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Forest Recovery after Selective Logging in the Ipetí-
Emberá Community
La Recuperación del Bosque después de la Tala Selectiva en la
Comunidad de Ipetí-Emberá
Adrian Burrill1 and Stephanie Garbe
2
McGill University
ENVR 451
1Facutly of Science, Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
2Faculty of Science, McGill School of Environment, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
Submitted to Professor Rafael Samudio and Professor Roberto Ibanez
In collaboration with OUDCIE and Ignacia Holmes
April 26, 2010
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY _______________________________________________ 4
RESUMEN EXECUTIVA ________________________________________________ 6
INTRODUCTION ______________________________________________________ 8
Study Site ____________________________________________________________ 8
Host Institutions ________________________________________________________ 9
Host Insititutions‟ Contact Informtaion ______________________________________ 10
Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries _ 10
Scope of Long Term Project ______________________________________________ 11
Selective Logging _____________________________________________________ 12
OBJECTIVES _________________________________________________________ 14
METHODOLOGY _____________________________________________________ 15
Gaining Scope of the Project ______________________________________________ 15
Ethical Considerations __________________________________________________ 16
Gap/Road/Tree Inventory ________________________________________________ 17
Disturbance Inventory __________________________________________________ 19
Characterizing Gaps ____________________________________________________ 19
Collection Historical and Future Knowledge of Logging Projects ___________________ 20
Providing Recommendations for Future Research_______________________________ 21
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Limitations to Gaining Scope of the Project ___________________________________ 21
RESULTS ____________________________________________________________ 22
Gap/Road/Tree Inventory _______________________________________________ 22
Disturbance Inventory __________________________________________________ 26
Characterizing Gaps ____________________________________________________ 26
Collecting Historical and Future Knowledgeof Logging Projects ____________________ 30
Providing Recommendations for Future Research_______________________________ 30
Limitations to Collecting and Analyzing Data _________________________________ 37
Limitations to Recommendations and Considerations ____________________________ 38
DISCUSSION _________________________________________________________ 39
Implications for the Community and REDD ___________________________________ 41
CONCLUSION ________________________________________________________ 42
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ______________________________________________ 42
REFERENCES ________________________________________________________ 44
APPENDICES ________________________________________________________ 46
Appendix I – Gap Measurements Diagrams ___________________________________ 46
Appendix II – Gap Characterization Charts ___________________________________ 51
Appendix III – Table of Project Working Days ________________________________ 84
Appendix IV – Product for OUDCIE ________________________________________ 84
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Forest Recovery after Selective Logging in the Ipetí-Emberá Community Adrian Burrill and Stephanie Garbe of McGill University ENVR 451
Host Institution: OUDCIE Ipetí-Emberá, Provincia de Panama 333-0803
McGill University with Ignacia Holmes 845 Sherbrooke St West, Montreal, QC, Canada
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Roosvelt Ave. Balboa, Ancón Panamá 507 212-
8000
Ipetí-Emberá is an indigenous community located west of Panama City in the Bayano
watershed region. The communal land, a Tierra Colectiva, comprises 3145 ha, within
which a small scale selective logging project took place in a 31.92 ha region called
Ambroya 2 between February and April 2009.
Selective logging is the process of removing isolated, mature trees of preferred timber
species for the purpose of selling. Its practice has increased in Latin America in recent
years as a valuable source of income for small scale land holders, and it has been
recognized as a more sustainable alternative to traditional clear cutting logging practices.
However, concerns have arisen over the true impacts on the forest and its subsequent
recovery following a selective logging event, and little is known on the regeneration of
commercial timber species. Also, few studies have been conducted on the effect of this
logging practice on different types of disturbances, for example gaps and logging roads
left behind in the forest.
This project aims to set the foundation for a long term monitoring initiative investigating
forest re-growth in forest canopy gaps and logging roads after selective logging in
Ambroya 2. On a large scale, the goal of the study will be to create a model of the area
before and after logging with respect to carbon levels, investigating the compatibility of
small scale selective logging with the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest
Degradation (REDD) program in the Ipetí-Emberá community. To initiate such a plan,
solid baseline information is required for future reference and comparison. The goals of
this particular venture are to compile an inventory of the forest gaps and roads, and to
qualitatively collect ecological characteristics of each gap.
To complete an inventory of all disturbances, the total area of all gaps and roads was
required to determine the overall disturbance level. For gaps, area was calculated from
previously collected data and measurements taken in the field. For roads, ArcGIS data
was analyzed to obtain area. Characterization of the gaps involved making standardized
field observations on biotic and abiotic factors of each gap. This data will be used for
comparison in the future and to look at the relationship between these environmental
factors and a particular gap‟s regeneration of timber species, and to look at the
differences in forest recovery between roads and gaps.
The obtained results showed a total disturbance level of 9.9% of the entire Ambroya 2
area, and a high level of re-growth in gaps after logging one year ago. Further study will
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be required to analyze in depth the recovery of this forest, including species composition
over time, seedling and sapling recruitment and canopy cover, among others. This paper
recommends methodologies for laying plots for future surveying. Results of this initiated
project will be informative on many different levels, including the capacity of
commercially and culturally important tree species to sufficiently recover from logging
activity and the ability to adopt a REDD-compatible carbon stock program in the
community. They will provide reference for environmental impacts of future selective
logging projects, and could influence the decision making process for their plans. In
conclusion, this study is the beginning of a long term monitoring scheme linking the
community‟s necessary use of the forest and an attempt to promote sustainable forestry
practices.
