gastrointestinal physiology, lecture 3: the gastric phase of digestion idp/dpt gi section 2011...

Gastrointestinal Physiology, Lecture 3: The Gastric Phase of Digestion

IDP/DPT GI Section 2011Jerome W. Breslin, PhDLSUHSC-NO Dept. of PhysiologyDowntown Campus, MEB 7208(504) 568-2669jbresl@lsuhsc.edu

Required Reading

Kim Barrett, Gastrointestinal Physiology:

Chapter 3

Chapter 8

Three Phases of Gastric SecretionSlide number

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

1. The taste or smell of food, tactile sensations of food in the mouth, or even thoughts of food stimulate the medulla oblongata (green arrow).

2. Parasympathetic action potentials are carried by the vagus nerves to the stomach (pink arrow).

3. Preganglionic parasympathetic vagus nerve fibers stimulate postganglionic neurons in the enteric plexus of the stomach.

4. Postganglionic neurons stimulate secretion by parietal and chief cells and stimulate gastrin secretion by endocrine cells.

5. Gastrin is carried through the circulation back to the stomach (purple arrow), where it stimulates secretion by parietal and chief cells.

Cephalic Phase

Gastrin

Circulation

Secretionsstimulated

Taste or smell of foodTactile sensation in mouth

Medulla oblongata

Vagus nerves

Stomach

1

2 3

5

4

GI Physiology Lecture 3 Outline:Gastric Phase of Digestion: Overview

Gastric Motility - Part 1

LES Relaxation

Receptive Relaxation

Mixing and Grinding

Gastric Secretions and Their Regulation:

HCl, HCO3-, mucus, pepsin, gastrin

Gastric Motility - Part 2

Gastric Emptying and its Regulation

Vomiting

The abundant smooth muscle in the stomach is responsible for gastric motility.

Figure 15-16

Body (Corpus)Reservoir Function

Antrum: MixingFunction

Gastric PhaseReceptive Relaxation

Entry of Meal

Increased Gastric Secretions

Motility: Mixing and Grinding

Digestion of protein, CHO, fat

Gastric Emptying

The coordinated sequence of contraction and relaxation in the upper esophageal sphincter, the esophagus, and the lower esophageal sphincter is necessary to deliver swallowed food to the stomach.

Figure 15-15

1. Peristalsis of bolus to the stomach

2. Opening of LES

3. Receptive relaxation in stomach

LES Relaxation:Neurogenic process, although the relative importance of neural inputs is not clear, and the specific neurotransmitter is unknown.

Vagal stimulation causes LES relaxation.

Swallowing causes LES relaxation, as well as receptive relaxation of the stomach to facilitate entry of the bolus.

Gastric Motor Function during the Gastric Phase:Receptive Relaxation. Fundus and Body relax to accommodate the volume of the meal.

Mixing and Grinding. Antral peristalsis to grind the meal into small particles and mix with secretions.

Gastric Emptying. Coordination of antro-pyloro-duodenal motor activity for regulation of gastric emptying. In addition, gastric reservoir function participates by regulating fundus tone.

Receptive Relaxation

Swallowing causes relaxation of gastric smooth muscle.

Mediated by vagus nerve.

Receptive relaxation increases compliance, so that luminal pressure changes very little between the empty state (50 mL volume) and filled state (1500 mL volume).

Receptive Relaxation

Intrinsic and vago-vagal reflexes mediate receptive relaxation.

Duodenal distension also results in relaxation of the gastric fundus.

Barrett, Fig. 8-4

Mixing and Grinding

Pacemaker Region induces peristaltic contraction from the body to the antrum, which closes the pyloric sphincter.

Pacemaker Cells (ICC) induce slow waves (BER) ~ 3 times per minute.

Force of Contraction, Regulation:

Increased by gastric distension, via short reflexes and gastrin.

Inhibited by 1) duodenal distension, 2) appearance of fat, protein, acid or hypertonic chyme in the duodenum 3) increased sympathetic tone.

