geobiology lab 1 and 2 - max christie's paleo page · lexi goldstani liz andrews yeti okunola...

Marine'Fossils'1'and'Marine'Fossils'2''Day$1$'Objectives:'1)'Students'will'be'able'to'identify'marine'fossils'to'phylum'(and'class'for'mollusks).'2)'Students'will'understand'basic'anatomy'of'each'phylum'(and'class'for'mollusks).'3)'Students'will'present'information'about'a'particular'phylum'to'the'rest'of'the'class.''Before'Lab'

• Tell'students'in'class'they'will'need'to'bring:'a'computer,'a'tablet'if'they'have'one,'colored'pencils/crayons,'pencil,'hand'lens.'

• Set'up'several'groups'of'fossils'from'each'phylum'that'will'be'studied,'with'scientific'names'and'classes'if'needed'(i.e.'Crinoidia,'Asteroidia,'Echinoidia).'They'will'need'this'to'research'those'taxa.'Taxa'included'are:'

o Molluska'! Bivalvia'(this'will'be'the'example)'! Gastropoda'! Cephalopoda'

o Echinodermata'o Arthropoda'o Cnidaria'o Brachiopoda'o Bryozoa'

• Write'a'each'phylum'on'a'piece'of'paper'once'for'each'student'that'will'be'in'that'group.'(3'times'each'except'bryozoan'which'gets'2)'

'Start'

• Class'is'new,'reintroduce'myself'and'learn'names,'introduce'goals'of'the'lab'(10'minutes'or'less)'

• Introduce'activity.'(5'minutes)'o We’re'going'to'learn'how'to'identify'fossils.'You’re'going'to'be'

assigned'groups,'you’re'going'to'look'at'real'fossils'and'research'those'fossils.'Then'you’re'going'to'draw'up'1'page'of'notes.'Those'notes'should'have'a'picture'of'each'type'of'organism'and'labels'describing'the'important'features.'Finally'you’re'going'to'give'a'presentation'that'will'be'NO'LONGER'THAN'3'MINUTES'telling'the'rest'of'us'what'the'important'features'of'the'phylum'is'and'how'we'all'can'identify'them.'

• Example'(5'minutes)'o Bivalvia,'using'the'page'I'drew'in'Paper'–make'sure'it’s'less'than'3'

minutes.''Activity'(1'hour)'

• Research'and'make'observations'about'the'fossils'• Guiding'Questions:'

o How'is'the'fossil'shaped?'o How'big'is'it?'o What'is'the'symmetry'like?'o What'are'the'differences'between'the'organisms'you'have'in'front'of'

you?'What'are'the'similarities?'o What'are'the'major'structures'on'the'fossil?'o What'is'diagnostic'about'the'fossil'(what'can'we'use'to'identify'it'

when'we'see'it'again?)''Presentations'

• Student'groups'each'get'3'minutes'to'discuss'their'phylum.'The'presentation'should'be'based'off'of'the'notes'page'each'of'them'will'do.'To'get'paper'notes'up'on'the'screen,'take'a'picture'with'an'iphone/ipad.'

• Notes'will'be'handed'in,'scanned,'and'uploaded'to'angel.'''Day$2''Before'Lab'

• Set'up'fossil'from'lab'1'into'time'order.'Each'bin'should'be'a'set'of'time'ordered'fossils.'

'Start'

• Introduce'activity'(15'minutes)'o Today'we’re'going'to'look'at'how'organisms'change'through'time'o This'is'the'geologic'time'scale,'I'expect'you'to'know'it'cold.'o You'will'look'at'each'bin'and'list'how'many'species'are'in'each'

phylum.'I'want'you'to'sketch'1'representative'from'each'phylum'you'didn’t'do'your'report'on.'At'the'end,'you’re'going'to'make'5'graphs,'one'for'each'time'bin,'that'shows'how'many'of'a'particular'phylum'there'is.''

'Activity'('1'hour'30'min)'

• Guiding'questions'o What'are'the'diagnostic'features'of'this'phylum?'o How'have'organisms'change'through'time?'o Are'all'the'members'of'a'phylum'present'at'a'particular'time?'o When'do'certain'groups'of'organisms'go'extinct?'

'Wrap^up'(15'minutes)'

• Present'Sepkoski’s'curve,'show'the'mass'extinctions,'show'how'the'graphs'we'constructed'are'similar'to'Sepkoski’s'curve.'

