from ndltd to technology for digital libraries: progress and challenges costa rica tutorial december...

From NDLTD to Technology for Digital Libraries:

Progress and Challenges

Costa Rica TutorialDecember 1999

Edward A. Fox fox@vt.edu

CC CS DLRL Internet TIC

Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA

Acknowledgements (Selected)

Trip Support: ISTEC, OAS, …

Sponsors: ACM, Adobe, IBM, Microsoft, NSF, OCLC, US Dept. of Education, …

Co-PIs: Marc Abrams, Robert Akscyn, John Eaton, Brian Kleiner, Gail McMillan

Students: Fernando Das Neves, Robert France, Neill Kipp, Paul Mather, Constantinos Phanouriou, James Powell, Ohm Sornil, David Watkins, Chang Zhang, Jianxin Zhao

Virginia Tech Background Largest university in Virginia, land-grant, town

population 35K plus 25K students, #2 in football Blacksburg Electronic Village, since 1992, with

80% of community on Internet Net.Work.Virginia, largest ATM network, with

over 600 sites, for education, research, govt LMDS, Local Multipoint Distribution Service,

gigabit wireless networking - 1/3 of Virginia Math Emporium, 500 workstations Faculty Development Initiative, round 2

Virginia Tech CS Department of CS focussed on HCI $2M labs: usability, group decisions, info access Faculty (+ Abrams, Kafura, Shaffer, …)

– Barfield (ISE - wearable)– Carroll (design, scenarios)– Ehrich (equipment, graphics)– Hartson (theory & methodology, remote evaluation)– Hix (usability, VR/CAVE)– Rosson (object orientation/languages, collaboration)– Williges (ISE - experimentation, meta-evaluation)

ACITC Advanced Communications and Information Technology

Center, opening summer 2000 Connects to the library, with a focus on IT 1/3 high-tech (multimedia) classrooms 1/3 digital/electronic library (reading room) 1/3 research labs: 10, including:

– Digital Library Research Laboratory (DLRL)– Center for Applied Technologies in the Humanities– HCI; HPC; Multimedia; Visualization (CAVE), …– Spaces for industry-supported labs, visitors

OUTLINE Challenges to CS Opportunities for education 5S framework NDLTD case study Technical progress DL as industrial success

Digital Libraries --- Objectives

World Lit.: 24hr / 7day / from desktop Integrated “super” information systems: 5S: streams,

structures, spaces, scenarios, societies Ubiquitous, Higher Quality, Lower Cost Education, Knowledge Sharing, Discovery Disintermediation -> Collaboration Universities Reclaim Property Interactive Courseware, Student Works Scalable, Sustainable, Usable, Useful

D ig ita l L ib ra r y C o n te n t

A rtic le s ,R e p o rts,

B o o ks

T e xtD o cum e n ts

S p ee ch ,M u s ic

V id eoA u d io

(A e ria l)P h o tos

G e og rap h icIn fo rm ation

M o d e lsS im u la tio ns

S o ftw a re ,P ro g ra m s

N o te :A b ove is fo r

1 hu m ang e no m e.

G e no m e2 0 Tb ytes1 0x3 .5 B bp0 .5K b/bp

B ioIn fo rm ation

2 D , 3 D ,V R ,C A T

Im ag es a ndG ra p h ics

C o n te n tT yp e s

Cycle of human augmentation

Vision: Serving human needs (augmenting intelligence)

Innovation: Driving changes (digital technology)

Supporting individuals w. specific apps (email, wp, …)

Supporting communities w. collective apps (DLs)

Ref. IP&M 35(3):221

DL Design Space Dimensions

Content

Technology

Community

Services

Ref. IP&M 35(3):220

Computing (flops)Digital content

Locating Digital Libraries in Computing andCommunications Technology Space

Digital Libraries technologytrajectory: intellectualaccess to globally distributed information

less more

DLs: Why of Global Interest? National projects can preserve antiquities and heritage:

cultural, historical, linguistic, scholarly Knowledge and information are essential to economic and

technological growth, education DL - a domain for international collaboration

– wherein all can contribute and benefit

– which leverages investment in networking

– which provides useful content on Internet & WWW

– which will tie nations and peoples together more strongly and through deeper understanding

Why of Interest in Computing? Next step in fields of DBMS, HT, IR, MM Efficiency requires advances in, e.g.,

– algorithms and data structures (ex., MPHF)– networking (ex., HTTP-NG)– OS (ex., support for streams)

Effectiveness requires advances in, e.g.,– AI (ex., multilingual texts, user adaptation)– HCI (ex., visualization, DLs embedded in activities)

CS Educ. can benefit; CS can aid Dist. Educ.

