fundamental constants and electroweak phenomenology...

Fundamental constants and electroweak phenomenology from

the lattice

Lecture II: quark masses

Shoji Hashimoto (KEK)

@ INT summer school 2007,

Seattle, August 2007.

II. Quark masses

Aug 16, 2007S Hashimoto (KEK)2

1. How to definePole mass; running mass

2. Heavy quark masses: continuum extractionQuarkonium sum rulesB meson semileptonic decays

3. Lattice calculation: basic strategyInput choices for heavy and light quarks

4. Lattice calculation: case study for heavy quark massesPerturbative and non-perturbative matchingsBottom and charm quarks

II. Quark masses1. How to define

Aug 16, 2007S Hashimoto (KEK)3

Measuring the particle mass

Aug 16, 2007S Hashimoto (KEK)4

In QED (electron mass)Measure the drift of the particle in electric/magnetic fields → e/m

Together with the measurement of e (the coupling constant), the mass m is obtained.

][ BvEevm ×+=

J. J. Thomson (1897)

R. Millikan (1913)

In QCD, quarks are confined…

Aug 16, 2007S Hashimoto (KEK)5

No direct way to measure its mass alone.You may consider a perturbative process like e+e−→hadrons. But the light quark mass is negligible, thus no sensitivity.

Even for heavy quarks, sensitivity is lost in the region where PT can safely be used.

e+

e-

No way to measure? See Sec 2. Let us consider its definitions first.

Quark mass in perturbation theory

Aug 16, 2007S Hashimoto (KEK)6

Appears in the QCD lagrangian

Can be renormalized perturbatively

The pole of the dressed propagator gives a definition of quark mass (pole mass)

Infrared finiteGauge independentRenormalization scale independent

∑ −−/=q

aqQCD GqmDiqL 2)(

41)( μν

)()(

pmpipSΣ+−/

=

Kronfeld, PRD58, 051501 (1998)

0|),( 22 =Σ−−/ = polemppolepole mpmp

Pole mass

Aug 16, 2007S Hashimoto (KEK)7

Well-defined perturbatively, but should not exist non-perturbatively.If it exists, quarks must appear as asymptotic states.

The pole of the propagator implies a branch cut in scattering amplitudes. Optical theorem relates it to the asymptotic state.

)(21 2222 mpi

imp−→

+−δπ

ε

0|),( 22 =Σ−−/ = polemppolepole mpmp

Another mass definition

Aug 16, 2007S Hashimoto (KEK)8

Consider the quark self-energy (at one-loop)

Renormalize by simply chop off the divergent term

which gives the definition of the MSbar mass.This mass must depend on μ to make the physical amplitude independent on μ; thus the “running” quark mass m(μ).Relation to the pole mass is easily obtained:

⎪⎭

⎪⎬⎫

⎪⎩

⎪⎨⎧

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−−−

−−+=Σ 2

2

2

2

2

2

2

22

1 1ln4121ln

23

253

2),(

mp

pm

pmpmCmp s

F μεπα

)],(1[)],(1[

)()(

1

2

mpmpmpi

pmpipS

Σ+−/

Σ+=

Σ+−/=

)4(ln2111 γπ

εε++=

⎭⎬⎫

⎩⎨⎧

+⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛++= ...ln

341)( 2

2

mmm s

poleμ

παμ

Running quark mass

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Like the coupling constant, the quark mass runs.

An integration constant is introduced: renormalization group invariant mass

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡+

ΛΛ

−Λ

= ...)/ln()]/ln[ln(21

)/ln(4)( 22

22

20

122

0 μμ

ββ

μβπμα s

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−−= ∫

ss

smss

s dmm')'(

)'('exp)]([ˆ)(0

1)(

0

/ 01

αβγ

αβαγαμαμ

μαβγ

m̂

)(

);(

22

22

sm

ss

m αγμ

μ

αβμαμ

−=∂∂

=∂∂

Plots fromALPHA, NPB544,669(1999)

Problem of the pole mass

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Perturbative series is divergent:

In fact, the coefficient diverges as β0n!, if one sums up a leading log diagrams (large β0 limit)

Summation of the divergent series has an ambiguity of order

called a renormalon ambiguity, which leads to an O(ΛQCD) ambiguity of the pole mass.

...)7.07.266.190()0.14.13(341

)(2

32

++−⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛+−⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛++= ff

sf

sspole NNNmm

mπα

πα

πα

!)(~)]/ln()([)(~ 022

02

2

2

nkkfkdk n

sn

s αβμμαβ∫

μμαβQCD

s

Λ⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡~

)(1exp

0

Aug 16, 2007S Hashimoto (KEK)11

Pole mass cannot be determined beyond the O(ΛQCD) level; consistent with the quark confinement.

One must use some perturbative definition to quote the quark mass.

