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7/29/2019 Fuel Training
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Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel(ULSD)
Fuel Technology
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Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD)Fuel Technology
New U.S. EnvironmentalNew U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA)Protection Agency (EPA)
standards require a majorstandards require a major
reduction in the sulfur contentreduction in the sulfur content
of diesel fuels and emissionof diesel fuels and emission
levels from diesel engines andlevels from diesel engines and
vehicles.vehicles.
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Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD)Fuel Technology
To meet the EPA standards, the To meet the EPA standards, the
petroleum industry ispetroleum industry is
producing ultraproducing ultra--low sulfurlow sulfur
diesel (ULSD) fuel, a cleanerdiesel (ULSD) fuel, a cleaner--
burning diesel fuel containing aburning diesel fuel containing a
maximum of 15 partsmaximum of 15 parts--perper--
million (ppm) sulfur.million (ppm) sulfur.
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Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD)Fuel Technology
After December 1, 2010, fleetsAfter December 1, 2010, fleets
will only be able to get ULSD.will only be able to get ULSD.
Therefore, they are Therefore, they are
considering its use in theirconsidering its use in their
current equipment and arecurrent equipment and are
concerned about theconcerned about the
implications of its use.implications of its use.
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Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD)Fuel Technology
The use of ULSD has two key The use of ULSD has two keybenefits:benefits:
1.1. Engines using ULSD fuelEngines using ULSD fuelburn cleaner, emittingburn cleaner, emitting
lower emissions.lower emissions.
2.2. ULSD fuel enables theULSD fuel enables theuse of advanced emissionuse of advanced emissioncontrol devicescontrol devices(aftertreatment systems)(aftertreatment systems)further lowering harmfulfurther lowering harmfulexhaust emissions.exhaust emissions.
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Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD)Fuel Technology
While ULSD fuel has manyWhile ULSD fuel has many
benefits, there are somebenefits, there are some
challenges associated with itschallenges associated with its
use. In order to fullyuse. In order to fully
understand these challenges,understand these challenges,
we will review the keywe will review the key
attributes of a quality dieselattributes of a quality diesel
fuel and its role in lubricating,fuel and its role in lubricating,
cooling, and providing powercooling, and providing powerand performance to the dieseland performance to the diesel
engine.engine.
We cannot fully appreciate ourWe cannot fully appreciate our
opportunities until we fullyopportunities until we fully
understand the challenges.understand the challenges.
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Content/Objectives
1. Understanding diesel fuel and the fuel system.
2. Understanding Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD) Technology.
3. Understanding Biodiesel fuel and ULSD.
4. Summary.
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Diesel fuel is the key energyDiesel fuel is the key energysource for the diesel engine.source for the diesel engine.
While the correct amount andWhile the correct amount and
timing of diesel fuel injectiontiming of diesel fuel injection
provides efficient power, theprovides efficient power, thefuel itself has several other keyfuel itself has several other key
roles.roles.
Objective 1: Understanding diesel fuel and the fuel system.
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Diesel fuel, made up primarily of Diesel fuel, made up primarily of hydrogen and carbon, andhydrogen and carbon, and
impurities such as sulfur, hasimpurities such as sulfur, has
several different roles whichseveral different roles which
include:include:
–– CoolingCooling
–– LubricatingLubricating
–– CleaningCleaning–– Power sourcePower source
Objective 1: Understanding diesel fuel and the fuel system.
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•• Cooling:Cooling: Fuel that flowsFuel that flows toto thetheinjection pump and circulatesinjection pump and circulatesthroughthrough the pump absorbsthe pump absorbsunwanted heat generated byunwanted heat generated bythe engine and transferred tothe engine and transferred to
the pump.the pump.
•• While the heated fuelWhile the heated fuelcontinues to circulate in thecontinues to circulate in the
system, the heat dissipates: insystem, the heat dissipates: inthis way, the fuel acts like athis way, the fuel acts like acoolant.coolant.
Objective 1: Understanding diesel fuel and the fuel system.
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•• Lubricate:Lubricate: Diesel fuel hasDiesel fuel haslubricating properties andlubricating properties andlubricates the movinglubricates the movingcomponents of both the fuelcomponents of both the fueltransfer pump and the fueltransfer pump and the fuel
injection pump assembly.injection pump assembly.
•• Fuel lubrication is critical toFuel lubrication is critical toreduce unwanted wear in thereduce unwanted wear in the
fuel system components,fuel system components,ensuring long troubleensuring long trouble--free life.free life.
Objective 1: Understanding diesel fuel and the fuel system.