Digital Libraries --- Virginia Tech

MARIAN (NLM) CS DL Prototype - ENVISION (NSF, ACM) TULIP (Elsevier, OCLC) BEV History Base (NSF, Blacksburg) DL for CS Education - EI (NSF, ACM) WATERS, NCSTRL (NSF) NDLTD (SURA, US Dept. of Education) CSTC (NSF, ACM), CRIM (NSF, SIGMM) WCA (Log) Repository (W3C) VT-PetaPlex-1 (Knowledge Systems)

DLs Shorten the Chain from

Editor

Publisher

Consolidator

Library

Reviewer

DLs Shorten the Chain to

Editor

Digital

LibraryReviewer

DLs Shorten the Chain to

Author

Reader

Digital

LibraryEditor

Reviewer

Teacher

Learner

Librarian

Repository of Digital Objects

RepositoryAccessProtocol

handle

Digital object

terms and conditions

DLs --- Educational Implications Support distance education Level the playing field by giving everyone access to high

quality resources Enrich learning by giving access to primary rather than

secondary materials/objects Integrate simulations, visualizations, and multi-modal

presentations to enhance learning Allow learn-at-your-own-pace, ensuring success Allow specialized interfaces, or embedded DL for rich

support of learning activities

How do universities anddigital libraries relate?

Each U. will have its own digital library. Hence there will be large numbers (i.e., critical mass).

All students will learn how to use and how to “feed” digital libraries (and bring those habits to future work as needs and skills).

All digital library problems (esp. federation, flexibility, personalization) appear at U’s (so they are a good type of testbed, with willing collaborators in-place for developing solutions).

SMETE Library -> NSDL(from www.dlib.org)

Context: Global movement toward Digital Libraries (see April 1998 CACM)

NSF effort: Science, Mathematics, Engineering, and Technology Education Digital Library (focussed on undergraduates)– 3 workshops, yearly increasing funds / new calls

SMETE Library likely to operate as distributed federation, with separate parts for each key discipline, and to lead to a global effort

NSDL = National Science … Digital Library

Enhancing Learning with DLs

DigitalLibraries

In te ra c tiveExperiences

E n hanc ingL earn ing

DigitalLibraries

A u th o ring(te x t, m a rku p ,h yp e rm e d ia ,

ca ta lo g in g -D C )

S u b m itt ingW o rk (E T D )(M e tad a ta ,P D F , X M L)

P re se rv in g(u s in g s td s,m ig ra tin g ,

ve rs io n in g )

A d d in g toD ig ita lL ib ra ry

(s tu d e n t)

D isco ve rin g ,B ro w s in g ,S e a rch in g ,R e trie v in g

A n n o ta tin g ,D o w n lo a d in g ,

In s ta llin g ,F e e d b a ck

5 S F ra m e w o rk:S o c ie tie s ,S ce n a rio s,

S tre a m s ,S pa ce s,S tru c tu res

U s in gD ig ita l L ib ra ry

(d ire c t)(in fo lite ra cy )

In d ire c tly U s ingD ig ita l L ib ra ry(e m b ed d e d,b y ag e nt, ...)

U s in g D LC o n te n ts (to o ls,d a ta se ts , e n v 's,co u rse w a re , ...)

C o lla b o ra tion(in /a ro u n d DL

a n d its a rt ifa c ts -d is ta n ce e d u c .)

O th e rIn te ra c tiveL e a rn ingA c tiv it ie s

E n hanc ingL earn ing

6 0 m em b e rsU S D ep t. E d .

A u s tra liaG e rm a ny

In te rfa ces2 D , 3 D ,C A V E ,

IB M ,O C L C ,...

N D L T DN e tw o rke d DL

o f T h ese s &D isse rta tio n s

S tu de n tP o rtfo lios

A C MD ig ita lL ib ra ry

w w w .a cm .o rg

"E d u ca tionIn n o va tio n"N S F - V T

4 5 co u rses

N C S T R LT e ch n ica lR e fe re n ce

L ib ra ry

C S T CC S

T e a ch ingC e n te r

C R IMC u rricu lu mR e so u rce sIn te r. M M

E N V IS IO NN S F - V T

re su ltsv isu a liza tio n

C o m p u terS c ie n ce

M a te ria lS c i & E ng(T U L IP -

E lse v ie r + 9 U 's )

N A R An e w p ro je ct(S A IC a nda te am ...)

O th e rP ro je c ts

DigitalLibraries

En hanc ingL earn ing

NSF Education Innovation (EI) NSF “Interactive Learning with a Digital Library in

Computer Science” (1993-98) 45 online courses (esp. Internet, IR, MM,

Professionalism, overall EI project pages): 100+K accesses/wk

Tools: SWAN (visualization), QUIZIT Evaluation

– traditional– network logging and analysis– tools for visualization

Digital Library Courseware

http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~dlib/ WWW pages or large PDF copy files Online quizzes based on book by Michael Lesk

(Morgan Kaufmann Publishers) Contents based on book, with several other popular

topics added (e.g., agents) Separate pages to supplement: Definitions,

Resources (People, Projects), and References

OUTLINE Challenges to CS Opportunities for education

– CSTC, CRIM 5S framework NDLTD case study Technical progress DL as industrial success

CS -> CSTC -> CRIM NSF and ACM Education Committee are funding a 2

year project “A Computer Science Teaching Center” - CSTC - http://www.cstc.org/

College of NJ, GVSU (Georgia), Virginia Tech Focus initially on labs, visualization, multimedia Multimedia part is also supported by “Curriculum

Resources in Interactive Multimedia” - CRIM - grant to Virginia Tech and George Washington University: http://www.cstc.org/~crim/

CS Teaching Center (CSTC) Instead of building large, expensive multimedia packages,

that become obsolete and are difficult to re-use, concentrate on small knowledge units.