• This'connects'to'the'next'lab'and'what'we’re'going'to'learn'about'how'life'has'changed'through'time.'

!Lab$1$–$Marine$Fossils$$Day$1:$Animal$Phyla$Jigsaw$$Today!each!person!will!be!assigned!a!group!that!will!research!a!certain!marine!animal!phylum.!You!will!observe!and!describe!fossils!and!research!your!phylum!on!the!internet.!Finally!you!will!create!1!page!of!notes!for!the!class.!These!notes!will!mainly!consist!of!pictures!with!labels!(as!you!will!see!in!the!demo).!You!will!then!present!this!information!to!the!class!as!a!group!in!3!minutes!or!less.!Focus!on!the!major!structures!of!these!fossils!and!how!you!would!identify!them!if!you!saw!them.!!Deliverables:$!@At!the!end!of!class!you!will!hand!in!1!page!of!drawn!notes!on!your!particular!phylum!as!a!group.!!@A!written!description!of!your!phylum,!with!enough!detail!that!I!could!draw!a!representative!from!your!description.!!!Things$to$keep$in$mind:$$@You!should!spend!time!just!looking!the!fossils!and!describing!them.!Here!are!some!of!the!types!of!questions!you!should!ask!yourself.!

• How!is!this!fossil!shaped?!• How!big!is!this!fossil?!• Is!this!fossil!symmetrical?!How?!(Bilaterally?!Radially?!Between!the!

two!valves?)!• What!are!the!differences!between!the!fossils!in!front!of!you?!What!do!

they!have!in!common?!• What!are!the!major!structures!on!this!fossil?!• What!can!I!use!to!help!me!ID!this!fossil!when!I!see!one!like!it!again?!

! !

Bivalvia:!!Bivalvia!is!a!class!of!the!phylum!Mollusca.!Bivalves!are!animals!with!two!hinged!shells!which!are!mirror!images!of!each!other.!The!animal!is!bilaterally!symmetrical!through!the!plane!separating!the!two!valves!of!the!shell.!Bivalves!range!from!a!few!millimeters!along!their!longitudinal!axis!to!tens!of!centimeters.!Bivalves!are!often,!though!not!exclusively!longer!in!the!anterior@posterior!direction!than!the!ventral!dorsal!direction!(one!notable!exception!are!the!Pectinidae,!or!Scallops).!At!the!dorsal!edge!of!the!shell!is!the!umbo,!or!the!beak!of!the!shell.!Growth!lines!can!often!be!seen!perpendicular!to!the!dorsal@ventral!axis!of!the!shell.!The!bivalve!will!annually!secrete!calcium!carbonate!to!grow!the!shell!material.!The!exterior!of!the!shell!can!be!smooth,!rough,!or!spiny.!The!interior!of!the!shell!has!several!structures!!preserved!in!fossil!specimens.!Near!the!dorsal!edge!is!the!hinge,!where!the!two!shells!meet.!In!many!specimens!there!is!a!prominent!hinge!tooth,!where!the!two!shells!socket!together.!In!others!there!are!several!smaller!hinge!teeth!that!accomplish!the!same!function.!Near!the!ventral!edge!is!a!visible!line!separating!two!different!shades!of!shell!material.!This!is!called!the!palial!line!and!is!the!point!at!which!the!soft!tissue!material!stopped.!There!is!an!indent!along!this!line!extending!towards!the!middle!of!the!shell!interior!called!the!palial!sinus.!This!is!where!the!siphon!is!retracted!when!the!shell!is!closed.!The!side!of!the!palial!sinus!is!variable!in!different!species.!Finally,!along!the!anterior!and!posterior!edge!of!the!palial!line!are!two!circular!scars.!These!muscle!scars!are!where!the!adductor!muscles!attached,!which!were!used!to!close!the!shell.!!