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Objective 1: Understanding diesel fuel and the fuel system.
•• For adequate lubrication, fuelFor adequate lubrication, fuelhas a specifichas a specific viscosityviscosity, or, or
resistance to flow.resistance to flow.
•• If the viscosity gets too lowIf the viscosity gets too low(due to high heat), it may not(due to high heat), it may not
provide adequate lubrication.provide adequate lubrication.
•• If the viscosity gets too high, itIf the viscosity gets too high, it
will not flow as well.will not flow as well.
Oxidation of fuel, a resultOxidation of fuel, a result
of high heat, can increaseof high heat, can increase
viscosity.viscosity.
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•• Cleaning:Cleaning: Diesel fuel picks upDiesel fuel picks up
unwanted contamination in theunwanted contamination in thefuel system, transferring thefuel system, transferring thecontaminant to the fuelcontaminant to the fuelfiltration components, wherefiltration components, where
contaminants are removed.contaminants are removed.
•• By cleaning fuel systemBy cleaning fuel systemcomponents, the fuelcomponents, the fuel
contributes to long troublecontributes to long trouble--freefreelife.life.
Objective 1: Understanding diesel fuel and the fuel system.
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•• Energy Source:Energy Source: Diesel fuel isDiesel fuel is
the primary energy sourcethe primary energy source
(when combined with the correct(when combined with the correct
amounts of air) for the dieselamounts of air) for the diesel
engine.engine.
•• Diesel fuel specifications ensureDiesel fuel specifications ensure
it meets the requirements forit meets the requirements for
providing the correct amount of providing the correct amount of power, regardless of power, regardless of
temperature and operatingtemperature and operating
conditions.conditions.
Objective 1: Understanding diesel fuel and the fuel system.
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There are various grades and There are various grades and
blends of diesel fuels that haveblends of diesel fuels that have
specific uses related tospecific uses related to
temperature and markets.temperature and markets.
Objective 1: Understanding diesel fuel and the fuel system.
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Objective 1: Understanding diesel fuel and the fuel system.
•• Diesel fuel has aDiesel fuel has a cetanecetanenumber which is a measure of number which is a measure of
its ignition quality. It relates toits ignition quality. It relates to
the starting and warmthe starting and warm--upup
characteristics of the fuel.characteristics of the fuel.
•• In cold weather or in serviceIn cold weather or in service
with prolonged low enginewith prolonged low engineload, a higher cetane numberload, a higher cetane number
is desirableis desirable..
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Objective 1: Understanding diesel fuel and the fuel system.
Flash pointFlash point is the lowestis the lowest
temperature at which the fueltemperature at which the fuel
can ignite from vapor.can ignite from vapor.
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Contamination:Contamination:Fuel system contamination is aFuel system contamination is a
fact of life. The most commonfact of life. The most commoncontaminants found in thecontaminants found in the
diesel fuel are:diesel fuel are:–– Organic elementsOrganic elements
–– MicroMicro--organismsorganisms
–– WaterWater
–– Inorganic elementsInorganic elements
Objective 1: Understanding diesel fuel and the fuel system.
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Objective 1: Understanding diesel fuel and the fuel system.
Organic componentsOrganic components of the fuelof the fuel
can become contaminants,can become contaminants,
such as asphaltenes.such as asphaltenes. They form as a result of: They form as a result of:
–– Oxidation or degradation of Oxidation or degradation of
the fuelthe fuel
–– Poor thermal stability (ability toPoor thermal stability (ability to
handle heat)handle heat)
–– Cold temperature reactionsCold temperature reactions
(waxing)(waxing)
–– Unstable reaction to additiveUnstable reaction to additive
mixing (lube additive mixedmixing (lube additive mixed
with fuel additive)with fuel additive)
Molecular ModelMolecular Modelof Asphaltenesof Asphaltenes
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Objective 1: Understanding diesel fuel and the fuel system.
•• Asphaltenes are naturallyAsphaltenes are naturallyoccurring hydrocarbons foundoccurring hydrocarbons foundin fuel. In their natural state,in fuel. In their natural state,they are too small to be seenthey are too small to be seenand pass through the filter.and pass through the filter.
They also contribute positively They also contribute positivelyto the BTU content of the fuel.to the BTU content of the fuel.
•• Heat causes them to come outHeat causes them to come out
of suspension, agglomerate,of suspension, agglomerate,and become trapped in filters.and become trapped in filters.
