full reort of cloud servere energy meter
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 OVERVIEW
The present system of energy metering as well as billing in India which uses
electromechanical and somewhere digital energy meter is using and it consumes
more time and labour. The conventional electromechanical meters are being
replaced by new electronic meters to improve accuracy in meter reading. Still, the
Indian power sector faces a serious problem of revenue collection for the actual
electric energy supplied owing to energy thefts and network losses. One of the
prime reasons is the traditional billing system which is inaccurate many times,
slow, costly, and lack in flexibility as well as reliability.
Meters in the past and today in a few countries, were electromechanical
devices with poor accuracy and lack of configurability. Theft detection was also a
challenge. ecent developments in this direction seem to provide opportunities in
implementing energy efficient metering technologies that are more precise,
accurate, error free, etc.
! "nergy Meter enables power utilities to collect electricity bills from the
consumers prior to its consumption. The energy meter is not only limited to
!utomated Meter eading but is also attributed with transmitting the consumed
bill to costumer and information exchange with the utilities pertaining to
customer#s consumption details. ! paper suggests a design of a system which can
be used for data transmission between the personal computer through packet data.
!nother paper suggests making use of state of art technologies like $iM!% in"nergy Meter owing to the idea of centrali&ed accounting, monitoring and
charging. alternative for the electromechanical system has been proposed and
developed with the 'eripheral Interface (ontroller )!*+ and necessary software.
ue to the low cost of microcontrollers, !* family .In this paper, we have
proposed a microcontroller based single phase digital "nergy Meter reading using
-SM Microcontrollers from the !tmel !* family because of its performance,
power efficiency and design flexibility and an "nergy Meter I(.
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1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The obective of the cloud server energy meter reading is to make updating of
power consumption data in domestic and industrial sector and to reduce the man
power for billing system.
1.3 EXISTING AND PROPOSED SYSTEM
1.3.1 EXISTING SYSTEM
!t present the calculation of power consumption is done by manual reading.
/ere more man power is re0uired and user cannot get regular data of power
consumption.
"lectricity is a commodity re0uired to run most of the home appliances.
"lectricity cannot be seen hence a consumer has no idea about the amount of
energy consumed until /e1She receives a monthly electricity bill.
In some areas prepaid energy meters are developed which is more flexible
for)electricity board+but not useful for users.
1.3.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM
/ere we connect energy meter to microcontroller load should be off first.
$hen we enter the 2 digit password the 2 digit password read by the
microcontroller and cross check with the password in the program. If the
password is matched, the microcontroller generates active high signal to the relay
which inturns activate relay and load gets O3.
$hen load is O3 some amount of power is consumed which read by
microcontroller unit through energy meter. where energy meter rotates the discum
and counts for every ten units microcontroller generates one T(' stack of power
consumption.
$hen energy meter rotates 45 units active high signal is given to the
microcontroller and microcontroller counts the no of units.
The data from microcontroller is given to -SM1-'S modem via serial
communication and the data is sent to server and also to mobile by 6!T6
commands.
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7ig.4.4 -eneral 8lock iagram
7ig.4.9 (ustomer Side
1.4 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
3ow a days consumption of electricity has played a vital role in our daily life.
knowing the consumption energy by every time interval is the most important. To
develop the idea of updated data of energy consumption stored in cloud server.
the energy meter, loads with relay, -SM modem and keypad is interfaced with
!* !TM"-! :;4; microcontroller.
The energy meter reading is interfaced with source voltage )9
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pulse reader made by I pair sensors the I transmitter is interfaced with energy
meter and photodiode is interfaced with port !)'!5+.
$henever loads are O3 the energy meter discum revolves and when one
rotation is completed I transmitter stop the I rays to transmit. $hen photo
diode doesn#t recives I rays, it sends active low signal to '!5.$hen
microcontroller reads active low signal from '!5 and the pulse increment by /ere
one pulse is e0ual to 9 =3ITS. !nd the price is incremented by ; times of units.
$hen 45 pulses are generated, the -SM modem get enable and send a message to
a particular number through >!T (OMM!3S?. The -SM modem is interfaced
with serial port of '5@'4. ! serial communication is established between-SM and microcontroller. The microcontroller send a packet data through -SM
modem using >!T(OMM!3S?.