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RESUMEN EJECUTIVO
La Recuperación del Bosque Después de la Tala Selectiva en la Comunidad de Ipetí-
Emberá Adrian Burrill y Stephanie Garbe de la Universidad de McGill ENVR 451
Institución anfitriona: OUDCIE Ipetí-Emberá, Provincia de Panamá 333-0803
Universidad de McGill con Ignacia Holmes 845 Sherbrooke St West, Montreal, QC,
Canadá
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Roosvelt Ave. Balboa, Ancón Panamá 507 212-
8000
Ipetí-Emberá es una comunidad ubicada al este de la Ciudad de Panamá en la región de
Bayano. La tierra comunal, una Tierra Colectiva, comprende 3145 ha, dentro de la cual
un proyecto de tala de pequeña escala se llevó a cabo en una región que se llama
Ambroya 2 entre febrero y abril 2009.
La tala selectiva es el proceso de retirar los árboles más grandes y aislados del bosque de
las especies de madera preferidas para vender. Su uso se ha incrementado en
Latinoamérica en los últimos años como una valiosa fuente de ingreso para los
terratenientes de pequeña escala, y se ha reconocido como una alternativa más sostenible
que las prácticas tradicionales de tala. Sin embargo, han surgido problemas sobre los
impactos en el bosque y su recuperación después de un evento de tala selectiva, y poco es
conocido sobre la recuperación de las especies de madera comerciales. Además, pocas
investigaciones se han realizado sobre el impacto de este método de tala sobre los
diferentes tipos de perturbaciones, por ejemplo los hoyos en el bosque creados por los
árboles cortados y los caminos de tala.
Este proyecto tiene como objetivo hacer una fundación para una iniciativa de
seguimiento de largo plazo para investigar el nuevo crecimiento en los hoyos del dosel
del bosque y los caminos de tala después de la tala selectiva en Ambroya 2. A largo
plazo, el objetivo de este estudio va a ser de crear un modelo del área antes y después de
la tala con respeto a los niveles de carbono, investigando la compatibilidad de la tala
selectiva a pequeña escala con el programa de Reducción de las Emisiones por
Deforestación y Degradación de los bosques (REDD) en la comunidad de Ipetí-Emberá.
Para iniciar este plan, se requiere una muy buena información de base como referencia y
comparación en el futuro. Los objetivos de esta parte del proyecto son de recopilar un
inventario de los hoyos del bosque y los caminos, y de cualitativamente recoger las
características ecológicas de cada hoyo.
Para completar un inventario de todas las perturbaciones, fue requerida el área total de
todos los hoyos y caminos para determinar el nivel de perturbación total. Para los hoyos,
el área fue calculada de los datos anteriormente colectados y de las mediciones realizadas
en el campo. Para los caminos, los datos de ArcGIS fueron analizados para obtener el
área. La caracterización de los hoyos implicó hacer observaciones estandarizadas sobre
los factores bióticos y abióticos de cada hoyo. Estos datos van a ser usados para la
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comparación en el futuro y para ver la relación entre estos factores ambientales y la
regeneración de los especies de madera en los hoyos, y para ver las diferencias en la
recuperación de los bosques entre los hoyos y los caminos.
Los resultados obtenidos mostraron un nivel de perturbación total de 9.9% de toda el área
en Ambroya 2, y un nivel alto de nuevo crecimiento en los hoyos después de la tala, hace
un año. Más estudio se requiere para analizar la recuperación del bosque en profundidad,
incluyendo la composición de las especies con el tiempo, el reclutamiento de las plántulas
y árboles jóvenes, la cubierta del dosel, y otros. Este trabajo recomienda una metodología
para la colocación de las parcelas para la agrimensura en el futuro. Los resultados de este
proyecto iniciado van a ser informados en muchos maneras diferentes, incluyendo la
capacidad de las, comercialmente y culturalmente, importantes especies de árboles de
recuperar suficientemente de la actividad maderera y la capacidad de adoptar un
programa de reserva de carbono compatible con REDD en la comunidad. Van a proveer
referencia sobre los impactos ambientales de los proyectos de tala en el futuro, y podrán
influir en el proceso de toma de decisiones para los planes de tala. En conclusión, este
estudio comenzó un esquema a largo plazo de seguimiento uniendo el uso necesario por
la comunidad y un intento de promover las prácticas de silvicultura sostenibles.
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INTRODUCTION
Study Site
This study was conducted entirely within the indigenous community of Ipetí-Emberá, a
Tierra Colectiva situated about 120km east of Panama City. It, along with Ipetí-Kuna to
the north and Ipetí-Colono to the east, comprises the Bayano watershed region in the
district of Chepo in the eastern part of the province of Panama (Figure 1). This region
was created in 1970 by the Panamanian government to relocate families whose original
land was to be flooded by the Bayano hydroelectric project (Kirby and Potvin, 2007). The
Emberá Tierra Colectiva comprises 3145 ha of land, and is contained by the Ipetí river to
the east, the Curti river to the west, and the Pan American highway to the north (Kirby
and Potvin, 2007). Since its creation, the community‟s population has grown to about 71
households presently (Tschakert et al., 2007).
Source: Tschakert 2007
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Field work was carried out during the months of January to April 2010 in a recently
logged area of the Tierra Colectiva known as Ambroya 2. Logging occured between
February and April 2009 in this area, which encompasses 31.92 ha of land, where trees
were logged, creating 36 forest gaps. It should be noted that an individual gap refers to
the area in the forest affected by a single tree felling, and multiple gaps refer to the area
affected by the felling of two or more trees.