Bivalvia:''Bivalvia'is'a'class'of'the'phylum'Mollusca.'Bivalves'are'animals'with'two'hinged'shells'which'are'mirror'images'of'each'other.'The'animal'is'bilaterally'symmetrical'through'the'plane'separating'the'two'valves'of'the'shell.'Bivalves'range'from'a'few'millimeters'along'their'longitudinal'axis'to'tens'of'centimeters.'Bivalves'are'often,'though'not'exclusively'longer'in'the'anterior>posterior'direction'than'the'ventral'dorsal'direction'(one'notable'exception'are'the'Pectinidae,'or'Scallops).'At'the'dorsal'edge'of'the'shell'is'the'umbo,'or'the'beak'of'the'shell.'Growth'lines'can'often'be'seen'perpendicular'to'the'dorsal>ventral'axis'of'the'shell.'The'bivalve'will'annually'secrete'calcium'carbonate'to'grow'the'shell'material.'The'exterior'of'the'shell'can'be'smooth,'rough,'or'spiny.'The'interior'of'the'shell'has'several'structures''preserved'in'fossil'specimens.'Near'the'dorsal'edge'is'the'hinge,'where'the'two'shells'meet.'In'many'specimens'there'is'a'prominent'hinge'tooth,'where'the'two'shells'socket'together.'In'others'there'are'several'smaller'hinge'teeth'that'accomplish'the'same'function.'Near'the'ventral'edge'is'a'visible'line'separating'two'different'shades'of'shell'material.'This'is'called'the'palial'line'and'is'the'point'at'which'the'soft'tissue'material'stopped.'There'is'an'indent'along'this'line'extending'towards'the'middle'of'the'shell'interior'called'the'palial'sinus.'This'is'where'the'siphon'is'retracted'when'the'shell'is'closed.'The'side'of'the'palial'sinus'is'variable'in'different'species.'Finally,'along'the'anterior'and'posterior'edge'of'the'palial'line'are'two'circular'scars.'These'muscle'scars'are'where'the'adductor'muscles'attached,'which'were'used'to'close'the'shell.'

Lexi Goldstani Liz Andrews Yeti Okunola Emily Olson The cephalopoda is a class of the phylum Mollusca. These animals appeared in the Cambrian and have several species that are still around today. The Ammonoida and the Belemnoida are both extinct taxa today. The Ammonoida taxa went extinct at the K-T boundary. As a general rule, cephalopods have bilateral symmetry and can range in size from a few centimeters to 2 meters. They have side-lateral symmetry. They are distinguished from gastropods in that their shells coil inwards in a straight plane unlike the gastropods whose shells coil downward. Suture lines are contact lines found between cephalopod's chamber walls (also called septa) and the inner shell walls. Siphuncles are found in cephalopods with chambered cells and are used to empty water from new chambers as the shell grows. Three common types of cephalopods are belemnites, nautiloids, and ammonites. Belemnites are the earliest cephalopods to exist and they are currently extinct today. Belemnite fossils only show the internal structure of the organism called the guard (or rostrum). The guard contains the phragmocone which gives the organism buoyancy. on top of the guard is where the muscle of the belemnite would have been. Belemnites did not possess external structures unlike nautiloids and ammonites. Nautiloids still exist today. They may be distinguished from the extinct ammonites by their straight suture lines. Ammonites have squiggly suture lines. !

Sean%Mooney,%Kyle%Tener,%Tim%Harper,%and%Jess%Beebe%

Our%group%researched%the%Arthropods.%The%arthropods%are%a%phylum%consisting%of%many%diverse%creatures,%but%they%do%have%many%things%in%common.%They%are%all%segmented%with%a%head,%thorax,%and%abdomen.%They%also%have%exoskeletons,%jointed%appendages,%and%bilateral%symmetry.%The%most%common%arthropod%in%fossils%is%the%trilobite.%These%are%marine%creatures%that%appear%to%have%many%different%segments,%but%when%observed%the%three%segments%can%be%identified.%These%are%very%important%fossils%because%they%can%be%used%for%dating.%They%only%existed%for%a%brief%period%of%time,%and%were%very%abundant%during%this%period%from%the%Cambrian%to%the%Permian.%This%is%important%for%dating%because%if%a%rock%has%these%fossils%it%was%formed%in%this%time%interval.%Trilobites%are%usually%1%to%10%centimeters,%but%can%be%smaller%or%larger.%We%also%looked%at%the%Anomalocaris%Canadensis.%This%was%a%large%predator%that%was%believed%to%be%several%different%ancient%creatures,%until%one%whole%one%was%found.%These%were%found%in%the%middle%of%the%Cambrian%era.%%The%last%arthropod%we%looked%at%was%the%Eurypterida%or%ancient%sea%scorpion.%They%have%pointy%tails,%and%claw%like%structures%that%look%like%scorpions%today.%They%were%alive%from%the%Ordovician%to%the%Permian.%They%eventually%moved%to%fresh%water%in%the%Pennsylvanian%and%then%moved%on%land%to%become%the%arthropods%we%know%today.%%