1.5 LITERATURE SURVEY
!t the present time some works on "nergy Information -ateway for /ome
have been done. In A4B author suggested a '( based energy monitoring tool. It is
currently supporting a set of specific smart meters. =ser needs to open an account
which will be configured in the smart meter. The meter can send energy
consumption data to the server at periodic intervals. =ser needs to login into
his1her account using a '( based browser. The main drawback of such a solution
is its very tight coupling with the utility provider and its dependency on the home
'(. The home '( is convenient for nonCtech savvy people and it also consumes
high energy if kept on all the time. In A9B authors suggested a residential gateway
controller for home energy management system )/"MS+. It is integrated on a
small embedded /1$ with Dava, -=ICOS and the latest Internet technologiesE
however it does not use /ome T* as the display medium.The last couple of years
have also witnessed rapid strides being taken in the area of smart metering )Aclosing the eventCtoCaction gap?. Most of these
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solutions tend to use personal computer or other highCcost devices for processing
and viewing energy data. In other words, these solutions are more focused towards
the developed countries and have often not kept the cost aspect in mind. The main
valueCadd of the proposed solution comes from its lowCcost. (ompared to similar
solutions that need a 'ersonal (omputer, the proposed system uses a lowcost)less
than 455 =S+ Set top 8ox )A:B, AHB+ that in addition to providing the standard
infotainment services, can also provide the "nergyCrelated services. eCuse of T*
as a display devices provides the following benefits
a+
'rovides a bigger screen realCestate compared to the small J( screens of
Smart Meters, thereby making it possible to show more useful information to the
endCuser. b+ "liminates the need for a separate display monitor, thereby reducing the cost
c+
'rovides information and alerts to the endCuser even when they are watching.
T* programs.
d+ =ses userCfriendly InfraCred remote based interfaces that are suitable for nonC
techCsavvy.
users. The other valueCadd of the proposed solution is its low power consumption
)K
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• 'hotodiode is a light sensitive semiCconductor diode which converts the light
energy into voltage or current based on the mode of operation. In general
'hotodiodes are operated in reverse bias condition.
• M!%9
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CHAPTER 2
TECHNOLOGY
2.1 GSM
2.1.1 GSM OVERVIEW
-lobal System for Mobile (ommunications )-SM+ is a standard developed
by the "uropean Telecommunications Standards Institute)"TSI+ to describe
protocols for second generation)9-+ digital cellular networks use by mobile
phones. It is the default global standard for mobile communication with over H5L
global market and is available in over 94H countries and territories. This ubi0uity
means that subscribers can use their phones throughout the world, enabled
by international roaming arrangements between mobile network operators.
-SM differs from its predecessor technologies in that both signaling and speech
channels are digital. This also facilitates the wideCspread implementation of data
communication applications into the system. The -SM standard has been an
advantage to both consumers, who may benefit from the ability to roam and
switch carriers without replacing phones, and also to network operators, who can
choose e0uipment from many -SM e0uipment vendors. -SM also pioneered
lowCcost implementation of the short message service )SMS+, also called text
messaging, which has since been supported on other mobile phone standards as
well.
2.1.2 GSM SPECIFICATIONS
F-#)/0 H55 M/& or 4:55 M/& )Some countries in the !mericas including
(anada and the =nited States use the :;5 M/& and 4H55 M/& bands, 255
and 2;5 M/& fre0uency bands are assigned in some countries, notably
Scandinavia+
M,(+%,) Modulation is a form of change process where we change the
input information into a suitable format for the transmission medium. $e also
changed the information by demodulating the signal at the receiving end. The
-SM uses -aussian Minimum Shift eying )-MS+ modulation method.
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A//#$$ M#+",$ 8ecause radio spectrum is a limited resource shared by all
users, a method must be devised to divide up the bandwidth among as many
users as possible.-SM chose a combination of TM!17M! as its method. The
7M! part involves the division by fre0uency of the total 9; M/& bandwidth
into 492 carrier fre0uencies of 955 k/& bandwidth. One or more carrier
fre0uencies are then assigned to each 8S. "ach of these carrier fre0uencies
is then divided in time, using a TM! scheme, into eight time slots. One
time slot is used for transmission by the mobile and one for reception.
They are separated in time so that the mobile unit does not receive and
transmit at the same time.
T&()$%$$%,) R(+# The total symbol rate for -SM at 4 bit per symbol in -MS
produces9G5.:
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difference between them is that a dialCup modem sends and receives data through
a fixed telephone line while a wireless modem sends and receives data through
radio waves.