Host Institutions
La Organizacion de Unidad de la Communidad Ipetí-Emberá (OUDCIE) is a local non
governmental organization (NGO) consisting of local community members from Ipetí-
Emberá. Founded in 1998, the organization has an aim to promote conservation and
sustainable development, and also to preserve the culture and traditions of the Emberá
people. Primarily, it carries out developmental projects, oversees policy and politics in
the community and ensures that all projects carried out within the Tierra Colectiva
respects Emberá culture and will be of benefit to the community at large (Barrios et al.,
2002). All field work and logistical aspects within the Ipetí-Emberá community related to
our project were assisted and overseen by OUDCIE members.
The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) is a bureau of the Smithsonian
Institution of the United States based in Panama, dedicated to understanding tropical
biological diversity. Founded in 1923, STRI is now a leading research institution in the
world, and it aims to facilitate research to better understand tropical habitats through the
training and funding of tropical biologists (STRI 2010). This project, contributing to the
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doctorate project of Ignacia Holmes with McGill University, is a joint venture between
STRI, McGill University and OUDCIE, investigating the recovery of a selectively logged
forest in the Ipetí-Emberá community.
Contact Information:
OUDCIE- Organización para la Unidad y el Desarrollo de la Comunidad de Ipetí-
Emberá
Ipetí-Emberá, Provincia de Panama, 333-0803
STRI- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
Roosvelt Ave., Tupper Building – 401, Balboa, Ancón, Panamá, República de Panamá,
507 212-8000
McGill University with Ignacia Holmes
845 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 2T5, 514-398-4455
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing
Countries
Initiated in December 2005 during negotiations of the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Montreal, Canada, Reducing Emissions
from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) became an international endeavour
to implement monetary value for the carbon stored in forests. Created in response to
political pressure arising from concerns over the depletion of the world‟s forests, the
REDD program offers incentives for developing countries to reduce their emissions from
forested land. Demand for agricultural expansion in tropical regions of the developing
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world has led to large scale forest clearance and land conversion to pastures and for road
development (Putz, 2008). The REDD program realizes the large contribution of
deforestation and forest degradation to global carbon emissions, seeing that they account
for almost 20% of global greenhouse gas emissions (UN-REDD, 2009). Therefore,
REDD is working towards mitigating climate change by coupling the maintenance of
forest ecosystems with providing financial support to developing countries (UN-REDD,
2009). Panama has played an active role in REDD negotiations, and has included it as an
integral part of their environmental strategy (ANAM 2009). On a long term scale, this
project will investigate the compatibility of small scale selective logging with REDD in
the Ipetí-Emberá community.
Scope of the Long Term Project
The goal of this large scale study is to not only determine forest response following a
logging event, but also to create a model of the area before and after with respect to
carbon levels. With time, carbon stocks will be compared between the pre-logged forest
and the projected recovered forest, which will aid in designing different management
scenarios in the future. The entire scope of the project is outlined in Figure 2,
demonstrating that there are multiple stages involved. Hence, it is a long term study
involving monitoring of the forest over time.
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Figure 2: Outline of long term study (source: Ignacia Holmes)
This project is concerned with parts three and four: description of post-logging forest
disturbances and the analysis of forest response post-logging. It is important to note that
this internship is laying the foundation for a larger project, collecting baseline data for
future reference and comparisons. While forest recovery information is the desired goal,
due to time constraints and the nature of these studies, this project will only compile an
inventory of the forest gaps and qualitatively characterize them.
Selective Logging
Selective logging can be defined as the practice of removing isolated mature trees for the
purpose of selling timber (Whitman et al., 1997). This has become an increasingly
practiced technique in Latin America as an important livelihood strategy for small
landholders (Nepstad et al., 1999). It has also been shown to play a large role in
providing wood for the timber industry (Cerutti and Tacconi, 2008). Selective logging
1. Description of
Forest composition
and carbon stock of
pre-logged forest
3. Description
of post-logging
forest
disturbances
4. Analysis
of forest
response
post-logging
5. Projection
of forest
recovery in
time
Compare carbon stocks
6. Model
different
management
scenarios
2. Description of
small-scale selective
logging initiative
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may be an alternative land use strategy that moves away from the practice of clear
cutting; however it still causes damage to the surrounding area, such as the residual stand
and remaining trees (Whitman et al., 1997). Extraction of a felled tree, which involves a
large quantity of logging equipment, also affects the area by compacting soils and
therefore reducing seedling recruitment and growth (Whitman et al., 1997). Studies have
suggested that selective logging practices have lower impacts than traditional logging, but
nevertheless they do not provide sufficient disturbance for regeneration to occur
(Whitman et al., 1997). This discrepancy is suggested to be a result of colonization of
competing species when small gaps are formed due to the felling of a single tree. It was
found that tree seedlings and saplings in multiple tree gaps grew at three times the rate of
those in single tree gaps (Frederickson, 2000). The disturbance caused by single tree
selective logging was found to be inadequate to support sufficient forest regeneration
(Toledo-Aceves, 2009). It has been shown that stem recruitment in a disturbed area is the
main factor in recovering from the disturbance (Luyssaert et al., 2008). While logging
impacts and subsequent forest recovery has been studied extensively in forest gaps, most
research has neglected to include other types of disturbances caused by logging activities
for comparison, such as logging roads and trails. Certain studies, however, have shown
differing levels of forest regeneration between logging disturbances such as single and
multiple gaps, and logging trails (Frederickson, 2000, Dickinson et al., 2000).
This study aims to compare forest re-growth among different disturbance types, namely
gaps and roads, with the long term goal of using this information for preparing carbon
stock management strategies to increase carbon recovery in similar logging projects.
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Ultimately, this information could be used in the planning of small scale selective logging
practices in the future. The questions this study will eventually aim to answer are as
follows: Are the disturbances created by selective logging sufficient to promote sustained
regeneration of commercial timber, high carbon local use species? Are there any
differences between the different types of disturbances? How do the disturbance
characteristics affect forest growth?