Learners benefit from having well-crafted modules that have been reviewed and tested.

Use digital libraries to build a powerful base of support for learners, upon which a variety of courses, self-study tutorials & reference resources can be built. (See NSF SMETE-Lib Study at http://www.dlib.org/smete/public/smete-public.html)

Browsing (1)

Browsing (2)

CRIM Rationale

MM field needs properly trained personnel Support this with resources + curricula Together these help us move toward a DL

for Interactive MM -> CS -> SMETE Benefits will go to teachers (who have more

to build upon) and students (who will have a richer environment for learning

Concerns, Problems Motivating educators to create modules that can be

used elsewhere is difficult without a suitable reward structure and an infrastructure of testing, packaging, discovery, reuse, and evaluation.

There is a unnecessary disconnect between researchers (e.g., in laboratories) preparing exciting demonstrations for conferences and instructors interesting in helping students grasp underlying concepts and innovations in their area.

Solutions, Plans CSTC will have a variety of focused centers so

that different types of resources can be collected, tested, and suitably packaged:– laboratory exercises, activities, assignments– visualizations and visualization tools– interactive multimedia resources (CRIM)

ACM may launch a digital library journal of/on courseware and education in computing to provide an ongoing infrastructure for CSTC.

CRIM Project Activities

Workshops, other ways to involve community WWW site including DL in CSTC re MM

– Devised cataloging schema, designed interface– Referring to all MM syllabi and curriculum– Inviting learning resources for the CRIM DL, with

reviews, reuse certifications Publish report on MM curriculum through

ACM and IEEE, after careful review

Dimensions / Categories (matrix+)

Level: K-12, ugrad (low, upper), grad (MS, PhD), prof. Length: reference, short course, course unit, course, … Academic orientation: science, engineering, art, communications,

multidisciplinary, marketing Pedagogical orientation: mm use, survey/hands-on,

traditional/constructivist (design, develop) Tool connection: course on <Photoshop>, compare animation tools,

assume know or can learn, use tool as example (Target) audience (and background): culture Learning style: visual/auditory, indiv/group Relation: closed/complete, part of some structure (e.g., course, program)

Virginia Tech Courses

Art: Digital Art and Design course (Photoshop) CS: 1604 Introduction to the Internet (1 cr.) CS: 3604 Professionalism in Computing CS: 4624 Multimedia, Hypertext and

Information Access (3 cr.) CS: 5604 Information Storage & Retrieval (3 cr.) CS: 6604 Digital Libraries (3 cr.)

CS4624 Units

– Applications&Authoring– Capture&Representation– Compression&Models– Presentation&Interaction– Communication&Networking

Pedagogy – field trips– readings & quizzes; exercises in lab; final– “real” term project in groups

How to Build a Digital Library

Understand the problem (using the 5S

Framework)

Solve the problem (using the Star

Methodology)

– design, develop, evaluate,

– refine, operate

Definition: Digital Libraries are complex systems that help

satisfy info needs of users (societies) provide info services (scenarios) organize info in usable ways (structures) manage the location of info (spaces) communicate info with users (streams)

Note: “info” stands for data/information/knowledge; “users” may include their agents too.

5S Layers

Societies

Scenarios

Spaces

Structures

Streams

Definition: 5S Framework Societies: interacting people (, computers) Scenarios: services, functions, operations, methods Spaces: domains + constraints (e.g., distance,

adjacency): 2D, vector, probability Structures: relations, trees, nodes and arcs Streams: sequences of items (text, audio, video,

network traffic) (5 Element System: Fire, Wood, Earth, Metal, Water)

5S: Components

Societies: roles, rituals, reasons, relationships, artifacts Scenarios: acquire, index, consult, administer, preserve Spaces: physical, temporal, functional, presentational,

conceptual Structures: architectures, taxonomies, schema,

grammars, links, objects Streams: granularities, protocols, paths, flows,

turbulences

Star Methodology

Neill Kipp Dissertation

Training interested groups about 5S and the Star Methodology, refining the Framework to have solid mathematical foundation

Case studies of projects at Virginia Tech or involving VT staff/students: CSTC, NDLTD, NARA (with SAIC), Lexis, ...

