ge2155 work book
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KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
GE2155 - COMPUTER PRACTICE LABORATORY – II
LABORATORY MANUAL
DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
CONTENTS
Ex No. Title of the Exercise Page No
1. BASIC UNIX COMMANDS
2. DIRECTORY COMMANDS
3. FILE COMMANDS
4. UNIX PIPES
5. UNIX FILTERS
6. EMPLOYEE PAYROLL PROCESSING
7. STUDENT MARK LIST EVALUATION
8. SUM OF DIGITS
11. ODD NUMBER LIST
12. ARMSTRONG NUMBER
13. FACTORIAL OF N NUMBERS
14. FIBONACCI SERIES
15. DYNAMIC STORAGE ALLOCATION
16. POINTERS
17. FUNCTIONS
18. FILE HANDILING
2
KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
BASIC UNIX COMMANDS
STEP 1: INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVE OF THE EXERCISE
To make the user to work in the UNIX environment.
STEP 2: ACQUISITION
Commands:
1. Date Command
[azar@linuxserver ~]$ date
2. Calendar Command
[azar@linuxserver ~]$ cal
3. Echo Command$ echo <Message>[azar@linuxserver ~]$ echo be brave
4. Who Command
[azar@linuxserver ~]$ who
5. Precision Calculator
[azar@linuxserver ~]$ bc
6. To exit from unix
[azar@linuxserver ~]$ exit
3
OUTPUT:
STEP 3: PRACTICE/TESTING
Questions:
1. List the features of UNIX operating system.
2. What is the use of ‘echo’ command?
3. What the command used to get out of UNIX environment?
RESULT:
4
KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DIRECTORY COMMANDS
STEP 1: INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVE OF THE EXERCISE
To understand the various directory commands in UNIX environment.
STEP 2: ACQUISITION
Commands:
1. Creating new directory
$ mkdir <dirname>
2. To Change Directory Command
$ cd <dirname> [azar@linuxserver ~]$ cd students
3. To know current working directory [azar@linuxserver students]$ pwd
4. Exit from current Directory
[azar@linuxserver students]$ cd
5. To Remove a directory
$ rmdir <dirname>
5
OUTPUT:
STEP 3: PRACTICE/TESTING
Questions:
1. How to create directory in UNIX operating system?
2. How to change the working directory in UNIX operating system
RESULT:
6
KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
FILE COMMANDS
STEP 1: INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVE OF THE EXERCISE
To understand the various commands for creating and manipulate the file operations.
STEP 2: ACQUISITION
Commands:
1. Creating new File
$ cat > filename[azar@linuxserver ~]$ cat>file1
2. To display contents of a file
$ cat filename[azar@linuxserver ~]$ cat file1
3. Concatenating multiple files
$ cat file1 file2 > file3[azar@linuxserver ~]$ cat file1 file2 > file3[azar@linuxserver ~]$ cat file3
4. To copying a file
$ cp old-file new-file[azar@linuxserver ~]$ cp file3 file4
5. To Removing a file
$ rm filename
6. To Moving a file
$ mv old-file new-file[azar@linuxserver ~]$ mv file4 file5
7
7. Listing Files & Directories
$ ls[azar@linuxserver ~]$ ls
8. To Counting number of words in a file
$ wc filename[azar@linuxserver ~]$ wc file3
9. Sort Command
Ascending order: $ sort filename
Descending order: $ sort –r filename[azar@linuxserver ~]$ sort -r file3
10. To remove duplicate RECORDS
$ uniq filename[azar@linuxserver ~]$ uniq file3
11. To compare two files
[azar@linuxserver ~]$ cmp file1 file2
8
STEP 3: PRACTICE/TESTING
Questions:
1. How to create file in UNIX operating system?
2. How to copy contents of one file to another?
3. What the command used to get remove the data in the files?
RESULT:
9
KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
UNIX PIPES
STEP 1: INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVE OF THE EXERCISE
To understand the use of pipes commands in UNIX.
STEP 2: ACQUISITION
Commands:
1.) $ command1 | command2[azar@linuxserver ~]$ who|wc
2.) $ command1 | tee file | command2
$ who | tee out-file | wc[azar@linuxserver ~]$ who|tee pipefile1|wc
3.) Message Command$ mesg y/n
4.) Write Command - To send message to a particular users.