This part of the overall study will look into gap characteristics and disturbance levels of
gaps and roads. These characteristics will be used to determine the relationship between
seedling and sapling abundance, canopy cover and disturbance type. The following
hypotheses will be tested with future analysis: Seedling and sapling densities of
commercial, high carbon and local use tree species will respond more favourably to
disturbances that exceed those provided by roads. Roads are more likely to be colonized
by competing vegetation thus changing forest composition.
OBJECTIVES
This project‟s main objective is to obtain a full understanding of the logged area in the
Ambroya 2 region of Ipetí-Emberá. Baseline data will be collected to lay a foundation for
a long term monitoring survey on forest recovery. A continuation of this study, through
sampling, will provide understanding of seedling and sapling recovery of high carbon,
commercial and local use species. The specific objectives of this portion of the project
can be broken up into two separate categories, one for each task performed:
1) Disturbance inventory:
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The disturbance inventory comprises a full comprehension of the gaps and roads, with
respect to area affected by logging. Areas were to be determined using field methods
described below and GPS points taken for GIS mapping later on. Most importantly, this
information will be used to evaluate the relative importance level per disturbance. With
all the area data from roads and gaps, a percentage should be determined for the amount
of disturbed land in all of Ambroya 2.
2) Gap characterization:
The objective for this section is to obtain a complete understanding of what each gap
looks like at this time, approximately one year after the logging project, to get an idea of
the growth that occurred, what types of plants are present, the species of the cut trees, and
the presence of ecological characteristics such as rocks and slope. Another important goal
is to obtain a complete inventory of logged trees, including their species names.
METHODOLOGY
Gaining Scope of the Project
The initial and most important task of this project was obtaining an understanding of
objectives that are attainable and feasible with the time constraints. Working with Ignacia
Holmes and meeting with specialists in forestry research and the Ipetí-Emberá
community and culture, Jefferson Hall and Catherine Potvin, knowledge was gained
about the expanse of this long term study and an understanding of the required baseline
information. This project was then designed to obtain the baseline data of the logged
areas. Therefore, the achievable objectives of this study were altered to be feasible in the
time frame. The project goals are necessary to set the stage for future research into the
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recovery of the Ambroya forest after selective logging in the Ipetí-Emberá community.
Due to the time constraints and barriers encountered, our research only focuses on
Ambroya 2 in the Ambroya region. However, our methodology can be repeated to obtain
baseline data for Ambroya 1 in order to monitor and study both areas in the future.
Ethical Considerations
This study follows the ethical protocol of McGill University. A previous agreement has
been made between Ignacia Holmes with supervision from Dr. Catherine Potvin and the
Ipetí-Emberá community. This agreement states that all participants of the research of
Ignacia Holmes will do the following:
To receive consent, each component of the project is presented to the community
authorities
All participants in the study are provided with information on the study and our
intentions with the research and consent was asked for before proceeding with
discussions and/or interviews
Permission is obtained to take photographs in the community and in the field
Observations and interviews are made upon consent to provide a more detailed
analysis of the status, timeline, and changes in the Ambroya area
Research assistants for the project are suggested by OUDCIE and presented with
the work plan objectives before research begins
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Figure 3: ArcGIS map of Ambroya 2 with primary, secondary, tertiary roads, tree stumps
and gaps and our sampled gaps
Gap/Road/Tree Inventory
The goal of the gap inventory was to obtain location and area of all gaps through
mapping and measuring. The majority of the gaps had already been measured by José
Quintero in August 2009. To complete the gap inventory, the remaining gaps were
identified, mapped and measured in February 2010 using a GPS unit and a Vertex III and
Transport T31 ultrasound distance recorder. GPS points were taken of each logged area at
the centre of each gap; for individual gaps this was at the tree stump and for multiple
gaps it was an estimated centre. GPS points were also taken at the nearest tree that was
1 Haglöf Sweden AB- Vertex III and Transporter T3 2002
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not affected by logging nor is a newly grown tree in each cardinal direction of a compass,
N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W and NW. These GPS points were imported into ArcGIS and
added to previously created maps (Figure 3). Using the vertex ultrasound distance
recorder, distances were measured between the centers of each gap and the eight cardinal
points, and then the distances between each cardinal point (Figure 4). These
measurements provided an understanding of the area affected when the tree(s) was felled.
Figure 4: a) method for measuring distances in individual gaps where the tree stump is
the center of the gap b) method for measuring distances in multiple gaps where the center
of the gaps is an estimation
A complete inventory of the roads in Ambroya 2 was previously collected by José
Quintero in 2009. The roads were classified into three classes: primary (camino de mula),
secondary (switch principal) and tertiary (switch de hala) according to their purpose. The
primary road was constructed for trucks to transport the logs, secondary roads are the
main skid trails in the area that have been constructed to reach the forest and tertiary
roads are the small roads into the gaps to reach the felled tree(s). Previous data collected
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measurements of road width as well as GPS points along all roads. GPS points were
imported into ArcGIS. Using the ArcGIS maps, an estimate of the length of each road
was obtained. This information, along with the average road widths, provided an
understanding of the area affected by the roads.
For the tree inventory, we want an idea of the specific species of trees logged. With the
help of a local OUDCIE research assistant we were able to identify the species and
number of logged trees in each gap.
Disturbance Inventory
To complete the disturbance inventory, data was compiled on the gap areas, the road
areas. This information determined the total area of disturbances as well as the relative
importance of these disturbances in the logged area.