Molecular ModelMolecular Modelof Asphaltenesof Asphaltenes
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•• Inspection of used fuel filtersInspection of used fuel filterswith a shiny black materialwith a shiny black material
coating the media or a gelcoating the media or a gel
buildbuild--up is evidence of organicup is evidence of organic
contamination.contamination.
•• The effect of organic The effect of organic
contamination is shorter fuelcontamination is shorter fuelfilter life.filter life.
Objective 1: Understanding diesel fuel and the fuel system.
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MicroMicro--organismorganism growth can occurgrowth can occurwhen a mixture of water andwhen a mixture of water and
diesel fuel sits idle for anydiesel fuel sits idle for any
extended period of time. Theseextended period of time. These
micromicro--organisms live in theorganisms live in thewater, feed off the diesel fuel,water, feed off the diesel fuel,
and can thrive at any fuel/waterand can thrive at any fuel/water
interface.interface.
Objective 1: Understanding diesel fuel and the fuel system.
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•• MicroMicro--organisms contaminateorganisms contaminatetanks, both primary storagetanks, both primary storageand on the vehicle. This canand on the vehicle. This cancause system corrosion,cause system corrosion,fouling of injectors, prematurefouling of injectors, premature
filter plugging and generalfilter plugging and generaldegradation of the fuel,degradation of the fuel,affecting engine performance.affecting engine performance.
•• They can also degrade plastic They can also degrade plasticand fiberglass componentsand fiberglass componentsfound in some fuel systems.found in some fuel systems.
Objective 1: Understanding diesel fuel and the fuel system.
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•• Diesel fuel with microDiesel fuel with micro--organisms can have a sour ororganisms can have a sour or
foul odor and can be visible onfoul odor and can be visible on
an inspected filter as a slimyan inspected filter as a slimy
greenish brown or blackgreenish brown or black
material coating the media.material coating the media.
•• Other forms are found, but notOther forms are found, but notas easily identified visually asas easily identified visually as
micromicro--organisms.organisms.
Objective 1: Understanding diesel fuel and the fuel system.
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Water Water in fuel can be found in twoin fuel can be found in two
forms:forms:
freefree
andand
emulsifiedemulsified
::
–– Free water isFree water is notnot entrainedentrained
in the fuel and settles outin the fuel and settles out
over a short period of time.over a short period of time.
–– Emulsified water isEmulsified water isentrained in the fuel andentrained in the fuel and
much harder to remove.much harder to remove.
This bonding with the fuel This bonding with the fuel
occurs as the fuel/wateroccurs as the fuel/watermixture passes through amixture passes through a
fuel pump.fuel pump.
. . .… . . .. . .… . . .. . .… . . .
. . .… . . .
. . .… . . .
FuelReservoir
FuelReservoir
Free Water
EmulsifiedWater. . .
… . . .
. . .… . . .
. . .… . . .
. . .… . . .
Objective 1: Understanding diesel fuel and the fuel system.
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Water Water can be introduced into thecan be introduced into the
fuel in various ways:fuel in various ways:–– The natural fuel burning The natural fuel burning
process allows cooler air toprocess allows cooler air to
enter the tank as fuel levelsenter the tank as fuel levels
drop. Cooler air meets thedrop. Cooler air meets thehotter fuel andhotter fuel and
condensation occurs.condensation occurs.
–– Water can exist in the fuelWater can exist in the fuel
from the fuel source, eitherfrom the fuel source, eitherfrom storage tanks or thefrom storage tanks or the
fuel supplier.fuel supplier.
Objective 1: Understanding diesel fuel and the fuel system.
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•• Water Water in fuel can causein fuel can cause
premature component failurepremature component failureor short component life,or short component life,
increasing operating costs andincreasing operating costs and
downtime.downtime.
•• Water Water can also contain microcan also contain micro--organisms and/or provide aorganisms and/or provide a
place for microplace for micro--organisms toorganisms to
develop. Trapped by the filter,develop. Trapped by the filter,
the microthe micro--organisms furtherorganisms furtherresult in shorter filter life.result in shorter filter life.
Objective 1: Understanding diesel fuel and the fuel system.
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Inorganic ContaminationInorganic Contaminationincludes:includes:
–– Component wear metalsComponent wear metals
–– RustRust
–– ScaleScale
–– DirtDirt
This contamination canThis contamination cancause the most damagecause the most damage
to fuel systemto fuel system
components due to itscomponents due to its
hard and abrasive naturehard and abrasive nature..
Objective 1: Understanding diesel fuel and the fuel system.