MSbar is a preferred choice.Other definitions are also used, especially in the analysis of quarkonium. Conversion is possible (no dangerous ambiguity).

II. Quark masses2. Heavy quark masses (continuum)

Aug 16, 2007S Hashimoto (KEK)12

Heavy quark mass (mainly bottom)

Aug 16, 2007S Hashimoto (KEK)13

Use the pair production e+e−→bbOnly the resonance region is sensitive to the quark mass; but at the same time non-perturbative.

αs~v: must be resummed.

ns

v⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛α~

Smearing

Aug 16, 2007S Hashimoto (KEK)14

Consider a smeared R ratio:

instead of ImΠ(s).Imaginary momentum flows into the loop; can avoid the threshold singularity, which leads to the (αs/v)n resumation.Δ must be larger than ΛQCD in order to avoid non-perturbative physics.

)()()()(Im −+−+

−+

→→

=∝Πμμσ

σee

qqeesRs

[ ])()(21

'1

'1)'('

21

)'()'('),(

0

0 22

Δ−Π−Δ+Π=

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

Δ−−−

Δ+−=

Δ+−Δ

≡Δ

∫

∫∞

∞

isisi

ississsRds

i

sssRdssR

π

π

Poggio, Quinn, Weinberg, PRD13, 1958 (1976)

Quark-hadron duality

Sum rule

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Use the analytic propertiesVacuum polarization

Optical theorem

Moments

LHS: perturbatively calculable using OPE for sufficiently small n.RHS: use experimental inputs R(s)~ImΠ(s); integral naturally smeared over large range of s, if n not too large.Continuum more suppressed for larger n; more sensitivity to mb.

0)0()(T0)()( 422νμνμμν VxVexdiqqqgq iqx∫−=Π−

szsdsz

s −Π

=Π ∫∞ )(Im1)(0

π

∫∞

+=

Π=⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ Π

0

10

)(Im1)(!

1

sn

zn s

sdsdz

zdn π

B meson semileptonic decays

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From inclusive semileptonic B meson decays B→Xclν, mb(and mc) can be determined together with |Vcb|.

Use the heavy quark expansion; smearing corresponds to the integral over final states.Measurements of hadronic mass (Xc) and lepton energy (l) moments.Detailed discussion will be given in Part IV.

BaBar, PRL93, 011803 (2004)

b quark mass

Aug 16, 2007S Hashimoto (KEK)17

Compilation of many results are found in the PDG review; an average

excluding lattice.

Can lattice calculation compete with this? How?

hep-ph/0412158

GeV07.020.4)( ±=bb mm

Red circles: sum rule; Green triangle: Υ 1S;Purple triangle: semileptonic; Blue squares: lattice

II. Quark masses3. Lattice calculation: basic strategy

Aug 16, 2007S Hashimoto (KEK)18

Inputs

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In general, lattice QCD simulation requires inputs forLattice scale 1/a ⇒ determines αs(1/a)

Inputs discussed in Part I.Quark masses for each flavor

up and down quarks mud (often assumed to be degenerate)from pseudo-scalar meson mass mπ, good sensitivity because mπ

2~mud.Strange quark ms

from mK, for the same reason.Charm quark mc

either from D (heavy-light) or J/ψ (heavy-heavy) massBottom quark mb

either from B (heavy-light) or Υ (heavy-heavy) mass

Up, down, strange

Aug 16, 2007S Hashimoto (KEK)20

Gell-Mann-Oakes-Renner (GMOR) relation (1968)

At the leading order in mq

The slope yields

Lattice calculation gives B0, then mq is obtained with an input of the experimental value of mπ or mK.mq is in the lattice regularization; need a matching to obtain the MSbar value.

22

22

)(

)(

KKsu

du

mfqqmm

mfqqmm

−≅+

−≅+ ππ

20πfqq

B−

=

JLQCD (2006)Dynamical overlap

Beyond LO, much more complicated;

see Lecture III.

Charm and bottom

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Heavy-light (D, B)

EQq denotes a binding energy.Simply calculate the meson mass; tune mQ until mHreproduces the experimental value. Calculate EQq, whose mQdependence is subleading. Then, mH-EQq gives mQ. (Heavy Quark Symmetry)

Heavy-heavy (J/ψ, Υ)

EQQ denotes a binding energy.Binding energy crucially depends on mQ.

qQQH Emm += QQQQH Emmm ++=

Conversion

Aug 16, 2007S Hashimoto (KEK)22

Once the bare quark mass is fixed on the lattice, it must be converted to the continuum definition, because the pole mass is not adequate.

Just like the conversion of the coupling constant.May use the perturbation theory (Use the renormalized coupling!). But, in most cases, known only at the one-loop level. (Exceptions are HQET, Asqtad, stochastic PT(?).)