Characterizing Gaps
The gaps were characterized to obtain information that will be used as baseline data for
comparisons in the future. To characterize the gaps we used a similar rapid assessment
methodology which is used in sampling plots in STRI‟s Barro Colorado Island (BCI)
research station. A log sheet similar to the one used in the 50 ha plot in BCI was created
in both English and Spanish to facilitate the research assistant‟s knowledge (Table 1)
This field log sheet allowed us to qualitatively characterize the gaps based on the
presences of plants, rocks, density of nearby trees, direction of slope, and other attributes.
The classification of these attributes was subjective; therefore we worked together with
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the research assistant to standardize the observations. We recorded the number of trees
cut and the species and took photographs of each gap in the 4 cardinal directions (N, E, S
and W) for future comparisons.
Table 1: Example of Characteristics Log Sheet
Collecting Historical and Future Knowledge of Logging Projects
To complete our understanding of the area and for additional baseline knowledge we
interviewed the vice president of OUDCIE, Bonarge Pacheco. The purpose of this
interview was to obtain further information on logging projects in the community now
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and plans for logging projects in the future. Also the interview will provide insight on
where these projects would happen and when/if there are plans to expand the practice of
selective logging in the Ipetí-Emberá Tierra Colectiva.
Providing Recommendations for Future Research
Using our knowledge of the Ambroya and the disturbed area, as well as the collected and
compiled data we formulated recommendations for choosing which gaps and roads to
sample. We included recommendations for the placement and securement of permanent
plots and naming the plots and surveying the plots.
Limitations to Gaining Scope of Project
Our first limitation was gaining a full scope of the project. In the first few weeks our
methodology changed daily, sometimes with slight alterations and other times quite
abruptly. Nevertheless, this was a limitation that was overcome with the help from our
supervisors, specialists and field assistants. We realized the work that needed to be done
to meet the overall project goal. This goal was not feasible for us to accomplish, therefore
limiting the objective for our project. The troubles that we encountered, during our initial
phase of gaining understanding of the project and planning our methodology, taught us
important lessons. This lesson being that we have limitations to our ideas and it is
important as scientists to criticize your own work, and willingly accept criticism from
your peers and superiors.
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RESULTS
The results of the methodology provide important information for setting the foundation
of a long term study. This baseline information will be used for comparisons in the future
to determine the status of the forest‟s recovery.
Gap/Road/Tree Inventory
The map produced from the GPS points taken in the field and the previously collected
points from José Quintero (Figure 3) does not give much insight into the location and
distribution of the gaps in Ambroya 2. Due to our inexperience with the GPS unit, these
points could be inaccurate and not correct portrayals of the true location of the gaps.
Therefore, GPS points at the center of all gaps were retaken to compare to our first set of
points. Unfortunately we have not been able to produce a map with these points, due to
time constraints.
The distance measurements taken using the Vertex III ultrasound distance recorder of the
remaining gaps are presented in gap diagrams (Appendix I). These measurements, along
with the previously collected measurement from August 2009, were used to calculate the
areas of all gaps in Ambroya 2. To find the area of the gaps Heron‟s formula was used
(Figure 5). This formula calculates the area of triangles with side lengths known but
angles unknown (Kahan 2000). Each gap is split up into eight triangles and this formula
is used because the angles between cardinal points are unknown; however the angle from
the center of the gap to the cardinal points at the edge of the gap is estimated to be 45°.
The triangle area calculation is comprised of the distance from the center of the gap to the
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two adjacent cardinal points and the distance between these points (Figure 6). The areas
of the eight triangles were summed to obtain the total area of each gap (Table 2). This
calculation was done for all 36 gaps in Ambroya 2.
Figure 5: Heron’s formula. a, b and c are the three sides of this triangle, s is the
semiperimeter. The semiperimeter is half the perimeter
Figure 6: Example of a gap diagram divided into eight triangles. Each triangle has sides
a, b and c in order to apply Heron’s formula.
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Table 2: Complete inventory of gaps with each area of gap and sum area for all gaps
Gap AREA
(m2)
Gap AREA
(m2)
A2I I 206.67 A2HI1 240.1
A2I II 62.22 A2HI2 337.73
A2I1 150.92 A2HI3 138.82
A2I III 103.58 A2HI4 276.36
A2I2 133.77 A2HI5 192.31
A2I3 135.14 A2HI6 155.93
A2I IV 91.76 A2G9 855.15
A2I6 46.83 A2G1 1080.18
A2I V 70.79 A2G2 1686.88
A2I8 80.46 A2G3 1610.06
A2I VI 117.54 A2G7 286.33
A2I VII 585.17 A2G8 512.81
A2I VIII 138.61 A2G10 100.83
A2I IX 160.65 A2G4 1197.11
A2I5 122.07 A2G6 936.45
A2I4 198.77 A2HG1 403.37
A2I X 30.52 A2HG2 242.62
A2I XI 47.78
A2I XII 60.89 Total 12797.16
To calculate the total area of all roads in Ambroya 2, the formula for area of rectangles
was used (length multiplied by width). Width for each road was obtained from previous
data and length for each road was supplied by ArcGIS. The areas of all roads were
summed to obtain the total area of disturbance for all roads in Ambroya 2 (Table 3).
- 25 -
Table 3: Complete inventory of roads with tertiary, secondary and primary individual
area and sum area for all roads
Roads Area (m2)
Switch Hala /Tertiary
Roads
4540.6
Switch Principal
/Secondary Roads
10058.29
Camino Mula /Primary
Roads
4157.83
Total 18756.72
The results from identifying the trees logged in the area are outlined in Table 4. There are
36 gaps in Ambroya 2; however upon sampling in the field only 33 gaps were located.