! -SM modem can be an external device or a '( (ard 1 '(M(I!
(ard. Typically, an external -SM modem is connected to a computer
through a serial cable or a =S8 cable. ! -SM modem in the form of a
'( (ard 1 '(M(I! (ard is designed for use with a laptop computer. It
should be inserted into one of the '( (ard 1 '(M(I! (ard slots of a laptop
computer. Jike a -SM mobile phone, a -SM modem re0uires a SIM card
from a wireless carrier in order to operate. 8oth -SM modems and dialCupmodems support a common set of standard !T commands. Nou can use a -SM
modem ust like a dialCup modem.
7ig.9.4 -SM modem
2.1.4 ARCHITECTURE OF THE GSM NETWOR7
In a -SM network, the user terminal is called a mobile station. ! mobile
station is made up of a SIM )Subscriber Identity Module+ card allowing the user to
be uni0uely identified and a mobile terminal.
The terminals )devices+ are identified by a uni0ue 4;Cdigit identification
number called IM"I )International Mobile "0uipment Identity+. "ach SIM card
also has a uni0ue )and secret+ identification number called IMSI )International
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Mobile Subscriber Identity+. This code can be protected using a 2Cdigit key called
a 'I3 code.
The SIM card therefore allows each user to be identified independently of the
terminal used during communication with a base station. (ommunications occur
through a radio link )air interface+ between a mobile station and a base station.
7ig.9.9 -SM !rchitecture
!ll the base stations of a cellular network are connected to a base station
controller )8S(+ which is responsible for managing distribution of the resources.
The system consisting of the base station controller and its connected base stations
is called the 8ase Station Subsystem )8SS+.7inally, the base station controllers are
themselves physically connected to the Mobile Switching (entre )MS(+, managed
by the telephone network operator, which connects them to the public telephone
network and the Internet. The MS( belongs to a 3etwork Station
Subsystem )3SS+, which is responsible for managing user identities, their location
and establishment of communications with other subscribers. The MS( is
generally connected to databases that provide additional functions
The /ome Jocation egister )/J+ is a database containing information
)geographic position, administrative information etc.+ of the subscribers
registered in the area of the switch )MS(+.
The *isitor Jocation egister )*J+ is a database containing information of users other than the local subscribers. The *J retrieves the data of a new
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user from the /J of the userPs subscriber &one. The data is maintained as
long as the user is in the &one and is deleted when the user leaves or after a
long period of inactivity )terminal off+.
The "0uipment Identify egister )"I+ is a database listing the mobile
terminals.
The !uthentication (entre )!=(+ is responsible for verifying user identities.
The cellular network formed in this way is designed to support mobility via
management of handovers )movements from one cell to another+.
2.1.5 INTRODUCTION TO AT COMMANDS
!T commands are instructions used to control a modem. !T is the abbreviation
of !ttention. "very command line starts with 6!T6 or 6at6. ThatPs the reason,
modem commands are called !T commands. Many of the commands that are used
to control wired dialCup modems.
(OMM!3S "S(I'TIO3
!1 eCIssue Jast !T (ommand
!T! !nswer Incoming (all
!T/ isconnect "xisting (onnection
!TQ(M- elete SMS Message
!TQ(M-7 Select Message 7ormat
!TQ(M-J Jist of SMS Message
!TQ(M- ead the SMS Message
!TQ(M-S Send SMS Message
!TQ(3MI /ow Modem $ill esponse $hen ! SMS is ecieved
!TQ('I3R To (heck SIM is eady
!TQ("-R 3etwork egister
Tabel.9.4 !T (ommands
2.2 GPRS
2.2.1 GPRS OVERVIEW
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-'S stands for -eneral 'acket adio System. -'S provides packet radio
access for mobile -lobal System for Mobile (ommunications )-SM+ and timeC
division multiple access )TM!+ users.
-'S is important as a migration step toward thirdCgeneration )
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7ollowing two new components, called -'S support nodes )-S3s+, are added
G(+#8(0 GPRS S,&+ N,# 9GGSN:The -ateway -'S Support 3ode acts
as an interface and a router to external networks. The --S3 contains routing
information for -'S mobiles which is used to tunnel packets through the I'
based internal backbone to the correct Serving -'S Support 3ode. The --S3
also collects charging information connected to the use of the external data
networks and can act as a packet filter for incoming traffic.