Waves of smooth muscle contraction mix and propel theingested contents of the gastric lumen, but only a small amount of the material enters the small intestine (duodenum) as a result of each wave cycle.

Figure 15-22

Motor behavior of the antral pump is initiated by the dominant pacemaker in the mid-corpus.

Barrett, Fig 8-2

PACEMAKER POTENTIALS DETERMINE

CONTRACTILE PARAMETERS:

1. MAXIMAL FREQUENCY2. PROPAGATION

VELOCITY3. PROPAGATION

DIRECTION

BER established by the gastric pacemaker. Note that a contractile stimulus is needed to reach the threshold for gastric contractions to occur.

THRESHOLD

Barrett, Fig. 8-3

Gastric Secretions

Oxyntic Gland Area - proximal 80% of the stomach (body and fundus) - secretes HCl and pepsinogen into stomach lumen.

Pyloric Gland Area - distal 20% of the stomach (antrum) - secretes pepsinogen into the lumen, as well as the hormone gastrin to the bloodstream.

Gastric Mucosa Surface - secretes mucus and HCO3

- for protection from the acidic environment.

Composition Of Gastric Juice

Component Source Function

Pepsinogen Chief CellsInactive Protease

Pepsin PepsinogenProtease

(activated by HCl)

HCl Parietal Cells

Acid Environment

Activation of Pepsin

MucusMucous CellsGoblet Cells

Viscous, Alkaline

Protective Layer

Intrinsic Factor

Parietal CellsVitamin B12 Absorption

HCl Secretion during the Cephalic, Gastric, and Intestinal Phases of Digestion:

The abundant smooth muscle in the stomach is responsible for gastric motility.

Specialized cells in the stomachsynthesize andsecrete mucous fluid, enzyme precursors,hydrochloric acid,and hormones.

Figure 15-16

Three Regions of Stomach with Specialized Functions

1. Cardia

2. Body & Fundus

3. Antrum & Pylorus

25

Mucous cells secrete mucous, HCO3

-, & trefoil peptides.

Chief cells secrete pepsinogen & gastric lipase.

Parietal cells synthesize and secrete hydrochloric acid & intrinsic factor.

ECL Cells secrete histamine.

Enteroendocrine cells (specifically G cells) secrete gastrin.

Stomach Wall: Gastric Gland

Parietal Cells secrete HCl

Barrett, Figs 3-2 and 3-3 or Berne & Levy Fig. 32-10Upon stimulation, the intracellular canniculi fuse to

the apical membrane, and the tubulovesicles fuse to the canniculi, increasing the apical (luminal) membrane surface area 5-10 times.

Resting Parietal Cell

Stimulated Parietal Cell Secreting HCl

The tubulovesiclar membrane is a storage site for the H+/K+ ATPase. Fusion of tubulovesicles to the apical membrane increases availability of the H+/K+ ATPase for H+ secretion.

• Barrett, Fig. 3-6

Regulation of HCl and pepsin secretion

Potentiation

A phenomenon in which the effect produced when two (or more) agents act to together is greater than the sum of their effects when they act separately.

Acid Secretion in the Stomach - potentiation among the three stimuli: histamine, ACh, gastrin, such that histamine H2 receptor blockade drastically reduces acid secretion.

One inhibitory andthree stimulatory signals that alteracid secretion byparietal cellsin the stomach.

Figure 15-19

XAntacids (e.g. Tums, Maalox, PeptoBismol)

XAtropine (not practical)

H/K-ATPase Inhibitors (Prilosec, Prevacid, Nexium)

X

XH2 Blockers (Pepcid, Zantac, Axid)

F

O

O

DAcid production by the parietal cells in the stomach depends on the generation of carbonic acid; subsequent movement of hydrogen ions into the gastric lumen results from primary active transport.

Figure 15-18

Note: Some of the bicarbonate secreted into the blood goes to surface epithelium, where it is taken up and then secreted in the mucus layer to protect cells.