Therefore only the number of trees and species where identified for these gaps. In the 33
sampled gaps, 54 trees where logged, 46 were espave, 3 were amargo amargo, 3 were
cedro macho and 2 were zapotillo. The gaps that were missed during the tree inventory
are known: A2I IV, A2I VII and A2I XII. Therefore since all are individual gaps
containing one tree each, it can be inferred that three more trees were logged than the
total we obtained from our sampling. For this reason, it can be stated that 57 trees where
logged in Ambroya 2. Nevertheless, the species of these three trees are unknown.
Table 4: Tree inventory of 33 out of 36 gaps
Species
Number of
Trees
Total Trees
Logged
Espave 46 54
Amargo amargo 3
Cedro macho 3
Zapotillo 2
- 26 -
Disturbance Inventory
To complete the disturbance inventory, the total area of all disturbances including
individual and multiple gaps, primary, secondary and tertiary roads was summed (Table
5). The total area of disturbances in Ambroya 2 is 31,553.88 meters2 (3.15 hectares). The
total area of Ambroya 2 is known to be 319,200 m2 (31.92 ha). The total area disturbed is
divided by the total area of Ambroya 2 to give the relative importance of these
disturbances in the area. Therefore, the total disturbed area in Ambroya 2 is 9.9% of the
total area.
Table 5: Total disturbance inventory
Disturbance type Area (m2 ) Mean area (m
2)
Multiple Gap 8911.78 810.16
Individual Gap 3885.38 155.41
Switch Hala/Tertiary Roads 4540.6 349.28
Switch Principal/Secondary
Roads
10058.29 3352.76
Camino Mula/Primary
Roads
4157.83 4157.83
Total Disturbed Area 31553.88
Total Ambroya 2 Area 319200
Relative Importance of
Disturbance
9.90%
Characterizing Gaps
Information collected on the characteristics of the 33 sampled gaps is presented in
Appendix II along with the four cardinal direction photographs for each gap. The results
from the log sheets are also outlined in Table 6. Table 6a summarizes all gap
characteristic attributes such as the presence of woody debris, canopy openness and
- 27 -
understory cover. Table 6b summarizes the broad ecological characteristics of the area
surrounding each gap. The attributes listed under broad ecological characteristics are
intensity and orientation of slope, colour and texture of soil, presence of rocks, plants,
density and presence of large trees near the gap. The results from Table 5 indicate that 22
of the 33 gaps characterized are individual gaps, with a single tree logged. The rest, 11
gaps, are multiple with two of more trees logged. The multiple gaps have an average of 4
trees with the majority having two trees. Most gaps exhibit a sparse presence of herbs and
medium to high presence of shrubs. Most gaps have a dense understory and relatively
high openness of their canopy. Most gaps exhibit a low presence of rocks and very high
presence of trees and tree seedlings. There is no noticeable difference between the growth
patterns between individual and multiple gaps. Only three of the 33 gaps have any
remaining trunk all exhibiting medium degradation. All gaps have a presence of branch
debris, tree top debris and liana debris. However, the presence is mostly medium to
sparse and all with medium degradation. Espave trees were logged from all multiple gaps
and all but three individual gaps. It is also notable that Ambroya 2 is a mountainous
region, as most gaps are situated on steep inclines. Soil colour is consistently brown
throughout the entire region and texture is most commonly organic matter; only two gaps
have evidence of clay material.
- 28 -
Table 6: a) Complete inventory of gap characteristics
Gap Characteristics
Presence of woody debris
Amount of woody debris
Presence of woody debris
Amount of woody debris
Presence of woody debris
Amount of woody debris
Presence of woody debris
Amount of woody debris
Presence of herbs
Presnece of shrubs
Canopy openness
Understory cover
Number of trees cut
Direction of fall
Species of tree(s)
Date Gap Type of Gap Trunk Branch Tree Top Liana
4/13/2010 A2I5 Individual N/A N/A med. Degradation medium med. Degradation low med. Degradation medium medium sparse 1/2 3/4 1 NW Espave
4/13/2010 A2I X Individual N/A N/A med. Degradation medium med. Degradation medium med. Degradation medium sparse sparse 1/2 3/4 1 E Espave
4/13/2010 A2G7 Multiple N/A N/A med. Degradation low med. Degradation low med. Degradation low medium medium 1/2 1/2 2 SW Espave, Amargo amargo
4/13/2010 A2I4 Individual N/A N/A med. Degradation low med. Degradation low med. Degradation low sparse sparse fully opened 1/2 1 SE Espave
4/13/2010 A2I3 Individual N/A N/A med. Degradation low med. Degradation low med. Degradation low thick sparse fully opened fully covered 1 E Espave
4/13/2010 A2I2 Individual med. Degradation medium med. Degradation low med. Degradation low med. Degradation medium thick medium 1/2 fully covered 1 NE Amargo amargo
4/13/2010 A2I6 Individual N/A N/A med. Degradation medium med. Degradation low med. Degradation medium sparse medium 1/2 3/4 1 SE Espave
4/13/2010 A2I V Individual N/A N/A med. Degradation low med. Degradation low med. Degradation high sparse medium fully opened fully covered 1 SE Espave
4/13/2010 A2G8 Multiple N/A N/A med. Degradation medium med. Degradation medium med. Degradation low sparse thick 3/4 3/4 2 NE Espave, Zapotillo
4/13/2010 A2 HI1 Individual med. Degradation medium med. Degradation medium med. Degradation low med. Degradation medium sparse medium fully opened 1/2 1 SW Espave