Open also to study DL projects elsewhere Focusing too on the design artifacts developed and related

issues of efficient description and representation (esp. with markup, hypermedia)

A Digital Library Case StudyDomain: graduate education,

researchGenre:ETDs=electronic

theses & dissertationsSubmission: http://etd.vt.eduCollection:

http://www.theses.org

Project: Networked Digital Library of Theses & Dissertations (NDLTD) http:// www.ndltd.org

ETD Web Sitehttp://www.ndltd.org/

ETDs Got Your Interest?

Graduate Students

Singapore AMChronicle of Higher Ed.National Public RadioNY Times ...

U. Laval

Key Ideas: Networked infrastructure

Scalability

Education is the rationale

University collaboration

Workflow, automation

Authors must submitMaximal access

PDF, SGML, MMStandards

Federated search

8th graders vs. grads

MARC, DC, URNs

What led to today’s meeting? 1987 mtg in Ann Arbor: UMI, VT, … 1992 mtg in Washington: CNI, CGS, UMI, VT and 10

universities with 3 reps each 1993 mtg in Atlanta to start Monticello Electronic

Library (MEL): SURA, SOLINET 1994 mtg in Blacksburg re ETD project: std of PDF +

SGML + multimedia objects 1996 funding by SURA, US Dept. of Education

(FIPSE) for regional, national projects 1997 meetings in UK, Germany, ... Sept. 1999 meeting in Paris at UNESCO Headquart.

http://www.unesco.org/webworld/etd/

Status of the Local Project Approved by university governance Spring

1996; required starting 1/1/97 Submission & access software in place Submission workshops for students (and

faculty) occur often: beginner/adv. Faculty training as part of Faculty

Development Initiative Over 2000 ETDs in collection

Archiving ETDs

Every 15 minutes back-ups made of not-yet-approved submissions

Hourly back-ups of newly approved ETDs

Weekly back-ups of entire ETD collection

Copies stored on-site and off-site

VT ETD Cataloging

same as current cataloging policies, except:– author-assigned keywords (not LCSH)– generic (not LC) call no.– fields/subfields as required for computer files– full abstracts

time savings– cataloger familiar with computer files– equipment, software for word processing– 5 minutes avg. (10-15 minutes for paper TDs)

Library Costs

$12/vol. for paper thesis processing– catalog, bind, security strip, label, shelve– @950 vols./yr. = $11,466

$3.20/vol. ETD processing– cataloging @950 vols./yr. = $3040

$.07/vol. shelving $.04/vol. circulation

Costs/Savings at VT

Graduate School stopped shipping to the library 3000 copies of paper TDs/year

Library stopped binding, shelving, and circulating 3000 copies of TDs/year

166 ft of shelf space saved/year by the library VT used existing equipment in Library (vs. start-up

costs for staff, hardware and software from from a zero-base estimate: $65,000 – see http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/)

Aiding universities to enhance grad educ., publishing and IPR efforts

Helping improve the availability and content of theses and dissertations

Educating ALL future scholars so they can publish electronically and effectively use digital libraries (i.e., are Information Literate and can be more expressive)

What are we doing?

What are the long term goals? 400K US students / year getting grad degrees are

exposed / involved 200K/yr rich hypermedia ETDs that may turn into

electronic portfolios Dramatic increase in knowledge sharing: lit.

reviews, bibliographies, … Services providing lifelong access for students:

browse, search, prior searches, citation links

ETDs: Library Goals Improve library services

–Better turn-around time –Always available

Reduce work –catalog from e-text –eliminate handling: mailing to UMI, bindery

prep, check-out, check-in, reshelving, etc.Save space

Computer Resources

Research

Literature

Student Prepares Thesis or Dissertation

Student Defends and Finalizes ETD

My Thesis

Student Gets Committee Signatures and Submits ETD

Signed

Grad School

Graduate School Approves ETD Student is Graduated

Library Catalogs ETD and New StudentsHave Access to the New Research

Institutional Members

Coalition for Networked Information (CNI) Committee on Institutional Cooperation (CIC) Diplomica.com Dissertation.com Dissertationen Online (Germany) Ibero-American Science & Technology Education Consortium

(ISTEC) National Library of Portugal Organization of American States (SEDI/OAS) UNESCO

US University Members (35) U. of Colorado Health Sci. Cntr. U. of Florida U. of Georgia University of Hawaii, Manoa U. of Iowa U. of Maine U. of Oklahoma U. of South Florida U. of Tennessee, Knoxville U. of Tennessee, Memphis U. of Texas at Austin U. of Virginia U. Wisconsin - Madison Vanderbilt U. Virginia Tech - required since 1/97 West Virginia U. - required beginning fall 1998 Worcester Polytechnic Inst.

Air University (Alabama)Brigham Young UniversityCal TechClemson UniversityCollege of William & MaryConcordia University (Illinois)East Carolina UniversityEast Tenn. State UniversityFlorida Institute of Tech.Florida International UniversityGeorge Washington UniversityMarshall University (W. Va.)Miami U. of OhioMichigan TechNaval Postgraduate School (CA)North Carolina State U.Penn. State UniversityRochester Institute of Tech.