S#&;%)' GPRS S,&+ N,# 9SGSN:The Serving -'S Support 3ode is
responsible for authentication of -'S mobiles, registration of mobiles in thenetwork, mobility management, and collecting information for charging for the
use of the air interface.
I)+#&)( B(/
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7ig.9.2 -'S 'rotocol Stack
One of the most important things to note here is that the application
communicates via standard I', which is carried through the -'S network and
out through the gateway -'S looks like a normal I' subCnetwork to users both
inside and outside the network.
!lso notice that packets travelling between the --S3 and the S-S3 use the
-'S tunneling protocol, so the internal backbone network does not have to deal
with I' addresses outside the -'S network. This -T' is run over =' and I'
8etween the S-S3 and the MS a combination of Sub 3etwork ependent
(onvergence 'rotocol and Jogical Jink (ontrol is used. S3(' compresses data
to minimi&e the load on the radio channel. The JJ( provides a safe logical link by
encrypting packets. The same JJ( link is used as long as a mobile is under a
single S-S3.
$hen the mobile moves to a routing area that lies under a different S-S3, the
JJ( link is removed and a new link is established with the new Serving -S3
%.9;. Services are provided by running %.9; on top of T('1I' in the internal
backbone.
2.3 CLOUD BASED WEB SERVER
2.3.1 CLOUD
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(loud computing is internetCbased computing in which large groups of
remote servers are networked to allow sharing of dataCprocessing tasks,
centrali&ed data storage, and online access to computer services or resources.
(louds can be classified as public, private or hybrid.
7ig.9.; (loud (omputing
(loud computing relies on sharing of resources to achieve coherence and
economies of scale, similar to a utility )like the electricity grid+ over a network.A4B
!t the foundation of cloud computing is the broader concept of converged
infrastructure and shared services.
2.3.1.1 SERVICE MODELS
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_cloudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_cloudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_cloud
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7ig.9.F Service Model
INFRASTRUCTURE AS A SERVICE 9IAAS:In the most basic cloudCservice
model @ according to the I"T7 )Internet "ngineering Task 7orce+, providers of
IaaS offer computers physical or )more often+ virtual machines and other
resources. IaaS clouds often offer additional resources such as a virtualC
machine disk image library, raw block storage, and file or obect storage,
firewalls, load balancers, I' addresses, virtual local area networks )*J!3s+, and
software bundles. IaaSCcloud providers supply these resources onCdemand from
their large pools installed in data centers. 7or wideCarea connectivity, customers
can use either the Internet or carrier clouds)dedicated virtual private networks+.
PLATFORM AS A SERVICE 9PAAS:In the 'aaS models, cloud providers
deliver a computing platform, typically including operating system, programming
language execution environment, database, and web server. !pplication
developers can develop and run their software solutions on a cloud platform
without the cost and complexity of buying and managing the underlying hardware
and software layers. $ith some 'aaS offers like Microsoft !&ure and -oogle !pp
"ngine, the underlying computer and storage resources scale automatically to
match application demand so that the cloud user does not have to allocate
resources manually. The latter has also been proposed by an architecture aiming to
facilitate realCtime in cloud environments.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VLANhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_centershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_cloudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_cloudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_cloudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_platformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Azurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Azurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_App_Enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_App_Enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_App_Enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VLANhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_centershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_cloudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_platformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Azurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_App_Enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_App_Engine
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SOFTWARE AS A SERVICE 9SAAS:In the business model using software as a
service )SaaS+, users are provided access to application software and databases.
(loud providers manage the infrastructure and platforms that run the applications.
SaaS is sometimes referred to as 6onCdemand software6 and is usually priced on a
payCperCuse basis. SaaS providers generally price applications using a subscription
fee.
2.3.2 W#= S#&;#&
The term web server, also written as $eb server, can refer to either
the hardware )the computer+ or the software )the computer application+ that helps
to deliver web content that can be accessed through the Internet.
The most common use of web servers is to host websites, but there are other
uses such as gaming, data storage, running enterprise applications,
handling email, 7T', or other web uses
2.3.2.1 OVERVIEW
The primary function of a web server is to store, process and deliver web
pages to clients. The communication between client and server takes place using
the /ypertext Transfer 'rotocol )/TT'+. 'ages delivered are most fre0uently
/TMJ documents, which may include images, style sheets and scripts in addition
to text content.