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•• Small holes in injector tipsSmall holes in injector tips
and tight precision fittingand tight precision fitting
components in injectioncomponents in injectionpumps are described inpumps are described in
terms of terms of ““strict tolerances.strict tolerances.””
•• In todayIn today’’s engines,s engines,
components are built tocomponents are built to veryvery
strict tolerances to meetstrict tolerances to meet
emission requirements andemission requirements and
ensure efficient and costensure efficient and cost
effective operation.effective operation.
•• Inorganic contamination canInorganic contamination can
have serious adverse effectshave serious adverse effects
on these components.on these components.
Objective 1: Understanding diesel fuel and the fuel system.
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•• Wear metals are theWear metals are the
toughest to deal withtoughest to deal with
because they occur throughbecause they occur throughnormal system operation.normal system operation.
They can get into tight They can get into tight
tolerance areas, affectingtolerance areas, affecting
fuel delivery, timing andfuel delivery, timing andoverall operation.overall operation.
•• They also lead to further They also lead to further
wear particles. This type of wear particles. This type of
contaminant is known ascontaminant is known as
““self generatedself generated””, and it, and it
occurs continually inside theoccurs continually inside the
system if not controlled bysystem if not controlled by
proper filtration.proper filtration.
Objective 1: Understanding diesel fuel and the fuel system.
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Many engine manufacturers use aMany engine manufacturers use a
High Pressure Common RailHigh Pressure Common Rail
(HPCR) system, which(HPCR) system, whichmeans high pressure fuel willmeans high pressure fuel will
be maintained, regardless of be maintained, regardless of
engine speed, in a commonengine speed, in a common
rail or tube that connects torail or tube that connects toevery fuel injector. Pressuresevery fuel injector. Pressures
can be as high as 29,000 psi.can be as high as 29,000 psi.
Objective 1: Understanding diesel fuel and the fuel system.
Cummins uses HPCR systems inits Mid Range engines and High
Horse Power engines.
It is critical to have highefficiency filtration withhigh system pressuresand tighter tolerances.
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Cold operating conditions presentCold operating conditions present
additional challenges to engineadditional challenges to engine
operation and the fuel system:operation and the fuel system:•• Water, which is almost alwaysWater, which is almost always
present in fuel, is affected bypresent in fuel, is affected by
cold conditions, i.e. turning tocold conditions, i.e. turning to
ice crystals.ice crystals.•• Paraffin wax, a naturalParaffin wax, a natural
component of fuel (helps givescomponent of fuel (helps gives
fuel its power), also formsfuel its power), also forms
crystals under cold conditions.crystals under cold conditions.
Objective 1: Understanding diesel fuel and the fuel system.
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•• Under test conditions, waxUnder test conditions, wax
crystallization is measuredcrystallization is measuredwhen the first crystals form.when the first crystals form.
•• As temperatures decrease,As temperatures decrease,
wax crystals form.wax crystals form.
•• Crystals inhibit fuel flowCrystals inhibit fuel flow
through the fuel lines and thethrough the fuel lines and the
filter itself.filter itself.
Objective 1: Understanding diesel fuel and the fuel system.
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Objective 1: Understanding diesel fuel and the fuel system.
•• Cloud point of fuel is theCloud point of fuel is thetemperature at which the firsttemperature at which the first
wax crystals appear.wax crystals appear.
•• It isIt is notnot a good indicator of a good indicator of
what temperature a filter willwhat temperature a filter will
gelgel--up or plug.up or plug.
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CFPPCFPP
Cold Filter Plugging Point (CFPP)Cold Filter Plugging Point (CFPP)
is a measure of the lowestis a measure of the lowest
temperature at which a specifictemperature at which a specific
fuel will cause filter plugging.fuel will cause filter plugging.
Objective 1: Understanding diesel fuel and the fuel system.
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Pour PointPour Point
•• Pour point is the lowest pointPour point is the lowest point
at which fuel can still flow.at which fuel can still flow.
Objective 1: Understanding diesel fuel and the fuel system.
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Now that we understand diesel fuel and the fuel system, letNow that we understand diesel fuel and the fuel system, let’’ss
examine what is different about ULSD Technology.examine what is different about ULSD Technology.
Objective 2: Understanding Ultra Low SulfurDiesel (ULSD) Technology.
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The Engine Manufacturers Association (EMA) is a trade The Engine Manufacturers Association (EMA) is a tradeassociation representing worldwide manufacturers of internalassociation representing worldwide manufacturers of internal
combustion engines used in applications such as trucks and busescombustion engines used in applications such as trucks and buses;;
farm and construction equipment; marine vessels, lawn, gardenfarm and construction equipment; marine vessels, lawn, garden
and utility equipment and generators.and utility equipment and generators.