Surface epithelium secretes a mucus layer containing bicarbonate for protection from gastric acid.

• Berne & Levy, Fig. 32-13

The acidity in the gastric lumen converts the protease precursor pepsinogen to pepsin; subsequent conversions occur quickly as a result of pepsin’s protease activity.

Figure 15-21

Gastric Phase: Both Vago-vagal reflexes and gastrin increase HCl and pepsinogen

release.DorsalVagal

Complex

Distension sensedby mechanoreceptor

Vago-vagalReflex

Response:HCl Secretion

Pepsinogen SecretionGastrin Secretion

Note: The ENS is also stimulated by distension.

Pepsinogen

Pepsin

pH < 5

ProteinsOligopeptides

G Cells

Gastrin(hormone)

Response:HCl Secretion

Pepsinogen Secretion

Enteroendocrine Cells and Pathways Regulating Acid Secretion:

Acid in Antrum stimulates somatostatin release from D cells

38

Cellular Mechanism of HCl Secretion:

38

Regulation of Pepsinogen Secretion:

Parietal Cell

H+

H+

H+

Pepsinogen

Pepsin

ENS

ACh++

SecretinSecretin

Circulation

G CellGastrin

+

ACh

S Cell

Vagus Nerve

-SS

(SS = Somatostatin)

D CellPeptides

Peptides

Proteins

+

++

+

+

(can be activated bydistension of stomach)

Gastric acid output at rest and during maximal stimulation:

ConditionBasal Acid

Output (mEq/h)

Maximal Acid Output (mEq/h)

Normal 1 - 5 6 - 40Gastric Ulcer 0 - 3 1 - 20Pernicious Anemia (Loss of Parietal Cells)

0 0 - 10

Duodenal Ulcer 2 - 10 15 - 60Gastrin-Secreting Tumor (Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome)

10 - 30 30 - 80

Representative Ranges

Output = Hourly volume of gastric juice x [H+]

UlcersThe cause is usually mucosal breakdown due to an infection with H. pylori.

Other possible causes: Chronic use of NSAIDs, gastrinoma.

Gastric Ulcer - Cause is usually breakdown of mucosa

lower basal pH due to leakage of acid from stomach

Duodenal Ulcer - Cause may have to do with more acid present in duodenum than normal (not clear, though) - increased parietal cell mass.

Doubled HCl and pepsinogen secretion.

Gastric Emptying• Gastric Distension increases emptying (rate is

proportional to size of meal)

• Gastric Emptying Inhibited By:– Entry of chyme into duodenum–Fat, protein digests in duodenum–Acidity (pH < 3.5) in duodenum–Hypo/hyper-osmotic chyme in duodenum–Distention of the Duodenum–Solids more inhibitory than liquids.

Delivery of acid and nutrients into the small intestine initiates signaling that slows gastric motility and secretion which allows adequate time for digestion and absorption in the duodenum.

Figure 15-24

(CCK, Secretin)

Between meals: MMCs

VomitingVARIOUS CAUSES:antibiotics, Analgesicsnarcotics, cancer chemotherapy, mechanical obstruction, radiation injury, gastroparesis, functional bowel disorders, intraperitoneal inflammation, increased intracranial pressure, Emotional responses, psychiatric conditions, tumors, bayrinthine disorders, pregnancy, uremica, diabetic ketoacidosis, viral or bacterial gastroenteritis

Summary: Digestion of a Meal in the Stomach

• Bolus

• Large Particles

• Triglycerides

• Protein

• Starch

• Monosaccharides

• Disaccharides

• Salivary Secretions

• Water and Ions

• Small Particles (<2 mm)• Emulsion• Triglyceride + small amount of

2-monosaccharides and free fatty acids.

• Protein + small amount of peptides and amino acids.

• Starch + 20% oligosaccharides• Monosaccharides• Disaccharides• Water, ions, low pH

Entry Departure