Australian Project Members

U. New South Wales (lead institution)U. of MelbourneU. of QueenslandU. of SydneyAustralian National UniversityCurtin U. of TechnologyGriffith U.

German Project Members

Humboldt University (lead institution) 3 other universities 5 learned societies

– Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Sociology, Education

1 computing center 2 major libraries

Other International MembersChinese University of Hong KongChungnam National U., Dept of CS (S. Korea)City University, London (UK)Darmstadt U. of Tech. (Germany)Free University of Berlin (Germany - Vet. Med.)Gyeongsang National U. (Korea)India Institute of Technology, Bombay (India)Nanyang Technological U. (Singapore, part)National U. of Singapore (Singapore, part)Polytechnic University of Valencia (Spain)Rhodes U. (South Africa)St. Petersburg St. Tech.U (Russia)Univ. de las Américas Puebla (Mexico)Univ. of Alicante (Spain)Univ. of Pisa (Italy)U. Laval; U. of Guelph; U. Waterloo; Wilfrid Laurier U. (Canada)

NDLTD Members

Date Joined

1/15/99 NUDL proposal to NSF under DLI2 international program– VT: Library, Grad School, Industrial&Systems Eng.– Partners: UK (2) , Singapore, Russia, Korea, Greece, Germany,

plus Iberoamerican group (Spain, Portugal, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico)

– Problems: Multilingual search, multimedia submissions, requirements/usability, …

Start with ETDs, then expand to other student works, portfolios, data sets, (CS) courseware, ...

National Coverage (red/white)

NUDL Partners

Ricardo A. Baeza-Yates, Universidad de Chile, Chile José Luis Brinquete Borbinha, Biblioteca Nacional, Portugal José Hilario Canós Cerdá, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain Stavros Christodoulakis, Technical University of Crete, Greece Lautaro Guerra Genskowsky, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa Maria,Chile Juan José Goldschtein, Univesidad de Belgrano, Argentina Peter Diepold, Humboldt University, Germany Francisco Javier Jaén Martinez, Spain Sung Hyon Myaeng, Chungnam National University, Korea Ana Maria Beltran Pavani, Prédio Cardeal Leme, Brazil Lim Ee Peng, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Alexander I. Plemnek, St.-Petersburg State Technical University, Russia J. Alfredo Sánchez, Universidad de las Américas-Puebla, Mexico

Popular Works 1996458 Seevers, Gary L. Identification of Criteria for Delivery of Theological Education Through Distance Education: An International Delphi Study (Ph.D., Educational Research and Evaluation, April 1993; 1353Kb)

432 Hohauser, Robyn Lisa. The Social Construction of Technology: The Case of LSD (MS in Science and Technology Studies, Feb. 1995; 244Kb)

390 Childress, Vincent William. The Effects of Technology Education, Science, and Mathematics Integration Upon Eighth Grader's Technological Problem-Solving Ability (Ph.D. in Vocational and Technical Education, July 1994; 285Kb)

310 Kuhn, William B. Design of Integrated, Low Power, Radio Receivers in BiCMOS Technologies (Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering, Dec. 1995; 2Mb)

287 Sprague, Milo D. A High Performance DSP Based System Architecture for Motor Drive Control ( MS in Electrical Engineering, May 1993; 878Kb)

165 Wallace, Richard A. Regional Differences in the Treatment of Karl Marx by the Founders of American Academic Sociology (MS in Sociology, Nov. 1993; 479Kb)

150 McKeel, Scott Andrew. Numerical Simulation of the Transition Region in Hypersonic Flow (Ph.D. in Aerospace Engineering, Feb. 1996; 3Mb)

Popular Works 19979920 Liu, Xiangdong. Analysis and Reduction of Moire Patterns in Scanned Halftone Pictures (Ph.D. in Computer Science, May 1996; 6.6Mb)

7656 Petrus, Paul. Novel Adaptive Array Algorithms and Their Impact on Cellular System Capacity (Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering, March 1997; 5Mb)

2781 Agnes, Gregory Stephen. Performance of Nonlinear Mechanical, Resonant-Shunted Piezoelectric, and Electronic Vibration Absorbers for Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Structures (Ph.D. in Engineering Mechanics, Sept. 1997; ? + 7926Kb)

2492 Gonzalez, Reinaldo J. Raman, Infrared, X-ray, and EELS Studies of Nanophase Titania (Ph.D. in Physics, July 1996; 4607Kb)

1877 Shih, Po-Jen. On-Line Consolidation of Thermoplastic Composites (Ph.D. in Engineering Mechanics, Feb. 1997; 3.3Mb)

1791 Saldanha, Kevin J. Performance Evaluation of DECT in Different Radio Environments (MS in Electrical Engineering, Aug. 1996; 3.2Mb)

1431 DeVaux, David. A Tutorial on Authorware (MS in CS, April 1996; 2.3Mb)

1394 Kuhn, William B. Design of Integrated, Low Power, Radio Receivers in BiCMOS Technologies (Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering, Dec. 1995; 2518Kb)

