newham

Waltham Forest

Hackney

Greenwich

Tower Hamlets

Redbridge

Barking & Dagenham

0% - 5%

5% - 10%

10% - 20%

20% - 50%Newham average: 12%East London average: 9%England & Wales average: 2%

Percentage of popula�on

Newham

Waltham Forest

Hackney

Greenwich

Tower Hamlets

Redbridge

Barking & Dagenham

0% - 5%

5% - 10%

10% - 20%

20% - 50%Newham average: 12%East London average: 5%England & Wales average: 1%

Percentage of popula�on

Newham

Waltham Forest

Hackney

Greenwich

Tower Hamlets

Redbridge

Barking & Dagenham Newham

0% - 5%

5% - 10%

10% - 20%

20% - 50%Newham average: 11%East London average: 17%England & Wales average: 4%

Percentage of popula�on

Waltham Forest

Hackney

Greenwich

Tower Hamlets

Redbridge

Barking & Dagenham

a)Indiangroup b)Africangroup

c)Bangladeshigroup d)WhiteOthergroup

Thesemapsarepopulationcartogramswhereeachwardisshownapproximatelyproportionalinsizetoitsresidentpopulation.

2 www.ethnicity.ac.uk

Geographical spread of diversityFigures2a-2dshowtheclusteringofthelargestethnicminoritygroupsinNewhamacrosswardsinEastLondonin2011.TheIndianethnicgroupisclusteredinwardsinpartsofNewhamandRedbridge(seeFigure2a).InNewham,morethanathirdofthepopulationinEastHamNorthward(38%),morethanaquarterofthepopulationinthewardsofGreenStreetEast(33%)andGreenStreetWest(32%),andmorethanafifthofthepopulationinthewardsofEastHamCentral(23%),WallEnd(21%)andManorPark(20%)haveanIndianethnicidentity.

TheAfricanethnicgroupaccountsforafifthofthepopulationintheNewhamwardsofCanningTownNorthandCustomHouse(seeFigure2b).TherearelargerclustersoftheAfricangroupinpartsofGreenwich,includingThamesmeadMoorings(36%),AbbeyWood(24%)andWoolwichCommon(24%),andinpartsofBarkingandDagenham,includingThames(27%)andGascoigne(26%).

TheBangladeshiethnicgroupisthemostclusteredethnicgroupinEastLondon(seeFigure2c).Morethantwo-fifthsofthepopulationintheTowerHamletswardsofStDunstan’s&StepneyGreen(47%),BethnalGreenSouth(45%),Bromley-by-Bow(45%),Shadwell(44%),MileEndEast(43%)andWhitechapel(40%)areBangladeshi.InNewham,thelargestclustersoftheBangladeshipopulationareinLittleIlford(20%)andManorPark(19%)wards.

TheWhitegroupismoreevenlydistributedacrossEastLondonthantheIndian,AfricanandBangladeshigroups.TheOtherWhitegroupaccountsforthegreatestproportionofthepopulationinthewardsofGroveGreen–WalthamForest(22%),NewRiver-Hackney(22%),Beckton-Newham(21%)andBrownswood–Hackney(21%)(seeFigure2d).TheOtherWhiteethnicgroupisverydiverseinNewham,includingpeoplewerecategorisedasEuropeanMixed(7,308),BalticStates(5,486),OtherEasternEuropean(5,268),Polish(4,686)andOtherWesternEuropean(2,390)usingcategorisationsofthewriteinresponses.

Dispersal of ethnic diversityDespitethefairlyevenspreadofmostethnicminoritygroupsinNewhamandtherestofEastLondon,thereisevidenceofdispersalawayfromthoseareaswheretheyaremostclustered.ThisisshowninFigure3,whichhighlightsthepercentagechange(2001-2011)inthepopulationoftheIndian,African,OtherWhiteandBangladeshiethnicminoritygroupsinEastLondonwardswheretheyaremostclustered(thosethatcontainedafifthofthepopulationofeachgroupin2001),andthepercentagechangeineachgroupinallotherlessclusteredwards.