EMA works with government and industry stakeholders to help theEMA works with government and industry stakeholders to help the
nation achieve its goals of cleaner fuels, more efficient enginenation achieve its goals of cleaner fuels, more efficient engines ands and
cleaner air.cleaner air.
Objective 2: Understanding Ultra Low SulfurDiesel (ULSD) Technology.
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EMA andEMA and ASTM International ASTM International (formerly the American Society for(formerly the American Society for
Testing and Materials), among others, have contributed to the Testing and Materials), among others, have contributed to the
specifications, testing and research that allow the ability to uspecifications, testing and research that allow the ability to usese
ULSD in 2007 and prior engines.ULSD in 2007 and prior engines.
Objective 2: Understanding Ultra Low Sulfur
Diesel (ULSD) Technology.
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Objective 2: Understanding Ultra Low SulfurDiesel (ULSD) Technology.
•• UltraUltra--low sulfur diesel (ULSD)low sulfur diesel (ULSD)
is a number 2 diesel fuel with ais a number 2 diesel fuel with a
maximum allowable limit of 15maximum allowable limit of 15
partsparts--perper--million (ppm) of million (ppm) of
sulfur.sulfur.
•• UltraUltra--low sulfur kerosenelow sulfur kerosene
(ULSK) is a number 1 fuel with(ULSK) is a number 1 fuel with
a maximum allowable limit of a maximum allowable limit of
15 ppm of sulfur.15 ppm of sulfur.
Kerosene is often referredto as No. 1 Diesel.
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Objective 2: Understanding Ultra Low SulfurDiesel (ULSD) Technology.
In comparison, low sulfur dieselIn comparison, low sulfur diesel(LSD) is fuel with a maximum(LSD) is fuel with a maximum
allowable limit of 500 ppm.allowable limit of 500 ppm.
LSD has been the standardfor on-highway applications in
North America for severalyears and is becoming the
standard for the current off-highway emissions standardthroughout 2006.
Current #2 LSD fuel has350 – 500 ppm sulfur.
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How is sulfur removed from ULSD, and how does it affect the fuel?
Objective 2: Understanding Ultra Low SulfurDiesel (ULSD) Technology.
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Objective 2: Understanding Ultra Low Sulfur
Diesel (ULSD) Technology.
HydroHydro--treating and hydrotreating and hydro--crackingcracking
are part of the fuel refiningare part of the fuel refining
process and contribute to theprocess and contribute to the
lower sulfur content. Theselower sulfur content. These
processes could raise theprocesses could raise the
cetane number by 3 to 5 fromcetane number by 3 to 5 from
todaytoday’’s average.s average.
Cetane: increased from 43to 46 – aids starting andproduces less smoke.
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Objective 2: Understanding Ultra Low SulfurDiesel (ULSD) Technology.
While removing sulfur contributesWhile removing sulfur contributes
to lower emissions and betterto lower emissions and better
exhaust aftertreatment life,exhaust aftertreatment life,
there are some negativethere are some negativeaspects as well.aspects as well.
The positive aspects of sulfur include:
•Effective lubricant for fuelsystem components
•Natural poison to micro-organisms
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Objective 2: Understanding Ultra Low SulfurDiesel (ULSD) Technology.
Aromatics are organicAromatics are organic
compounds containing carboncompounds containing carbonatoms which are a natural partatoms which are a natural part
of diesel fuel.of diesel fuel.
–– Aromatics relate to the heatAromatics relate to the heat
(energy) content of the fuel.(energy) content of the fuel.–– HydroHydro--cracking and hydrocracking and hydro--
treating both removetreating both remove
aromatics, which lowersaromatics, which lowers
the density of the fuel.the density of the fuel.
–– This relates to the BTU This relates to the BTU
(British Thermal Unit) of the(British Thermal Unit) of the
fuel which will be lower.fuel which will be lower.
The process used to removesulfur will lower the BTUs
by 1 to 2%.
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Objective 2: Understanding Ultra Low SulfurDiesel (ULSD) Technology.
Even though there is a slightEven though there is a slightdecrease in BTU (1decrease in BTU (1--2%), under2%), under
typical operating conditions,typical operating conditions,
there should be no noticeablethere should be no noticeable
impact on overallimpact on overall power power usingusingULSD fuel.ULSD fuel.
Cummins has doneextensive research and
testing to ensure itsengines maintain theirsuperior fuel economy.