! user agent, commonly a web browser or web crawler, initiates
communication by making a re0uest for a specific resource using /TT' and the
server responds with the content of that resource or an error message if unable to
do so. The resource is typically a real file on the serverPs secondary storage, but
this is not necessarily the case and depends on how the web server is
implemented.
$hile the primary function is to serve content, a full implementation of /TT'
also includes ways of receiving content from clients. This feature is used for
submitting web forms, including uploading of files.Many generic web servers also
support serverCside scripting using !ctive Server 'ages )!S'+, '/', or other
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_contenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Websitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Websitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_gamehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_contenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Websitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_gamehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTP
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scripting languages. This means that the behaviour of the web server can be
scripted in separate files, while the actual server software remains unchanged.
=sually, this function is used to create /TMJ documents dynamically )6onCtheC
fly6+ as opposed to returning static documents. The former is primarily used for
retrieving and1or modifying information from databases. The latter is typically
much faster and more easily cached but cannot deliver dynamic content.
$eb servers are not always used for serving the $orld $ide $eb. They can also
be found embedded in devices such as printers, routers, webcams and serving only
a local network. The web server may then be used as a part of a system for
monitoring and1or administering the device in 0uestion. This usually means that
no additional software has to be installed on the client computer, since only a web
browser is re0uired )which now is included with most operating systems+.
2.3.2.2 COMMON FEATURES
• *irtual hosting to serve many web sites using one I' address
• Jarge file support to be able to serve files whose si&e is greater than 9 -8 on
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3.1.1 FEATURES
/ighCperformance, JowCpower !* :Cbit Microcontroller
IS( !rchitecture
• 4
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3.1.2 OVERVIEW
The !Tmega:;4; is a lowCpower (MOS :Cbit microcontroller based on the
!* enhanced IS( architecture. 8y executing powerful instructions in a single
clock cycle, the !Tmega:;4; achieves throughputs approaching 4 MI'S per M/&
allowing the system designer to optimi&e power consumption versus processing
speed.
3.1.3 PIN OUT OF ATMEGA >515
7ig.
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7ig.
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GND -round.
P,&+ A 9PA!? PA@: 'ort ! is an :Cbit biCdirectional I1O port with internal
pullCup resistors )selected for each bit+. The 'ort ! output buffers have
symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. $hen
pins '!5 to '!G are used as inputs and are externally pulled low, they will source
current if the internal pullCup resistors are activated. The 'ort ! pins are triCstated
when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
'ort ! also serves the functions of various special features of the !Tmega:;4;.
P,&+ B 9PB! ? PB@: 'ort 8 is an :Cbit biCdirectional I1O port with internal pullCup
resistors )selected for each bit+. The 'ort 8 output buffers have symmetrical drive
characteristics with both high sink and source capability. !s inputs, 'ort 8 pins
that are externally pulled low will source current if the pullCup resistors are
activated. The 'ort 8 pins are triCstated when a reset condition becomes active,
even if the clock is not running.
'ort 8 also serves the functions of various special features of the !Tmega:;4;
P,&+ C 9PC! ? PC@: 'ort ( is an :Cbit biCdirectional I1O port with internal pullCup
resistors )selected for each bit+. The 'ort ( output buffers have symmetrical drive
characteristics with both high sink and source capability. !s inputs, 'ort ( pins
that are externally pulled low will source current if the pullCup resistors are
activated. The 'ort ( pins are triCstated when a reset condition becomes active,
even if the clock is not running.
P,&+ D 9PD!..PD@: 'ort is an :Cbit biCdirectional I1O port with internal pullCup
resistors )selected for each bit+. The 'ort output buffers have symmetrical drive
characteristics with both high sink and source capability. !s inputs, 'ort pins
that are externally pulled low will source current if the pullCup resistors are
activated. The 'ort pins are triCstated when a reset condition becomes active,
even if the clock is not running.'ort also serves the functions of various special
features of the !Tmega:;4;.
P,&+ E 9PE2 ? PE@: 'ort " is an
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RESET eset input. ! low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse
length will generate a reset, even if the clock is not running. The minimum pulse
length is given in Table. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a reset.
XTAL1 Input to the inverting Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock
operating circuit.
XTAL2 Output from the inverting Oscillator amplifier.