Thereisaclearpatternofgreaterpopulationgrowthforeachethnicminoritygroupinthosewardswheretheyarelessclusteredcomparedwithsmallergrowthinthemostclusteredwards.Thedeconcentrationisduetomovementawayfrom

Geographies of diversity in Newham

Figure 3.GeographicalspreadingofNewham’slargestethnicminoritygroupsacrosswardsinEastLondon,2001-2011

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Indian African Other White Bangladeshi

East London

Popu

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owth

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Most clustered wards Less clustered wards

Notes:The‘mostclusteredwards’foreachethnicgroupcontainafifthofanethnicgroup’spopulationin2001inthewardswiththehighestpercentageofthegroup,andthe‘lessclusteredwards’containtheremainingfour-fifths.Themostclusteredwardsareasfollowsforeachgroup:Indian:EastHamNorth,GreenStreetEast,GreenStreetWest,SevenKings,Goodmayes,Clementswood;African:RoyalDocks,CanningTownSouth,CustomHouse,CanningTownNorth,StratfordandNewTown,King’sPark,Haggerston,ThamesmeadMoorings,WoolwichRiverside,WestHam,Hoxton;Other White:NewRiver,Lordship,Brownswood,Springfield,Cazenove,Millwall,Dalston,Clissold,Haggerston,StokeNewingtonCentral,Hoxton,StKatharine’sandWapping;Bangladeshi:BethnalGreenSouth,Whitechapel,Shadwell,StDunstan’sandStepneyGreen.

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Thisbriefingisoneinaseries,Local dynamics of diversity: evidence from the 2011 Census.

Author:StephenJivraj

Centre on Dynamics of Ethnicity (CoDE) TheUniversityofManchesterOxfordRoad,ManchesterM139PL,UK

email:censusbriefings@ethnicity.ac.uk

www.ethnicity.ac.uk

theareaswhereethnicminoritiesareclusteredandnewimmigrationtoareaswheretherehasbeenlessimmigrationbefore.Whenmoredataisreleasedfromthe2011Census,itwillbepossibletodeterminetherelativeimportanceofthesecomponents.

Indicators of barriers to community participationEthnicidentitydoesnotprovideaclearindicationoftheassistancesomepeoplewillrequirefromlocalauthorityservicestoparticipateinthecommunitiestheysettlebecausemanyethnicminorityresidentswillhavebeenbornintheUKorhavelivedhereformanyyears.Indeed,Britishnessismultiethnic,asinformationfirstavailableinthe2011Censustellsus:inNewham,almostfourtimesasmanypeoplereportaBritishorEnglishnationalidentitythanreportaWhiteBritishethnicidentity.

Figure4showstheproportionofpeopleineachwardinNewhamwhohaveaforeignnationalidentity,arrivedintheUKrecently(2007-11),speakanon-EnglishmainlanguageandcannotspeakEnglishwell.Theaverageproportionofpeoplewithaforeignidentityis34%inNewham,wellabovethenationalaverageof8%.StratfordandNewTownward(39%)hasthehighestproportionandEastHamward(28%)hasthelowest.

Theproportionofpeoplewithaforeignidentityisstronglycorrelated(R=0.88)withtheproportionofpeoplewhoarrivedintheUKduring2007-11acrosswardsinNewham.Thisshowsthatareaswithhigherproportionsofpeoplewithaforeignidentityhavehigherproportionsofpeoplewhohaverecentlyarrived.GreenStreetEast,EastHamCentral,andStratfordandNewTownwardshavethehighestproportionofresidentswhoarrivedinthefouryearspriortothe2011Census(21%).InNewham,EastHamSouthwardhasthelowestproportionitspopulationwhorecentlyarrivedintheUK(12%)whichisconsiderablyhigherthanthenationalaverageof3%.

TheproportionofthepopulationwhocannotspeakEnglishwellisnotasstronglycorrelatedwithforeignnationalidentity(R=0.51).Thus,Englishtuitionneedsarenotnecessarilygreatestinareasofrecentimmigration.ThewardswiththegreatestproportionofthepopulationwhocannotspeakEnglishwellareGreenStreetWest(12%),EastHamNorth(11%)andGreenStreetEast(11%).TheaverageforNewhamis9%,whichishigherthanthenationalaverage

of2%suggestinganeedforEnglishlanguagetuitionintheborough.Nonetheless,the2011CensusshowsthatthevastmajorityofthepopulationinNewham,evenintheareaswhereethnicminoritiesareclustered,canspeakEnglishwell.

Incompleteness of ethnic group data 1991-2001Non-response(undercount)isthoughttohavebeenwell-estimatedwithinthe2011Census,butincompletelyestimatedin1991and2001.Non-responseisconcentratedinsomeethnicgroups.Ifthisbiasisnottakenintoaccount,comparisonsofpopulationcanbemisleading.Inthisbriefingwehaveusedthecompleteestimatesfor1991and2001availablefromtheUKDataArchive.

Geographies of diversity in Newham

Figure 4.AlternativemeasuresofimmigranthistoryinNewhamwards,2011

East Ham South

Stratford and New Town

East Ham South

Green Street East

Green Street East

Royal Docks

Green Street West

Royal Docks

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Foreign identity Arrived 2007-11

Non-English main language

Poor English proficiency

Newham average

England & Wales average

Percentage of resident population

Notes:Basepopulationfor‘CannotspeakEnglishwell’onlyincludespeopleaged3andover

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