4/13/2010 A2I II Individual N/A N/A med. Degradation low med. Degradation medium med. Degradation medium sparse medium 1/4 fully covered 1 SW Cedro macho
4/13/2010 A2I I Individual N/A N/A med. Degradation medium med. Degradation medium med. Degradation low sparse sparse 1/2 fully covered 1 SW Espave
4/13/2010 A2G9 Multiple N/A N/A med. Degradation medium med. Degradation high med. Degradation medium sparse thick fully opened fully covered 3 SW Espave
4/13/2010 A2 HG1 Multiple N/A N/A med. Degradation medium med. Degradation low med. Degradation low sparse medium 1/2 3/4 2 S Espave, Cedro macho
4/13/2010 A2I VIII Individual N/A N/A med. Degradation medium med. Degradation medium med. Degradation low sparse thick 3/4 3/4 1 N Espave
4/13/2010 A2G10 Multiple N/A N/A med. Degradation medium med. Degradation medium med. Degradation low sparse medium fully opened 1/2 2 W Espave, Cedro macho
4/13/2010 A2I8 Individual med. Degradation medium med. Degradation low med. Degradation medium med. Degradation low sparse sparse 3/4 1/2 1 S Espave
4/14/2010 A2I IX Individual N/A N/A med. Degradation medium med. Degradation medium med. Degradation low sparse medium 3/4 fully covered 1 SE Zapotillo
4/14/2010 A2G6 Multiple N/A N/A med. Degradation medium med. Degradation medium med. Degradation low sparse thick 1/2 fully covered 3 SE Espave
4/14/2010 A2 HG2 Multiple N/A N/A med. Degradation medium med. Degradation medium med. Degradation low sparse thick 3/4 3/4 2 NE Espave
4/14/2010 A2G4 Multiple N/A N/A med. Degradation high med. Degradation high med. Degradation medium sparse thick 3/4 fully covered 4 SE Espave
4/14/2010 A2I1 Individual N/A N/A med. Degradation medium med. Degradation medium med. Degradation medium sparse thick 1/2 3/4 1 SW Espave
4/14/2010 A2G3 Multiple N/A N/A med. Degradation medium med. Degradation medium med. Degradation low medium thick fully opened fully covered 5 S Espave
4/14/2010 A2 HI2 Individual N/A N/A med. Degradation medium med. Degradation medium med. Degradation low sparse thick 3/4 fully covered 1 E Espave
4/14/2010 A2I III Individual N/A N/A med. Degradation medium med. Degradation medium med. Degradation low sparse thick 3/4 fully covered 1 SW Espave
4/14/2010 A2 HI4 Individual N/A N/A med. Degradation medium med. Degradation medium med. Degradation low sparse thick 1/4 fully covered 1 E Espave
4/14/2010 A2 HI3 Individual N/A N/A med. Degradation medium med. Degradation medium med. Degradation low sparse thick 1/2 3/4 1 SE Espave
4/14/2010 A2 HI5 Individual N/A N/A med. Degradation medium med. Degradation medium med. Degradation low sparse thick 1/2 3/4 1 SE Espave
4/14/2010 A2 HI6 Individual N/A N/A med. Degradation medium med. Degradation medium med. Degradation low sparse thick 1/4 fully covered 1 S Espave
4/14/2010 A2G2 Multiple N/A N/A med. Degradation high med. Degradation high med. Degradation medium sparse thick 3/4 fully covered 3 SW Espave
4/14/2010 A2G1 Multiple N/A N/A med. Degradation high med. Degradation medium med. Degradation low sparse thick 3/4 fully covered 4 All directions Espave x3, Amargo amargo
4/14/2010 A2I XI Individual N/A N/A med. Degradation medium med. Degradation medium med. Degradation medium sparse thick 1/4 fully covered 1 S Espave
4/14/2010 A2I VI Individual N/A N/A med. Degradation medium med. Degradation medium med. Degradation medium sparse medium 1/2 3/4 1 NW Espave
- 29 -
Table 6: b) Complete inventory of gap characteristics and broad ecological characteristics of the area surrounding each gap
Broad Ecological Characteristics
Slope Orientation of slope
Colour of soil
Texture of soil
Presence of rocks
Density of trees
Presence of big trees (close to gap)
Presence of lianas
Presence of palm seedlings
Presence of tree seedlings
Presence of Liana seedings
Date Gap Type of Gap
4/13/2010 A2I5 Individual steep W brown organic matter low high 10 high medium medium low
4/13/2010 A2I X Individual steep E brown organic matter low high 10 low high medium low
4/13/2010 A2G7 Multiple steep S brown organic matter low high 8 low medium medium low
4/13/2010 A2I4 Individual steep E brown organic matter low low 4 very high high high low
4/13/2010 A2I3 Individual steep SE brown organic matter low medium 2 low medium medium low
4/13/2010 A2I2 Individual steep SE brown organic matter low high 4 low low high medium
4/13/2010 A2I6 Individual slight W brown organic matter low high 8 low low medium low
4/13/2010 A2I V Individual slight SE brown organic matter low high 6 high low high low
4/13/2010 A2G8 Multiple steep SW brown organic matter low high 12 high high high low
4/13/2010 A2 HI1 Individual slight SW brown clay low low 4 high low high low
4/13/2010 A2I II Individual medium SW brown organic matter low high 4 medium medium high low
4/13/2010 A2I I Individual flat brown organic matter low medium 3 low medium high low
4/13/2010 A2G9 Multiple steep SW brown organic matter low high 6 medium medium high low
4/13/2010 A2 HG1 Multiple steep S brown organic matter low high 10 low high high low
4/13/2010 A2I VIII Individual flat brown organic matter low medium 4 low high high low
4/13/2010 A2G10 Multiple slight NE brown clay medium medium 1 low low medium low
4/13/2010 A2I8 Individual steep SW brown organic matter high medium 7 low low high low