Non-perturbative renormalization is desirable.

convert:mMS(μ)=Zm(μa)mlat(a-1)

)(...]05.21[)( 11 −− ++== amam lats

MS αμEx). O(a)-improved Wilson fermion

II. Quark masses4. Case study: heavy quark mass

Aug 16, 2007S Hashimoto (KEK)23

Heavy quark on the lattice

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Additional complication for heavy quarks:Compton wave length ~1/mQ is comparable to or shorter than the lattice spacing.But, such a short distance scale is irrelevant to the bound state dynamics.

Construction of effective theoriesHQET: the leading order in 1/mQ expansion.

Used for heavy-light.Higher orders may be included as operator insertions, or in the Lagrangian as in NRQCD.

NRQCD: expansion in v~αs. Used for heavy-heavy.

heavy-light

heavy-heavy

Dedicated lectures by Kronfeld

Heavy Quark Effective Theory (HQET)

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Write the momentum of heavy quark as p=mQv+k

v : four-velocity of the heavy quark. k: residual momentum

Heavy quark mass limit:propagator

Lagrangian

Heavy quark mass drops out from the dynamics = Heavy Quark Symmetry

2 2 2

1 12 2

Q Q Q

Q Q

p m m v m k vi i ip m i m v k k i v k iε ε ε

/+ + +/ +/ /= →− + ⋅ + + ⋅ +

)()(;)( xQexQQDivQL vxvim

vvQQ ⋅−=⋅=

Georgi (1990), Eichten-Hill (1990)

Isgur-Wise (1989)

HQET on the lattice

Aug 16, 2007S Hashimoto (KEK)26

Discretize the HQET lagrangianAssuming vμ=(1,0): rest frame of the heavy quark

Heavy quark propagator becomes a static color source. Heavy-light meson mass:Calculate EQq, then, mH-EQq gives mQ up to ΛQCD/mQ corrections.

)4̂()]4̂(1)[( 4 −−−= ++∑ xQxUxQSx

Q

qQQH Emm +=

Conversion at two-loop

Aug 16, 2007S Hashimoto (KEK)27

Conversion to the MSbar scheme done to two-loop (static theory is simple!)

Two-loop essential for stable (and thus precise) determination of mb.Now, known to three-loop (Di Renzo-Scorzato, JHEP 02(2001)020)

Martinelli-Sachrajda, NPB559, 429 (1999).

[ ]...)()3.1)ln(7.3()(117.2

...)(66.11)(341)(

2

2

+−++−×

⎥⎥⎦

⎤

⎢⎢⎣

⎡+⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛−−=

bsbbsqbB

bsbsbb

mammEM

mmmm

αα

πα

πα

Pole ← Lattice

Continuum ← Pole

Limitation of effective theory

Aug 16, 2007S Hashimoto (KEK)28

Obviously, HQET (at LO) ignores the 1/mQeffects.

Higher order terms can be included. The leading corrections:

The coefficients of terms are constrained by the Lorentz invariance, thus giving 1/2mQ. But, in the quantum theory they are renormalized differently, since the Lorentz invariance is violated by the choice of the reference frame vμ.

The coefficients (Zm and cB) must be calculated (non-)perturbatively.The same complication arises at every order of the expansion.

QQ mB

mDH

22

2 ⋅−−=σ

)(2)(2

2

QmB

Qm mZBc

mZDH ⋅

−−=σ

State-of-the-art

Aug 16, 2007S Hashimoto (KEK)29

1/mQ terms renormalized non-perturbatively.This is non-trivial, because it requires a non-perturbative input. The matching was done on a fine lattice against the usual relativistic fermion in the region (mQa<<1). The lattice is necessarily small there. Then match onto coarser lattices using the step scaling technique. ⇒ Lectures by Sint

Della Morte, Garron, Papinutto, Sommer, JHEP 0701, 007 (2007).

State-of-the-art

Aug 16, 2007S Hashimoto (KEK)30

matching to MSbar done non-perturbatively.The result in the quenched theory.

Compared to the earlier result, 4.41(5)(10) GeV, by Martinelli-Sachrajda in the heavy quark limit (pert matching).PDG value 4.20(7) GeV

( ) [4.35(5) 0.05(3)] GeVb bm m = −HQET 1/mb

Aug 16, 2007S Hashimoto (KEK)31

Della Morte et al. (2007)

Charm quark

Aug 16, 2007S Hashimoto (KEK)32

HQET is of little use. Use the conventional lattice fermion with aas small as possible to avoid the (amc)2 error. Extrapolation in a will be essential.Non-perturbative matching of quark mass is available for the O(a)-improved Wilson fermion. Again obtained with the step scaling technique.Quenched calculation (Rolf-Sint, 2002) gave

PDG value 1.25(9) GeV

Rolf-Sint, JHEP 0212, 007 (2002)

GeV)3(30.1)( =cc mm

Aug 16, 2007S Hashimoto (KEK)33

Will become competitive if done with dynamical quarks!