3.1.6 AVR ARCHITECTURE
This section discusses the !* core architecture in general. The main function
of the ('= core is to ensure correct program execution. The ('= must therefore
be able to access memories, perform calculations, control peripherals, and handle
interrupts.
7ig.
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This section describes the different memories in the !Tmega:;4;. The !*
architecture has two main memory spaces, the ata Memory and the 'rogram
memory space. In addition, the !Tmega:;4; features an ""'OM Memory for
data storage. !ll three memory spaces are linear and regular.
IN?SYSTEM REPROGRAMMABLE FLASH PROGRAM MEMORY
The !Tmega:;4; contains : bytes OnCchip InCSystem eprogrammable
7lash memory for program storage. Since all !* instructions are 4F or
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7ig.
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3.1.> USART
The =niversal Synchronous and !synchronous serial eceiver and Transmitter
)=S!T+ is a highly flexible serial communication device. The main features are
U 7ull uplex Operation )Independent Serial eceive and Transmit egisters+
U !synchronous or Synchronous Operation
U Master or Slave (locked Synchronous Operation
U /igh esolution 8aud ate -enerator
U Supports Serial 7rames with ;, F, G, :, or H ata 8its and 4 or 9 Stop 8its
U Odd or "ven 'arity -eneration and 'arity (heck Supported by /ardware
U ata Overun etection
U 7raming "rror etection
U 3oise 7iltering Includes 7alse Start 8it etection and igital Jow 'ass 7ilter
U Three Separate Interrupts on T% (omplete, T% ata egister "mpty, and %
(ompleteU MultiCprocessor (ommunication Mode
U ouble Speed !synchronous (ommunication Mode
3.2 ENERGY METER
Single phase induction type energy meter is also popularly known as wattC
hour meter. This name is given to it. This article is only focused about its
constructional features and its working. Induction type energy meter essentially
consists of following components
4. riving system
9. Moving system
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It consists of two electromagnets, called >shunt? magnet and >series? magnet,
of laminated construction. ! coil having large number of turns of fine wire is
wound on the middle limb of the shunt magnet.
This coil is known as >pressure or voltage? coil and is connected across the supply
mains. This voltage coil has many turns and is arranged to be as highly inductive
as possible. In other words, the voltage coil produces a high ratio of inductance to
resistance.
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The time varying )sinusoidal+ fluxes produced by shunt and series magnet
induce eddy currents in the aluminum disc.The interaction between these two
magnetic fields and eddy currents set up a driving tor0ue in the disc.The number
of rotations of the disk is therefore proportional to the energy consumed by the
load in a certain time interval and is commonly measured in kilowattChours
)wh+.
3.2.3 B&(
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7ig.
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radiation, visible to your eyes, but it also emits lots of infrared that you can only
feel in your skin.
3.3.2 IR PAIR
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7ig.
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ow our keypad is ready! all we have to do is connect the rows and
columns to a port of microcontroller and program the controller to
read the input.
3.4.2 SCANNING A MATRIX 7EYPAD
There are many methods depending on how you connect your
keypad with your controller! but the basic logic is same. "e make the
coloums as i#p and we drive the rows making them o#p! this whole
procedure of reading the keyboard is called scanning.
In order to detect which key is pressed from the matri$! we make
row lines low one by one and read the columns. %ets say we rst make
&ow' low! then read the columns. If any of the key in row' is pressed
will make the corresponding column as low i.e. if second key is pressedin &ow'! then column( will give low. So we come to know that key ( of
&ow' is pressed. This is how scanning is done.
So to scan the keypad completely! we need to make rows low one
by one and read the columns. If any of the button is pressed in a row!
it will take the corresponding column to a low state which tells us thata key is pressed in that row. If button ' of a row is pressed then
Column ' will become low! if button ( then column( and so on...
3.4.3 INTERFACING 7EYPAD TO MICROCONTROLLER
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7ig.
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Movable !rmature
Switch point contacts
Spring
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!s soon as the current flow stops through pins 4 and
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C"()'#?,;#& 9CO: D,=#?+"&,8 9DT: C,)+(/+$ This type of contacts are
used to control two types of circuits. They are used to control a 3O contact and
also a 3( contact with a common terminal. !ccording to their type they are called
by the names break before make and make before break contacts.
R#(0$ ( ($, )(# 8%+" #$%')(+%,)$ %
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7ig.