Many enginemanufacturers are claiming
increases in fuel economywith their 2007 engines.
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Objective 2: Understanding Ultra Low Sulfur
Diesel (ULSD) Technology.
•• ULSD, due to the refiningULSD, due to the refining
process, has lower lubricity.process, has lower lubricity.
•• As necessary, additives toAs necessary, additives to
increase lubricity and inhibitincrease lubricity and inhibit
corrosion are added to ULSDcorrosion are added to ULSDfuel, prior to its retail sale.fuel, prior to its retail sale.
•• This process takes place at the This process takes place at thefuel pipeline rack.fuel pipeline rack.
With these additives,ULSD fuel is expected toperform as well as LSD
fuel.
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Objective 2: Understanding Ultra Low Sulfur
Diesel (ULSD) Technology.
This is the first time that ASTM This is the first time that ASTM
has a lubricity requirement inhas a lubricity requirement inthe diesel fuel specification,the diesel fuel specification,
which represents a key changewhich represents a key change
and an important improvementand an important improvement
to the fuel specification.to the fuel specification.
The lubricity specification value
is known as HFRR or HighFrequency Reciprocating Rig:
•The value will be maintainedbetween 460 and 520 HFRR.
•EMA recommends 400 – 460HFRR.
Note: A lower value is better, so
the specification is actually atthe minimum.
Fleets may consider the
addition of supplementalfuel additives as a furtherprotective measure due to
the minimum level of lubricity being added.
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What about cold weather operation: will there be additionalchallenges with ULSD (No. 2) and ULSK (No. 1)?
Objective 2: Understanding Ultra Low SulfurDiesel (ULSD) Technology.
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Objective 2: Understanding Ultra Low Sulfur
Diesel (ULSD) Technology.
ULSD has a higher wax content.ULSD has a higher wax content. This will relate to a higher cloud This will relate to a higher cloud
point (where wax crystals firstpoint (where wax crystals first
form) and increased winter waxform) and increased winter wax
gelling.gelling.
There is a high probabilityfor increased filter pluggingin cold weather operation.
There is an increased needfor winter fuel additives.
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Objective 2: Understanding Ultra Low SulfurDiesel (ULSD) Technology.
For cold weather operation, onlyFor cold weather operation, only
ULSK (No. 1) may be blendedULSK (No. 1) may be blendedwith ULSD (No. 2) fuel towith ULSD (No. 2) fuel to
improve cold weatherimprove cold weather
performance.performance.
Care must be taken toselect ULSK with a
maximum of 15 ppm sulfur.
Blend rates will remain the
same as with LSD fuel.
Note: The EPA has not
mandated that kerosenebe ULSK, which could
mean a low supplyavailable for blending,
again, increasing the needfor winter fuel additives.
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What other factors should fleets be aware of regardingULSD Technology?
Objective 2: Understanding Ultra Low SulfurDiesel (ULSD) Technology.
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Objective 2: Understanding Ultra Low SulfurDiesel (ULSD) Technology.
ULSD also has a lower solvency.ULSD also has a lower solvency.
This relates to the fuel This relates to the fuel’’ss
decreased ability to dissolvedecreased ability to dissolve
injector and other deposits.injector and other deposits.
There may be anincreased need for
supplemental injectorcleaner products.
Fleetguard AsphalteneConditioners provide
injector cleaning.
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Objective 2: Understanding Ultra Low Sulfur
Diesel (ULSD) Technology.
•• ULSD fuel is more susceptibleULSD fuel is more susceptible
to microto micro--organism growth (dueorganism growth (dueto the lower sulfur content).to the lower sulfur content).
•• As diesel storage tanks areAs diesel storage tanks are
converted to ULSD, thereconverted to ULSD, therecould be increased filtercould be increased filter
plugging due to the longevityplugging due to the longevity
of the fuel in the tank.of the fuel in the tank.
Fleetguard Microbicide™ ishighly effective in
eliminating eliminate micro-organism growth.
Fleets may experienceshorter filter life due to
micro-organismcontamination.
Obj ti 2 U d t di Ult L S lf
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Objective 2: Understanding Ultra Low Sulfur
Diesel (ULSD) Technology.
Engine manufacturers expectEngine manufacturers expectULSD fuel to be fullyULSD fuel to be fully
compatible with the existingcompatible with the existing
fleets, including 2006 andfleets, including 2006 and
earlier model year vehicles.earlier model year vehicles.
In some instances, theintroduction of ULSD fuel
to older vehicles may affectfuel system components or
loosen deposits in fueltanks.
