gcse geography ocr 2016 revision

GCSE GEOGRAPHY 2016 REVISION

Rivers and CoastsPopulation

HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE This shows how water moves around/flows. It’s a closed system, meaning there’s no way water can either enter or leave; it just flows

round and round. Water can be held onto the land in stores. (Next slide)

Percolation: when water moves vertically downwards through rock and soil.

Infiltration: Happens before percolation when the water soaks into the soil.

STORES

Types of stores: Channel storage = Water is held in a river. Groundwater storage = Water is held in a rock or soil. A rock that

stores water is known as an aquifer. Interception storage = Water is taken in by plants.Surface storage = Water is held by lakes, reservoirs and puddles

WEATHERING There are 3 types of weathering:

Chemical The break down of rocks using a chemical composition

Biological The break down of rocks using living things (like plant roots)

Physical The break down of rock without changing the chemical composition. Freeze Thaw weathering is important in drainage basins

LULWORTH COVE EROSION – A COMMON EXAMPLE

EROSION

When the force of the water causes erosion

Eroded rocks smash into each other and break into smaller fragments

Rocks picked up by the water and erode the bed of the river

River water that dissolves some types of rocks

WATERFALLS – HOW THEY ARE FORMED

LANDFORMS IN A RIVERSource is where the river starts.

V-Shaped Valley is when there are two slopes either side of the river making a V shape.

Interlocking spurs is the river bending into the shape of a zip.

OX-BOW LAKE

Meanders are the bend in the river.

DELTAS Rivers are forces to slow down when they meet

another body of water which is bigger then the river.

REASONS FOR FLOODING

Natural Human

Prolonged Rainfall Deforestation

Heavy Rainfall Urbanisation

Snowmelt

Geology (area is made with permeable rock, meaning less surface run off.)Relief (gradient of the land)

CASE STUDIES - BOSCASTLE August 2004Cornwall, LEDCSteep-sided valley (meaning increased surface run-off)Lasted for 8 hours before everyone was evacuated Tourist area (for holidays and fishing)No deaths ‘3 meter wall’ of water

DTM DTM stand for Demographic Transition Model. It looks like this:

The population pyramids below show a pyramid for each stage of the graph, except the last stage as that is only a prediction at the moment.

You should be able to describe each pyramid and say a country that is within that stage.

OVERPOPULATION This usually happens within an LEDC as it is hard to get birth

control there. They usually have a high birth rate and a falling death rate.

It all links together as this means there is a very youthful population, giving it a high dependency ratio.

Social Economic EnvironmentalNo access to services/healthcare

Increasing unemployment Increased waste

Loss of education as children have to work

Increased poverty, causing many social problems

Increased pollution

Not enough housing, more homeless people

Urbanisation Use up a lot of natural resources.

Food shortages

OVERPOPULATION Two ways of controlling over-population are:

Birth-control Immigration LawsAim to reduce the birth rate.Some countries have a law on how many children you can have (China’s One Child Policy) by offering free contraception and sex-education.

Government can limit the amount of people able to immigrate.They are also selective about who they let in.

AGING POPULATION High dependency ratio Normally MEDC’s

Social Effects Economic EffectsA lot of healthcare services needed

No taxes paid

Family will work as unpaid carers, increasing stress and worry

Less economic growth for the country

Drop in birth rate as there is already a high dependency ratioPension is lowered

Ways of fixing this are to increase the retirement age and taxes.

MIGRATION

There are other push factors like:• Low wages• Poor healthcare and education• Prosecution

There are other pull factors like:• Higher wages• Religion• Cleaner environment

CASE STUDIES – CHINA ONE CHILD POLICY 2005, 1.3 billionth child was born Causing a social and economic instability Punished if more then one child (houses destroyed, fined)Effected the children (‘Only Child Syndrome’, selfish generation)142 Boys for ever 100 GirlsFree healthcare

CASE STUDIES – EAST DEVON Aging PopulationUK, MEDCHigh dependency ratioIncrease in health billsVolunteering jobs taken upLimited income for the economyLife expectancy increasingHigh security

CASE STUDIES - GAMBIAYouthful PopulationLEDC13 children per familySexist government, women had no rights92.3% Dependency ratioHigh birth-rateExpensiveLots of jobs and food neededNot enough teachers, lack of books, not enough time in a day for educationHigh infant mortality rate

CASE STUDIES – WESTERN EUROPE Pro-natalist countries UK

6 months paid leave (mother) / 90% pay for 6 weeks2 weeks paid leave (father)Flexible work timesItalyAbortion is illegalDeclining birth rate€1,000 for parents with 2 kids

URBANISATION Urbanisation is the growth in the proportion of a country’s

population living in urban areas. Basically, people moving to live in cities.