Popular Works 1998

K-accesses Mbytes Degree Year Dept Tables/Figures Author

75, 12, PhD, 1997, ME, 38/174, Maillard 56, 6.5, PhD, 1996, CS, 8/93, Liu 20, 3.9, PhD, 1997, EE, 9/121, Laster 15, 4.9, PhD, 1997, CpE, 17/127, Tripathi 12, 6.6, MS, 1997, EE, 7/96, Nicoloso 6.7, 4.6, PhD, 1996, Physics, 8/62 (32 color),

Gonzalez

Usage of ETDs in VT Collections

1996 1997 1998 1999

Jan-Aug

requests

37,171 247,537 465,974 907,104

Requests

102 685 1,722 3,121

Abstract

requests

25,829 112,633 177,647 143,056

served

9,015 22,725 28,022 52,663

International Use 1996 1997 1998 850 2992 8170 United Kingdom 608 2,501 4223 Australia 346 2378 7373 Germany 713 2367 3970 Canada 387 1264 2201 South Korea 463 1161 4431 France 250 725 2553 Italy 191 867 2781 Netherlands 183 1130 1449 Brazil 22 967 1089 Thailand 83 958 1414 Greece

Relationship with publishers

Concern of faculty and students that still wish to publish books or journal articles, voiced: campus, Chronicle, NPR, Times

Solution: Approval Form gives students, faculty choices on access, when to change access condition; use IPR controls in DL

Solution: by case, work with publishers and publisher associations to increase access– AAP, AAUP– AAAS, ACM, ACS, Elsevier, ...

Some responses from publishers

ACM: need to acknowledge copyright Elsevier: need to acknowledge copyright IEEE-CS: endorse initiative ACS: After first publication, can release Textbook publishers: different market,

manuscript significantly reworked General: restricting access to local campus

will not cause any problems

For professional societies

Like “writing across the curriculum” Besides writing: computing/communications,

information literacy, personal digital library management, tool use, research methods, collaboration, archiving/preservation

Data sets, communities of users of them Classification systems / browsing / searching NRC’s “On becoming a researcher”

Who are sponsors / cooperators? Funding, Donations of hardware/software

– SURA– US Dept. of Education (FIPSE)– Adobe Systems– IBM– Microsoft– OCLC

Others Serving on Steering Committee– National/Regional Projects: Australia, French

speaking group, Germany, IberoAmerica (ISTEC), UK (UTOG)

– CGS, National Lib. Canada, NSF, OAS, SOLINET, UMI, UNESCO, ...

How does this relate to UMI?

1987 UMI workshop to explore ETDs Support letter for US Dept. of Ed. proposal Steering and technical committee

membership ProQuest Direct pilot of scanning works

started 1/1/97, free 2 yr access to front part Collaborating on:

– accepting electronic author submissions– standards (e.g., representation), research

ETD Initiative (and UMI)

StudentsLearn aboutDL, EPub

TDsbecome more

expressive

N. Amer. (T)Ds areaccessible, archived

Global TDsbecome more

accessible,archived

Universities

Why might a university want to be involved?

To improve graduate education / better prepare your students / increase their knowledge and visibility

To unlock university information To save money for students and for the

university / improve workflow To build an important digital library

How can a university get involved?

Select planning/implementation team– Graduate School– Library– Computing / Information Technology– Institutional Research / Educ. Tech.

Send us letter, give us contact names Adapt Virginia Tech solution

– Build interest and consensus– Start trial / allow optional submission

Contact Our Project Team

E-mailetd@ndltd.org

Phone CallVisit

Video Tape

Convene Local Planning Group

Build Local ETD Site

Digital Library

Policies

Inspection/Approval

Workshop/Training

Type 1 Members University Requires ETDs

Adobe Acrobat and/or XML/SGML tools Automated submission & processing Archive/access through UMI, (OCLC,)

Virginia Tech, ... (Local) WWW site, publicity (Local) Assistance provided as requested:

email, phone, listserv(s)

Type 2 Members University Agrees to Require ETDs

Like Type 1 but set date not reached Usually has an option or pilot May: wait for new AY; start with all who enter

after; … Build grass roots support

– Advisory committee: representative? expert?– Champions to spread by word of mouth– Approval: Senates, Commissions, Deans, Students– Publicity to reach community

NDLTD Members, Types 3-7

3. Part of university requires ETDs4. University allows ETDs5. University investigating, has pilot6. University consortium joins:

– CIC (Big 10 coordinating body)7. Non-university organization joins

– CNI (Coalition for Networked Info.)