Owners and operators areencouraged to monitortheir vehicles closely for
potential fuel system leaksor premature fuel filterplugging during the
change-over to ULSD fuel.
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Objective 2: Understanding Ultra Low SulfurDiesel (ULSD) Technology.
Many fleets are concerned aboutMany fleets are concerned about
periodically using low sulfurperiodically using low sulfurdiesel in their 2007 certifieddiesel in their 2007 certified
engines (due to missengines (due to miss--fueling orfueling or
lack of availability of ULSD).lack of availability of ULSD).
Most engine manufacturers haveMost engine manufacturers have
answered this concern byanswered this concern by
stating that one tank filling of stating that one tank filling of
low sulfur diesel shouldlow sulfur diesel should notnotadversely affect the engine oradversely affect the engine or
aftertreatment devices.aftertreatment devices.
Continued use of lowsulfur diesel will harmaftertreatment devices.
It is illegal to use lowsulfur diesel in 2007
certified engines.
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We have mentioned the possible need for fuel additives. AreFleetguard additive packages suitable for fleets for 2007?
Objective 2: Understanding Ultra Low SulfurDiesel (ULSD) Technology.
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Objective 2: Understanding Ultra Low SulfurDiesel (ULSD) Technology.
Fleetguard fuel additives,including AsphalteneConditioner and WinterConditioner, will be ULSD
compliant by J anuary 2007.
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Now let’s discuss the relationship between biodieselfuel and ULSD.
Objective 3: Understanding Biodiesel fuel and ULSD.
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Objective 3: Understanding Biodiesel fuel and ULSD.
Biodiesel is a blend of petroleumBiodiesel is a blend of petroleum
diesel fuel and any fueldiesel fuel and any fuel
processed from a grain, orprocessed from a grain, or
vegetables, i.e.:vegetables, i.e.:
–– SoySoy
–– Canola (Rape)Canola (Rape)–– PalmPalm
–– CottonCotton
–– OliveOlive–– CoconutCoconut
–– PeanutPeanut
–– etc.etc.
The percentage of theprocessed fuel in the
petroleum is representedby the term B5: B
representing biodiesel and5 representing a 5%
concentration.
Blend rates will remain thesame as with ULSD fuel.
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Objective 3: Understanding Biodiesel fuel and ULSD.
Currently, all members of EMACurrently, all members of EMA
approve the use of a B5approve the use of a B5biodiesel (5%) blend, providingbiodiesel (5%) blend, providing
the blends meet acceptedthe blends meet accepted
ASTM fuel quality standards,ASTM fuel quality standards,
and the ULSD sulfur limits.and the ULSD sulfur limits.
Cummins recentlyapproved the use of B20blends for use in all 2002and newer model engines.
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Objective 3: Understanding Biodiesel fuel and ULSD.•• B2 blends actually add lubricityB2 blends actually add lubricity
to ULSD and help protect fuelto ULSD and help protect fuel
systems.systems.
•• B5B5 –– B20 ULSD blends exhibitB20 ULSD blends exhibit
poor thermal and oxidativepoor thermal and oxidative
stability, resulting in prematurestability, resulting in premature
filter plugging.filter plugging.•• B5B5 –– B20 ULSD blends have aB20 ULSD blends have a
higher wax content, whichhigher wax content, which
increases wax gelling,increases wax gelling,
resulting in filter plugging.resulting in filter plugging.
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Objective 3: Understanding Biodiesel fuel and ULSD.•• B5B5 –– B20 ULSD blends have aB20 ULSD blends have a
lower density and lower BTUlower density and lower BTU
value, which relates to poorervalue, which relates to poorer
fuel economy by 1fuel economy by 1 –– 2%.2%.
•• B5B5 –– B20 ULSD blends act asB20 ULSD blends act as
a solvent when initially used ina solvent when initially used in
fuel systems, resulting infuel systems, resulting inpremature filter pluggingpremature filter plugging
(which should only be a short(which should only be a short
term concern).term concern).
ULSD has 1 – 2 % lower BTU,in addition to the lower BTU of biodiesel – contributing to poor
fuel economy.
Note: While a poor solvent (ULSD) cannotdissolve deposits and cause filter
plugging, a better solvent (biodiesel) candislodge more deposits, and at the
extreme, also cause filter plugging.
Obj ti 3 U d t di Bi di l f l d ULSD
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Objective 3: Understanding Biodiesel fuel and ULSD.
•• B5B5 –– B20 ULSD blends areB20 ULSD blends are
veryvery challenging in removingchallenging in removing
emulsified water.emulsified water.
