freedom, order, or equality? chapter 1. learning outcomes 1.1 define globalization and explain how...

FREEDOM, FREEDOM, ORDER, OR ORDER, OR EQUALITY?EQUALITY?

Chapter 1Chapter 1

Learning Outcomes1.1 Define globalization and explain how

globalization affects American politics and government.

1.2 Identify the purposes that government serves and trace their historical roots.

1.3 Describe how political scientists use concepts to structure events and promote understanding.

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Learning Outcomes1.4 Define freedom, order, and equality and

discuss the various interpretations of each value.

1.5 Analyze the inherent conflicts between freedom versus order and freedom versus equality.

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Learning Outcomes1.6 Distinguish among these terms:

totalitarianism, socialism, capitalism, libertarianism, and anarchism.

1.7 Explain how liberals, conservatives, libertarians, and communitarians view the role of government.

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The Globalization of American Government

Government Legitimate use of force within specified

geographical boundaries to control human behavior

National Sovereignty Each national government has the right to

govern its people without interference from other nations

Threatened by globalization

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The Purposes of Government Maintaining Order

Hobbes’ sovereign ruler Preserving life

Liberalism Locke – life, liberty, and property

Communism Marx – government ownership of land and

productive facilities

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Leviathan, Hobbe’s All-Powerful Sovereign

The Purposes of Government Providing Public Goods

Benefits and services available to everyone Controversial: What goods or services are

appropriate? Promoting Equality

Programs to reduce social inequality Controversial: redistributing income to promote

economic equality, differing social values

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Rosa Parks: She Sat for Equality

A Conceptual Framework for Analyzing Government

Values Pursued by Government Freedom Order Equality

Models of Democratic Government Majoritarian Democracy Pluralist Democracy

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The Concepts of Freedom, Order, and Equality

Freedom Freedom of : absence of constraints on

behavior Freedom from: Fight against exploitation and

oppression; equality

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The Concepts of Freedom, Order, and Equality

Order Preserving life and protecting property Preserving social order

Police power –authority to safeguard residents’ safety, health, welfare, and morals

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The Concepts of Freedom, Order, and Equality

Equality Political equality: one person, one vote Social equality: wealth, education, and status Equality of opportunity: each person has the

same chance to succeed Equality of outcome: society must ensure

people are equal socially and economically Government-supported rights

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Equality in the Military

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Two Dilemmas of Government Maintaining Order and Promoting Equality

Require sacrifices in individual freedom Original Dilemma: Freedom Versus Order

Protect life, property, and make citizens safe from violence and spread of disease

Conflict between values of freedom and order: policy to strengthen one takes away from the other

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Two Dilemmas of Government Modern Dilemma: Freedom vs. Equality

Values clash when government enacts policies to promote social equality Equal Pay Act School busing Discrimination (employment, public services, genetic

testing, etc.)

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Ideology and the Scope of Government

Totalitarianism Government should have unlimited power

Socialism Scope of government extends to ownership or

control of basic industries that produce goods/services Democratic socialism

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Ideology and the Scope of Government

Capitalism Supports free enterprise

Libertarianism Opposed to all government action except to

protect life and property Laissez faire economics

Anarchism Opposes government of any form

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Anarchists at the Inauguration

Ideology and the Scope of Government

Liberals and Conservatives: The Narrow Middle Practical politics in the U.S. ranges over center

of ideological continuum

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Liberals Conservatives

Favor more government spending, programs and regulation

Favor less government spending, programs and regulation

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Ideology and the Scope of Government

American Political Ideologies and the Purpose of Government

Liberals vs. Conservatives: New Differences Today: differences focus on purpose of

government Conservatives: support maintenance of social order Liberals: support use of government to promote

equality

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American Political Ideologies and the Purpose of Government

Two-Dimensional Classification of Ideologies: Freedom and Order Libertarians: value freedom more than order or

equality Liberals: value freedom more than order, but

not more than equality

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American Political Ideologies and the Purpose of Government

Two-Dimensional Classification of Ideologies: Freedom and Order Conservatives: value freedom more than

equality, would restrict it to preserve social order

Communitarians: value both equality and order more than freedom

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Ideologies: A Two-Dimensional Framework