Everyone Learns Students become “info literate” Students learn about discovery, search,

categorization/classification, e-pub, preservation, helping others find/reuse

Campus starts to think about IPR– e.g., Virginia Tech symposium

http://www.rgs.vt.edu/resmag/seminars.html Faculty and students improve quality as reader base

expands

OUTLINE Challenges to CS Opportunities for education 5S framework NDLTD case study Technical progress

– NDLTD services DL as industrial success

User Search Support(multilingual, XML)

NDLTD W orld FederatedSearch

Virg in ia Tech ...(univ)

U M I ...(corporate)

O hioLink ...(univ group)

Portugese N L ...(national lib)

Austra lia(regional)

UserInterface

Note: All groups shown are connected with NDLTD.

www.theses.org

James Powell student project, D-Lib Magazine description in Sept. 1998

XML description of each site– type of search engine / service– language– coverage (for resource discovery)

Adding Z39.50 gateway capability and integrating with MARIAN, along with Harvest and Open Archives protocols (according to Santa Fe Convention) – see www.openarchives.org

Interoperability Testing

IBM DL: donated equipment, technical support, powerful IPR (see TOIS, D-Lib)

Z39.50: OCLC SiteSearch / VT tailored s/w– university libraries w. catalogs of freely shared

MARC records pointing to archival copies– via URNs: handles & PURLs

Dienst / NCSTRL - www.ncstrl.org: CS depts., DARPA, NSF, CNRI, Cornell – MIT uses it for its ETD site; Portugal is studying use for Europe

Access Approaches

Goal: Maximize access and services, e.g., by encouraging:

UMI centralized services Distributed service: Dienst, Z39.50, … Regional services (e.g., OhioLink) Global service: Open Archives Local servers with browse, search

– From local catalogs to local archives WWW robot indexing and search services

Support Services Developed

WWW site with > 300 Mb, CD, videotape Automated submission system (MySQL, UNIX,

WWW scripts - grad school/library) Student guidelines, style sheets, multimedia training

materials, FAQs, press info SGML and XML DTDs for ETDs SGML to HTML (web generator) LaTeX, Word templates, converters

Support Offered

Software, documentation, tech support Email, listservs (etd-l@listserv.vt.edu, -eval, -

grad, -library, -technical) Donations: Adobe, Microsoft Evaluation: instruments, analysis

http://scholar.lib.vt.edu - solutions/statistics (Temporary storage / archiving; aid - in setting up

an int’l service & archive)

Enhancements

Dublin Core spec, MARC crosswalk DTDs for SGML, XML(+ <discipline>ML) Annotation system (author, friends, notes) Routing system (based on Sift) Multilingual WWW site, training materials

(Spanish recently done in Valencia) Better federated search (w. Z39.50, planned

with Dienst and Harvest - using MARIAN)

Further Services

Adding services currently prototyped– support with IBM DL, OCLC SiteSearch

Adding other services planned– building and using citation database (w. SFX)– implementing plagiarism check (like “SCAM”)

Developing NUDL as a sustainable self governing global institution (w. committees)

Other Work Working with publishers to increase level of access as

much as possible Interoperability tests among universities and with UMI

to provide integrated services Study with testbed that emerges, to improve

information retrieval, browsing, interface, and other types of user support

Evaluation, improving learning experience, spread to worldwide initiative, sustainable support and coordination

– Networking DL as industrial success

Network Research Group NSF 3 year grant on WWW logging, characterization,

and optimization: Abrams, Fox, Pollard (CNS)

Core member of Web Characterization Activity of World-Wide Web Consortium

Providing DL (with OCLC) to support WCA (at http://www.cs.vt.edu/repository/):– logs– tools– publications

NRG Tools

WebJamma: Artificial HTTP traffic generator

WebWatcher: HTTP traffic monitoring and logging system

CLFmunge: Anonymizes common log format

HTTPdump: Protocol decode for tcpdump

Caching proxy simulator

Splus programs

Log description and validation interface & routines

DL Submission Software Similar software developed for WCA, CSTC, and

CSTC version field-tested to manage papers for ACM Digital Libraries ‘99

May generalize for

– conferences

– electronic journal

– resource description (e.g., courses, Web content)

– Interfaces DL as industrial success

Accessibility Activities / Plans

Interface design (simple, 3D, VR) Usability studies Generic multi-lingual support Support for those with disabilities Hybrid collection (paper, MARC,

abstracts, full-text, multimedia) Disciplinary classifications, tools Visualization of results, collection

SPIRE Visualization

CAVE Experiments

Use a familiar metaphor– building / floor / room / shelf / book

Rearrange orderings / shelving– use categories, clustering, ranking – use visualization: colors and gaps– study space mappings: physical, logical

Simplify movement for key tasks

ENVISION

NSF “A User-Centered Database from the Computer Science Literature” (1991-93)

Collected bib/typesetter data, converted to SGML Scanned thousands of page images MARIAN search engine - can be made available (also

applied to the Virginia Tech library catalog) used as part of a prototype object-based DL, with tailored visualization interface (L. Nowell dissertation)

Envision Results Window

– MARIAN DL as industrial success

MARIAN

Multiple Access Retrieval of Information with ANnotations

(Musical: Marian the Librarian …) Evolved from 1980’s CODER system to a

distributed Online Public Access Catalog (OPAC), then DL backend, now becoming a full DL system