•• B10B10 –– B20 ULSD blendsB20 ULSD blends
require special gaskets andrequire special gaskets and
seals.seals.
When using B10 and higherblends, it is recommended
to use either 2 spin-onfilters, or the plus size
processor filter to ensureadequate fuel/water
separation.
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How do Fleetguard fuel processorswork with biodiesel fuel?
Objective 3: Understanding Biodiesel fuel and ULSD.
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Objective 3: Understanding Biodiesel fuel and ULSD.
•• For B10 blends and higher,For B10 blends and higher,
plus sizeplus size fuel processorfuel processorelements must be used toelements must be used to
ensure proper emulsified waterensure proper emulsified water
removal.removal.
•• FleetguardFleetguard biodieselbiodiesel
compatible upgrade elementscompatible upgrade elements
(which include the special(which include the special
gaskets and seals) aregaskets and seals) are
available.available.
When using B10 and higherblends, it is recommended
to use either 2 spin-onfilters, or the plus size
processor filter to ensureadequate fuel/water
separation.
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Objective 3: Understanding Biodiesel fuel and ULSD.
•• AllAll FleetguardFleetguard FuelFuel
Processors include biodieselProcessors include biodiesel
compatible permanent seals.compatible permanent seals.
•• This includes the following This includes the following
FleetguardFleetguard fuel systems:fuel systems:1.1. Fuel ProFuel Pro®®
2.2. Diesel ProDiesel Pro®®
3.3. Industrial ProIndustrial Pro™™
4.4. Sea ProSea Pro™™ All Davco Processors supplied tofleets through OEMs after J anuary1st, 2007 are biodiesel compatible.
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Objective 3: Understanding Biodiesel fuel and ULSD.
To ensure proper quality, To ensure proper quality,
consumers should use onlyconsumers should use onlybiodiesel ULSD fuel blendsbiodiesel ULSD fuel blends
that are properly mixed by athat are properly mixed by a
qualified biodiesel blender.qualified biodiesel blender.
Consumers should not
create their own biodieselblends by adding biodieselto ULSD fuel in a vehicle’s
fuel tank.
There should be nooperational problem if
consumers switch from a
biodiesel-ULSD blend toULSD fuel without
biodiesel.
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Let’s review the key points our customers should know aboutULSD Technology.
Summary.
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Summary.
• ULSD Technology was developed and introduced to lower exhaustemissions and enable 2007 engines and aftertreatment devices to
function properly.
• Power and fuel economy should remain unchanged, and in somecases, improve.
• There is less energy (BTU) in ULSD, but engine manufacturers’design improvements have led to claims of similar, if not increased,fuel economy and performance.
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• The process used to reach lower sulfur content could affectsome of the thermal and oxidative stabilities of the fuel - leadingto premature filter plugging by organic contaminants(asphaltenes).
• Lower aromatic content of fuel may make it a poorer solvent -
possibly shortening fuel filter life due to filter plugging (poorersolvent cannot dissolve deposits, which in turn plugs filters).
Summary.
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• High pressure fuel systems have tighter tolerances, increasing
wear potential with smaller inorganic contamination.
• Higher fuel temperatures with increased engine operatingtemperatures impact oxidation rates, leading to asphaltene
plugging.
Summary.
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Water removal and premature filter plugging due to poor fuel
stability are key challenges, and efficient filtration to reducesystem wear is critical.
Fleetguard fuel/water separation filtration systems offer higher
efficiency and capacity than competitive filters.
Summary.
Summary.
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•• FleetguardFleetguard fuel filter systems offer a balance:fuel filter systems offer a balance:
– Remove wear-causing, microscopic contamination - Efficiency
– Provide Extended Service Intervals with higher capacity to hold
contaminant – Capacity
– Have more effective water-removal capability – Especially for
emulsified water
Summary
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Summary.
• Fuel system maintenance is critical – proper filtration is a must.
• Fleetguard fuel filter products offer a balance of efficiency, capacityand water removal ability, designed to meet the demands of the highpressure fuel systems, including:
– OEM products designed for engine specifications
– Remote mount fuel processors designed for customer needs
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Summary.
• Fleetguard fuel chemical products (Ashphaltene Conditioner andWinter Conditioner) provide:
– increased fuel lubricity
– improved fuel stability
– new products for winter conditioners for both ULSD and
ULSD/biodiesel blends.
• Fleetguard Microbicide™ eliminates corrosive micro- organisms thatcan shorten filter life.
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