$ write <user-name>[azar@linuxserver ~]$ write azar
5.) WALL Command$ wall <Message>[azar@linuxserver ~]$ wall hello
6.) MAIL CommandTo send a Mail:
$ mail <user-name>[azar@linuxserver ~]$ mail azar
To receive a Mail:$ mail[azar@linuxserver ~]$ mail
10
STEP 3: PRACTICE/TESTINGQuestions:
1. Why pipes commands are used in UNIX operating system?
2. How to send a message to others in UNIX environment?
3. How to send a mail to others in UNIX environment?
RESULT:
11
KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
UNIX FILTERS
STEP 1: INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVE OF THE EXERCISE
To understand the use of Filter commands in UNIX.
STEP 2: ACQUISITION
Commands:
1.) Head Filter$ head –n <File-Name>
[azar@linuxserver ~]$ head -3 file3
2.) Tail Filter$ tail –n <File-Name>
[azar@linuxserver ~]$ tail -3 file3
3.) Grep Command$ grep <pattern> <file>
[azar@linuxserver ~]$ grep bha file2
4.) Adding Line Numbers$ nl <File-Name>[azar@linuxserver ~]$ nl file1 [azar@linuxserver ~]$ nl file2
5.) CUT Command
$ cut –c1 <file-Name>
[azar@linuxserver ~]$ cut -c1 file2
6.) PASTE Command$ paste <File-Name>[azar@linuxserver ~]$ paste file7
12
7.) Compare Command
$ cmp file1 file2[azar@linuxserver ~]$ cmp file1 file2
8.) Common Command
$ comm file1 file2[azar@linuxserver ~]$ comm file1 file2
13
STEP 3: PRACTICE/TESTING
Questions:
1. Why filter commands are used in UNIX operating system?
2. How to compare two files contents in UNIX environment?
3. How to add line numbers in the file contents?
RESULT:
14
KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
EMPLOYEE PAYROLL PROCESSING
STEP 1: INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVE OF THE EXERCISE
To understand about the shell programming in UNIX and calculate the employee
payroll processing.
STEP 2: ACQUISITION
ALGORITHM:
Step1: Start the program execution.
Step2: Get the employee name, id & basic salary details.
Step3: Fix the DA, PF & HRA percentages to calculate the Gross Salary.
Step4: Calculate the Gross Salary.
Step5: Display the calculated Cross Salary of the employees.
Step6: Stop the program execution.
15
PROGRAM:
echo "Enter Employee Name:"
read name
echo "Enter Employee Id No:"
read id
echo "Enter the Basic Salary"
read basic
let hra=10
let epf=15
let da=10
let net=$basic
let t=$basic*$hra/100
let u=$basic*epf/100
let v=$basic*da/100
let net=$net+$t+$u+$v
echo "Name : $name"
echo "Emp.Id :$id"
echo "Net Salary:$net"
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
16
STEP 3: PRACTICE/TESTING
Questions:
1. How to create shell programming in UNIX environment?
2. Which command used for decision making in UNIX?
RESULT:
17
KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
STUDENT MARK LIST EVALUATION
STEP 1: INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVE OF THE EXERCISE
To understand about the conditional statements in shell programming by evaluate the
student mar list.
STEP 2: ACQUISITION
ALGORITHM:
Step1: Start the program execution.
Step2: Get the details of student name, roll number & subject’s marks.
Step3: Check the constrains of the subject marks.
Step4: Judge the student results bases on the constraints & calculate the total marks &
average.
Step5: Display the calculated results & total marks of the student.
Step6: Stop the program execution.
18
PROGRAM:
echo "Enter the Student Name :"
read name
echo "Enter Roll Number :"
read rollno
echo "Enter Marks-1 :"
read mark1
echo "Enter Marks-2 :"
read mark2
echo "Enter Marks-3 :"
read mark3
let total=$mark1+$mark2+$mark3
let average=$total/3
echo "Name : $name"
echo "Roll : $rollno"
echo "Total :$total"
echo "Avg : $average"
let i=0
if(($mark1 > 49))
then
let i=$i+1
else
echo
fi
if(($mark2 > 49))
then
let i=$i+1
else
echo
fi
if(($mark3 > 49))
then
let i=$i+1
19
STEP 3: PRACTICE/TESTING
Questions:
1. How to get the input in shell programming?
By use the command “read”.
2. How to assign a value to a variable?
let i=0;
RESULT:
21
KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
SUM OF DIGITS
STEP 1: INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVE OF THE EXERCISE
To understand about the conditional statements and arithmetic operators in shell
programming by calculating sum of the digits.
STEP 2: ACQUISITION
ALGORITHM:
Step1: Start the program execution.