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The control signals are S, 1$ @ "3. S is used to select the internal
registers i.e. ata register @ command register. 1$ is used to set the mode of
J( to read mode or write mode. "3 is used as chip select and is used to push the
data internally to the corresponding registers.
To transfer the data1command in :Cbit mode, the data is written to the :Cbit
data bus after selecting the re0uired register and setting the mode to write mode.
The e signal pin is then given a high to low signal to transfer the data.
To transfer the data1command in 2Cbit mode, the higher nibble is first written
to the MS8 of the data port and the e is given a high to low signal. !fter a little
delay or when the J( is not busy, the lower nibble is transferred in the same
procedure.
3.6.1 PIN DESCRIPTION
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Tabel.
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The M!%9
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P%)
N,F)/+%,) N(#
4
(apacitor connection pins
(apacito
r 4 Q
9 (apacito
r < Q
< (apacito
r 4 C
2 (apacito
r 9 Q
; (apacito
r 9 C
F (apacito
r 2 C
G Output pinE outputs the serially transmitted data atS9
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3.>.2 APPLICATIONS
-eneral purpose switching and amplification.
3.>.3 DESCRIPTION
3'3 transistor in a TOCH9E SOT;2 plastic package.
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INTRODUCTION
The !* Studio 2 is an Integrated evelopment "nvironment for
debugging !* software. The !* Studio allows chip simulation and inCcircuit
emulation for the !* family of microcontrollers. The user interface is specially
designed to be easy to use and to give complete information overview. The !*
uses the same user interface for both simulation and emulation providing a fast
learning curve.
7ig.2.4!* studio $indow
GETTING STARTED
The !* Studio uses a (O7 obect file for simulation. This file is created
with through the ( compiler by selecting (O7 as the output file type. 7or more
information on creating this file, see the ( compiler documentation. Jaunch the!* St udio by either selecting it through the Start Menu or by selecting the
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program icon )if available+. "ither method will produce the I" shown below in
figure 9. Once the I" is running, select 7ile Open through either the 7ile 'ullC
down Menu or by clicking on the 7ile Open 8utton.
7ig.2.9 The !* I"
Select the desired (O7 file for simulation through the 7ile Open window.
3ote this window uses standard $indows navigation. "ither double clicking on
the file or by clicking on the file and then selecting the Open 8utton can open the
file.
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7ig.2.< 7ile Open
DEVICE SELECTION
!fter the source file has been opened, the device and debugging platform
must be specified. $hen doing simulation, select the !* Simulator option and
ensure that the proper !* target device is selected. Once the correct target !*
microcontroller and platform have been selected, click on the 7inish 8utton.
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7ig.2.2 evice and ebug platform
IDE W%),8$
The I" has several windows that provide import ant information to
the user. These windows may be opened automatically by the software or mayneed to be activated by the user. egardless of how the windows are
activated, they can be moved and resi&ed to fit the taste of the user. The main
windows of interest are the $orkspace, Source (ode, Output, and $atch
windows. These can be seen below in figure ;.
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7ig.2.; I" window
OUTPUT WINDOW
The Output window provides feedback to the user. This includes
messages about the microcontroller, obect file, etc.
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7ig.2.F Output $indow
4.2 FLOW CHARTS
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7ig.2.G J( 'rocess flow
Start and initiali&e the J(. Set the cursor position and it displays the units
and pulses values of energy meter on the J(.
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7ig.2.: -SM modem and web server 'rocess flow
!ssign T%4X4 !3 %X5 then initiali&e the modem if pulseX45 and
unitsX95.enable the -SM modem to send a message to the stored number. !s we
login into the web server with a given id and password we can able to see the
details of units, pulses and price.
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7ig.2.H eypad 'rocess flow
!ssign 'OT 8 then initiali&e the keypad. If button is pressed. It displays
enter the password on the J(. It has different loads each load has different
password if password is correct the respective load will be on.
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7ig.2.45 "nergy meter 'rocess flow
!ssign pulseX'!5, initiali&e the energy meter. if load is on it counts pulses
and units and sends the message to the mobile and web server or else it checks for
another condition.
CHAPTER 5
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
cloud server based smart meter reading is implemented with input and
output devices such as energy meter, ac load, I sensor, relay, keypad and
-SM1-'S.