From C/C++ to Java by Jianxin Zhao Future uses: NDLTD, NUDL, PetaPlex

MARIAN Layers

Database Layer

Search Engine Layer

User Information Layer

User Interface Layer

User User User User

MARIAN Testing Architecture

LoadGenerator

Webgate

JavaServer

C/C++Server

MARIAN Parallelism

Java part response time vs. query rate comparation

(type 1 requests)

01000200030004000

0 100 200 300 400 500

query rate (#/min)

all modules in one machine one "webgate"

two "webgate"s four "webgate"s

MARIAN Response Time

Four "webgate"s, decomposed time delay vs. query

0 100 200 300 400 500

query rate (#/min)

system after Java server

France Dissertation

Key developer since CODER Applying computational linguistics efforts

with machine readable dictionaries Applying opportunistic handling of term

lists for ranking, usable displays (“to be or not to be, that is the”)

Developing and evaluating variety of interfaces

– PetaPlex DL as industrial success

PetaPlex

Digital Library Machine (“super” object store)

Parallel computer / storage utility for scale of 1000 to 100,000,000 gigabytes (1 Tbyte - 100 Pbyte)

Knowledge Systems Incorporated is supplying VT-PetaPlex-1 for $250,000 with

– high speed backbone connection (OC-12)

– 2.5 terabytes through 100 “Nanoservers”:

– Each = Network connection + IBM 25GB disk + 233 MHz Pentium II + Linux

PetaPlex Approach

Extend work on KMS from 1970s Achieve qualitative improvement in quality of

hypertext– sub-second response– with terabyte and petabyte scale stores

Do everything with one seek - through hashing over a very large storage space– support URN access as primitive service– support name / repository model for digital library

PetaPlex Complex

FRONT END MACHINERS/6000, 1G RAM, 4 Proc.

Nanoserver

Nanoserver Nanoserver

Nanoserver

Nanoserver Nanoserver

Service

Machine 1

Service

Machine 2

Service

Machine 3

Service

Machine 4

PetaPlex Service Machines

Small object server Large object server

– video on demand– streaming audio

Information retrieval server Proxy / cache server (e.g., 1 terabyte server

of 1000 worldwide for Comsat/Intelsat)

PetaPlex Top View

PetaPlex Side View

4 ft. wide

Roles:* Support* Cooling* Power

shelves

PetaPlex Cost Goals, Approach Maximize number of seeks achievable Maximize % of cost invested in disks Maximize flexibility and reliability Minimize cost per unit of storage

Approach “information utility” Increase throughput and reliability by replicating on

other PetaPlex systems Use robotics, wireless, and commodity production of

nanoservers

Sornil & Mather Dissertations

Proposing 100 Tbyte wireless Petaplex for $2M Mather: efficiently handling very large numbers

of objects of varying sizes Sornil: efficiently handling IR for very large

collections, large numbers of users, high transaction rates, large inverted files– modeling and simulation– data organization– parallelization of algorithms, alone and in

combination for retrieval (related) tasks

DL Challenges

Preservation - so people with trust DLs

Supporting infrastructure – affordable storage in large capacity, very fast networks, ...

Scalability, sustainability, interoperability

DL industry - critical mass by covering libraries, archives, museums, corporate info, govt info, personal info - “quality WWW” integrating IR, HT, MM, ...

– Need tools & methods to make them easier to build

DLs: Broad Impact DLs should be in companies DLs should be in government (integrated) DLs should be built for all types of data, information, and

knowledge– covering knowledge management– covering data mining, IR, discovery, visualization– promoting specialized work on all types of collections for all types of user

groups DLs should encompass libraries, archives, museums, and other

institutions -- we can now store all data generated! 5S framework and university-industry collaboration may help

move us to these goals!

Invitations!

Use 5S (to understand, build DLs)Join NDLTD and NUDLWork to expand and improve ETD efforts

worldwide: dissemination, standardization, R&D

from ndltd to technology for digital libraries: progress and challenges costa rica tutorial december...

Documents

future funding and the ndltd vision st. petersburg march 18,...

the state of the ndltd union catalog

from ndltd to technology for digital libraries: progress and...

the ndltd and a history of etds

from ndltd to technology for digital libraries: progress and...

1 it is easy for universities to support free culture with...

networked digital library of theses and dissertations edward...

etd rookies: ndltd background etd 2004 university of...

us-korea joint workshop on digital libraries sdsc - august...

xxdl and cstc and virginia tech nsdl fall 2000 pi meeting...

digital library curriculum development: enhancing education...

from ndltd to technology for digital libraries: progress and...

1 virtual day on digital theses 5 october 2007 – mexico...

1 introduction to ndltd and brief history of the etd...

preservation collaboration: ndltd & metaarchive cooperative

networked digital library of theses and dissertations...

1 introduction to ndltd and brief history of the etd...

digital libraries, universities, and scholarly communication...

edward a. fox fox@vt cs dlrl virginia tech,...

networked digital library of theses and dissertations...