Step2: Get the particular number as the input.
Step3: Check whether that particular number is single digit number or as multiple
digit number.
Step4: Separate the given numbers as individual digits.
Step5: Add all the individual digits.
Step5: Display the calculated results.
Step6: Stop the program execution.
22
PROGRAM:
echo "Enter the Number:"
read Num
let sum=0
while(($Num!=0))
do
let x=$Num%10
let sum=$sum+$x
let Num=$Num/10
done
echo "The Result :$sum"
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
STEP 3: PRACTICE/TESTING
Questions:
1. What is the use of ‘let’ command in UNIX?
2. What is the use of $ symbol?
RESULT:
.
23
KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
ODD NUMBER LIST
STEP 1: INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVE OF THE EXERCISE
To understand about the conditional statements and arithmetic operators in shell
programming by find the odd numbers.
STEP 2: ACQUISITION
ALGORITHM:
Step1: Start the program execution.
Step2: Get the particular number ‘N’ as the input.
Step3: Add all the numbers from 1 to N.
Step4: Display the addition values.
Step5: Stop the program execution.
PROGRAM:
echo " enter the number"
read n
echo " the odd numbers upto $n are:"
let q=1
while ((q<=n))
do
echo "$q"
let q=$q+2
done
24
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
STEP 3: PRACTICE/TESTING
Questions:
1. What is the use of ‘read’ command in UNIX?
2. How to store shell programming in UNIX environment?
RESULT: .
25
KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
ARMSTRONG NUMBER
STEP 1: INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVE OF THE EXERCISE
To understand about the conditional statements and arithmetic operators in shell
programming by finding the Armstrong number.
STEP 2: ACQUISITION
ALGORITHM:
Step1: Start the program execution.
Step2: Get the particular number as the input.
Step3: Check whether that particular number is single digit number or as multiple
digit number.
Step4: Separate the given numbers as individual digits.
Step5: To check whether the given number is Armstrong or not.
Step6: Stop the program execution.
26
PROGRAM:
echo "Enter the number to find the given number is armstrong"
read n
let m=$n
let s=0
while(($m != 0))
do
let c=$m%10
let s=$c*$c*$c+$s
let m=$m/10
done
if(($n==$s))
then
echo "It is an ARMSTRONG NUMBER"
else
echo "It is not an ARMSTRONG NUMBER"
fi
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
27
STEP 3: PRACTICE/TESTING
Questions:
1. What are the arithmetic operators used in UNIX?
2. How to close the if block statement?
RESULT:
.
28
KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
FACTORIAL OF N NUMBERS
STEP 1: INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVE OF THE EXERCISE
To understand about the conditional statements and arithmetic operators in shell
programming by calculating factorial of N numbers.
STEP 2: ACQUISITION
ALGORITHM:
Step1: Start the program execution.
Step2: Get the particular number as the input.
Step3: Perform the summation of multiplication of the numbers from 1 to N.
Step4: Display the summation value.
Step5: Stop the program execution.
PROGRAM:
echo "Enter the value "read nlet s=1let i=1while((i<=n))dolet s=$s*$ilet i=$i+1doneecho "The factorial of $n=$s"
29
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
STEP 3: PRACTICE/TESTING
Questions:
1. What is the factorial number?
2. What is the condition statement used in UNIX?
RESULT:
30
KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
FIBONACCI SERIES
STEP 1: INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVE OF THE EXERCISE
To write and execute a UNIX shell program to calculate the Fibonacci series
for the given number.
.
STEP 2: ACQUISITION
ALGORITHM:
Step1: Start the program execution.
Step2: Get the particular number ‘N’ as the input.
Step3: Perform the cumulative addition of the numbers from 1 to N by adding the
current number with the next number.
Step4: Display the summation value.
Step5: Stop the program execution.
PROGRAM:echo "Enter the number (how many times the FIBONACII is to be generated)"read nlet p=0let c=1let i=3echo " "echo "$p"echo "$c"while(($i <= $n))dolet sum=$p+$cecho "$sum"let p=$clet c=$sumlet i=$i+1done
31
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
STEP 3: PRACTICE/TESTING
Questions:
1. What is the Fibonacci series for the given number?
2. What are the condition statements used in UNIX?
RESULT:
32
KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
C PROGRAMMING
DYNAMIC STORAGE ALLOCATION
STEP 1: INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVE OF THE EXERCISE
The objective of this program is to introduce students to handle the different storage
system. It means program can its memory while it is running. It allows us to allocate addition
memory space or to release unwanted space at the time of program execution (runner).
