four styles for ot audience cotton 2
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Caregiving Styles
Mary A Corcoran PhD, OT/LProfessor and Associate DeanGeorge Washington University
Why Study Caregiving
Styles?
“If you’ve seen one caregiver, you’ve seen
one caregiver”
The Caregiving Style Studies
Spouses (68)5 yearsNational Institute on Aging
Adult children (33)1 yearVirginia Commonwealth,
ARDRAF
Mixed Methods Design
• QUAL-quant• Grounded theory
Focusing on qualitative analysis today
Data
• Qualitative• Long interview (250+ total
hours)• Videotapes (33+ total hours)
• Quantitative• Sociodemographics• Measures of well-being
Qualitative Analytic Approach
Three iterative tasks
Coding Describe what is going on
Categories Identify larger “parts”
Theme Develop a theory of caregiving style
Getting from Codes to Categories
Coding – unlinked descriptions of data
Categories – arrange codes as hierarchies
Hierarchies of what?
Style
Actions
Meanings
Beliefs
Categories: Elements of Style
Beliefs
What is …?
Meanings
The role signifies …?
Actions
Caregiving gets done by …?
Themes (styles)
Categories (elements of style)
Action: Taking Care of Self
Looking at data as a whole, caregivers take care of self by
Reducing demands of role
Doing something important
Getting healthy
Staying connected
Taking Care of Self
Has strategies
Meets needs
Does not meet needs
No strategies
Does not meet needs
Three groups
Compare and contrast through axial codingCausesConsequencesContextConditions
Example: Exercise and Conditions
CR not OK
alone
CR OK alone
Help
No exercise
Exercise
Example: Exercise and Consequences
• Other causes & contexts
• Worried• Feels
Selfish
• Energized• Grateful
• Frustrated• Resentful
No help or
exercise
Help & exercise
Help & no
exercise
No help but
exercises
Four Caregiving Styles
Facilitating Directing Balancing Advocating
FacilitatingEmotional
health, identity of
CR
DirectingPhysical health of
CR
BalancingMaintaining the status
quo
AdvocatingManaging others to
support CR
Caregiver Priorities
Caregiver Strategies
FacilitatingAnything that involves self
DirectingVerbal
BalancingEnvironmental
controls, supervision, repetitive activities
AdvocatingVigilance and
advocacy
Caregiver Interactions
FacilitatingCooperative
DirectingLimited or
none
BalancingParallel
AdvocatingRange with purpose of
assessment
FacilitatingRecognizes
but doesn’t address
own needs
DirectingRecognizes
needs limited to
work
BalancingHas help
and meets own needs
AdvocatingHas help
and meets own needs
Caregiver Needs
FacilitatingWorries
about ability to provide best care
DirectingFrustrated
and stressed
BalancingGenerally satisfied with care provision
AdvocatingGenerally satisfied with care provision
Caregiver Emotions
Conclusion
• Caregivers may - demonstrate a mix of styles- change over time; circumstances
• Understanding priorities of caregiver regarding self and care recipient is key
Caveats
• Styles are a guide, not a prescription
• Theory - Requires further testing
Corcoran, M.A. (2011). Caregiving Styles: A Cognitive and Behavioral Typology Associated With Dementia Family Caregiving. The Gerontologist 51, 4, 463-472. doi:10.1093/geront/gnr002
Reference
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