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(I(=IT I!-!M
7ig ;.4 (ircuit diagram
The energy meter reading is interfaced with source voltage )9!T (OMM!3S?. The -SM modem is
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interfaced with serial port of '5@'4. ! serial communication is established
between -SM and microcontroller. The microcontroller send a packet data
through -SM modem using >!T(OMM!3S?.
The two loads are interfaced with microcontroller to the '!4 @ '!9 using
electromagnetic relays. $hen correct password is enter, the controller give active
high signal to relay which makes O3 the relay. /ence (OM is in continuity with
3O and JO! get O3.
CHAPTER !
RESULT ANALYSIS
cloud server based smart meter reading is implemented with input and
output devices such as energy meter, ac load, I sensor, relay, keypad and
-SM1-'S.
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7ig F.4 "nergy system kit
Two ac loads are connected to energy meter and output of energy meter are
given to I transmitter. output of I sensor )from I receiver+ is given to '!5.the
keypad is interfaced with 'OT 8. Two ac loads are connected to '!4@'!9.
-SM modem is given to =!T)45@44+'ins.
7ig F.9 System schematic $hen 'ower Supplies O3
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$hen J( isplay gets on at the Initial Stage. The Title of The 'roect
isplays On the J( it take 2 bit data from microcontroller at a time every
character send in the form of 2 bits say !X24 as per !S(II code system. here 24
means 5455 5554):bits+.initially bits are transferred i.e,5554 then MS8 follows.
when J( receives these data, the J( displays corresponding character of data
as per !S(II code.
7ig F.< System schematic "nter password
when -SM modem gets initiali&ed then it shows to enter the password on to
the J(.
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7ig F.2 System schematic "ntered password on J(
"nter the password from the 2x2 Matrix eypad 49G: which displays on the
J( screen.
7ig F.; System schematic two loads get O3
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If the entered password is correct then the two load gets on it shows on the
J( screen.
7ig F.F System schematic of units and pulse
The controller gives an active high signal to relay which makes O3 the relay.
/ence (OM is in continuity with 3O and JO! get O3 and it generates to read
the pulse.
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7ig F.G "nergy system kit when two loads O3
The power consumption is reading by energy meter. The disc of meter has
made one complete rotation. 7or every rotation of isc, the I T% getting O77
and then Ir diode giving active low )5v+ pulse to controller. !fter counting of 45
pulses )45C5v+, the -SM modem transmitting the same data to stored mobilenumber. The same data is updated in server.
7ig F.: mobile
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The messages sent by -SM modem )SIMH55+ is given to a particular mobile
number which is stored in the controller program. These messages are updated for
every completion of 45 pulses.
7ig.F.H $eb server =ser I and 'assword
The web application is based on '/' .It has two boxes where user Id @
password has to enter
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7ig.F.45 -'S logger password
If user id @ password is authenticated, then -'S logger page is opened
F.44 "nter data and time @ to date to time
"nter from date and time @ to date and time as per the user re0uired date and
time. So that user can able to get the data of particular time.
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4
7ig.F.49evice 3ame !s 'er 'rogram
"nter the device name as per the program. The device names are provided to
the database of webCserver. Then enter the -"T !T!.
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7ig.F.4< ata from starting date to end
It provides all the data from starting date to till end of the date in the web
server until we arrases in the web server.
CHAPTER?!
CONCLUSION FUTURE SCOPE
!.1 CONCLUSION
In this proect we have introduced a novel concept of monitoring the /ome"nergy consumption on Internet web device. It discusses how the existing billing
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system of power consumption is providing paper based services can be extended
to interface to the Smart Meter at /ome and provide realCtime and statistical view
of the web portal screen. The cost, energy consumption and display related
benefits of using such a system are also presented. Then the proect describes the
system and software architecture for implementing such a solution and presents
the application use cases and provides results of the implementation in form of
actual screenCshots as they are displayed on server and mobile. 7inally it outlines
the possible enhancements that can be brought in on top of the existing framework
that will make the solution simple, cost effective and green for the next generation
benefitting both consumers and utility providers.
!.2 F+ S/,#
The power consumption of domestic loads are read by energy meter and
calculated by control. It gives the total consumption of loads. 8ut this can be
develop using SM!T (!S to make it as prepaid energy meter. It can reduce
the usage of man power, paper etc..
It can implement even for water, gas consumption. I will be easier the supply of
gas to domestic, industries, commercial sectors are ust like supply of electricity.
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