AIM:
To write and execute a C program in UNIX of to print variables from memory
address.
ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start program.
Step 2: Initialize the data variables.
Step 3: Determine the sizeof() function.
Step 4: Initialize the number of bytes allocated to pointer *n..
Step 5: Reads the value for for loop.
Step 6: Reads the value for a each time until it reaches the variable size.
Step 7: Stop the program
33
CODING:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int *a,*n,size;
clrscr();
printf(“Enter the size…”);
scanf(“%d”,&size);
n=(int *)malloc(size * sizeof(int));
printf(“Address of the first byte is …%u”,n);
printf(“Enter the Values…”);
for(a=n;a<n+size;a++)
scanf(%d”,a);
for(a=n+size-1;a>=n;a--)
printf(“%d is stored in address %u”,*a,a);
}
34
OUTPUT:
STEP 3: PRACTICE/TESTING
Questions:
1. What are the differences between malloc() and calloc()?
2. Where are the auto variables stored?
3. How can you increase the size of a dynamically allocated array?
RESULT:
35
KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POINTERS
STEP 1: INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVE OF THE EXERCISE
The objective of this program is to introduce students to the usage of Pointers. A
pointer is a memory variable, it contain the memory address of the another variable. It is
declared in the same manner like other variables
AIM:
To write a C program to print address and value of variables.
ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start program.
Step 2: Assign fork() system call to pid.
Step 3: if pid is equal to -1, child process not created.
Step 4: if pid is equal to 0, child process will be created.
Step 5: Print the id of parent process and child process.
Step 6: Create another one child process in same loop.
Step 7: Print id of parent process and the child process.
Step 8: Print grandparent id.
Step 9: Stop the program
36
CODING:
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int a=22;
int *a;
a=&a;
printf(“\n values of a =%d”,*a);
printf(“\n Address of a = %u”,&a);
printf(“\n value at address %u=%d”,&a,*(&a));
}
OUTPUT:
37
STEP 3: PRACTICE/TESTING
Questions:
1. A pointer is a…………………..
2. Pointer always denoted b ……………………
RESULT:
.
38
KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
FUNCTIONS
STEP 1: INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVE OF THE EXERCISE
The objective of this program is to introduce students about a function, which is a set
of instruction that are used to perform specified task.
AIM:
To write a user defined function that computes ‘x’ raised to the power of ‘y’
ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start program.
Step 2: Initialize the data variables x, pid & SIGNALRM.
Step 3: if pid & fork() is equal to 0, Alarm stopped.
Step 4: if pid is equal to 0, child process will be created.
Step 5: Print the process of alarm going to off.
Step 6: If x is equal to alarm handler function, the alarm function is done.
Step 7: Obtained the signal from the handler, the alarm goes to offline it can be
restarted.
Step 8: Stop the program.
39
CODING:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
Main()
{
int x,y;
int power(int,int);
clrscr();
printf(“enter x and y values…”);
scanf(“%d%d”,&x,&y);
printf(“%d to the power of %d is .. %f”,x,y,power(x,y));
}
int power(int x,int y)
{
float p=1.0;
if(y>=0)
while(y--)
p*x;
else
while(y++)
p/=x;
return(p);
}
40
KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
FILE HANDLING
STEP 1: INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVE OF THE EXERCISE
The objective of this program is to introduce students about a File, which is a set of
instruction that is used to perform specified task.
AIM:
To write a program for copying the file both read and write operations must be used in
the same buffer.
ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start program.
Step 2: Initialize the data variables x, pid & SIGNALRM.
Step 3: if pid & fork() is equal to 0, Alarm stopped.
Step 4: if pid is equal to 0, child process will be created.
Step 5: Print the process of alarm going to off.
Step 6: If x is equal to alarm handler function, the alarm function is done.
Step 7: Obtained the signal from the handler, the alarm goes to offline it can be
restarted.
Step 8: Stop the program.
42
CODING:
#include<fcntl.h>
#include<sys.h>
#define BUFSIZE 1024
int main(void)
{
int fd1,fd2,n;
char buf[BUFSIZE];
fd1=open(“etc/addition”,O_RDONLY);
fd2=open(“addition1”,O_WRONLY\O_CRET\\O_TRUNC);
while((n=read(fd1,buf,BUFSIZE))>0)
write(fd2,buf,n);
close(fd1);
close(fd2);
exit(0);
}
OUTPUT:
43
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