4/14/2010 A2I IX Individual medium E brown organic matter low high 8 medium medium high medium
4/14/2010 A2G6 Multiple steep E brown organic matter low high 3 low low high low
4/14/2010 A2 HG2 Multiple medium NE brown organic matter low high 7 low high high low
4/14/2010 A2G4 Multiple steep E brown organic matter low high 6 medium high high medium
4/14/2010 A2I1 Individual steep E & W (top of hill) brown organic matter low high 10 low low high low
4/14/2010 A2G3 Multiple steep E brown organic matter low high 1 low low high low
4/14/2010 A2 HI2 Individual steep SE brown organic matter low high 5 low medium high low
4/14/2010 A2I III Individual steep SE brown organic matter low high 7 low medium high low
4/14/2010 A2 HI4 Individual steep S brown organic matter low high 7 low medium high low
4/14/2010 A2 HI3 Individual steep SE brown organic matter low high 7 low high medium low
4/14/2010 A2 HI5 Individual steep E brown organic matter low high 10 low medium high low
4/14/2010 A2 HI6 Individual steep S brown organic matter low high 6 low medium medium medium
4/14/2010 A2G2 Multiple slight W brown organic matter low medium 6 medium medium high low
4/14/2010 A2G1 Multiple slight SE brown organic matter low high 8 low high high low
4/14/2010 A2I XI Individual slight S brown organic matter low high 3 medium low high low
4/14/2010 A2I VI Individual steep NW brown organic matter low high 6 medium high high low
- 30 -
Collecting Historical and Future Knowledge of Logging Projects
The information collected from the interview with the vice-president of OUDCIE,
Bonarge Pacheco, provided us with greater understanding of the community‟s plans for
logging now and in the future. There are no plans at present for selective logging
projects. The most recent plans have been for the past year, 2009. There are no plans for
future logging at the moment, and plans to log are only constructed a year before logging
takes place. Future plans will most likely be of similar size because there are contracts
required to log trees in the area and each family involved can only fell four trees during a
logging period. If there are future plans for logging projects, they will presumably be in
the Ambroya region. This is because the region is well known and an appropriate
distance from the community. Bonarge Pacheco states that the Ambroya region will be
used for logging in the future for many years; however the region, due to the trees‟
growth, needs 15 years to fully recover after being logged.
Providing Recommendation for Future Research
With our results for the gap area data, we have been able to compile recommendations for
laying plots that will be used in future studies. These plots will survey seedlings and
saplings to determine tree recovery in these gaps. In order to achieve a sampling intensity
of 1%, it is required that 1% of the disturbed area be sampled. This equals 315 m2 of
disturbed area. We recommend using 2 x 2 m plots; therefore to achieve this sampling
intensity 79 plots (each 4 m2) must be laid out. To choose which gaps to sample and
locations of these plots, random stratified sampling is suggested. We suggest that the
permanent plots be laid 4 m apart from each other in both the N-S and E-W directions,
- 31 -
intersecting at the gap center. Performing a trial run of this method, we would be
sampling 10 random gaps, with 72 plots in the total area. For materials, we recommend
using PVC tubing and nylon cords for the plots and 1 x 1 m subplots within each 2 x 2 m
plot for seedling sampling purposes.
Recommendations for selecting gaps to sample (modification of Hayek et al., 1997)
1. Depending on chosen k value in the equation2 2
2
zN
k, the number of gaps
required to sample will vary. To keep workload to a minimum we choose k=0.75
as the correlation estimation of the mean; z is the value of the confidence level
which is 95% and therefore z =1.96; σ is the standard deviation. Example
calculation for the gaps is
2 2
2
(1.96 )(434.35 )
(0.75 355.48)
10
N
N
Therefore 10 gaps will be selected to sample.
2. All gap IDs are listed and a random number generator selects 10 from the list.
When we performed this we selected the gaps which are highlighted in Table 7.
3. N-S and E-W lengths of each gap are known so it is possible to calculate how
many plots are needed for each gap and how many plots will be set out in total.
4. N-S and E-W lengths are divided by 6 (2 m length and 4 m space) to determine
number of plots per N-S and E-W lines.
5. Total number of plots is required to know how much material is needed (Table 8).
In our example, 72 plots will require 576 m of cord for 2 x 2 m plot and 288 m of
- 32 -
cord for the 1 x 1 m subplot, therefore 864 m of cord is needed. The plot and
subplot requires eight 1.5 m PVC tubing making a total of 576 stakes required.
Table 7: Data of gaps and selected gaps for sampling (yellow highlight)
Gap N-S length
(m)
E-W
length (m)
AREA (m2)
A2I I 12.91 23.35 206.67
A2I II 9.68 10.12 62.22
A2G9 35.76 32.99 855.15
A2G1 47.17 25.24 1080.18
A2G2 45.91 49.73 1686.88
A2G3 44.98 51.68 1610.06
A2I1 16.43 8.63 150.92
A2I III 12.29 10.97 103.58
A2I2 10.42 17.26 133.77
A2I3 14.57 12.63 135.14
A2G7 17.17 20.81 286.33
A2I IV 9.49 10.22 91.76
A2I6 8.25 6.96 46.83
A2G8 27.62 23.25 512.81
A2I V 10 11.23 70.79
A2G10 9.49 14.42 100.83
A2I8 8.11 10.37 80.46
A2I VI 12.21 8.39 117.54
A2I VII 28.02 27.43 585.17
A2G4 29.3 28.78 1197.11
A2I VIII 11.83 13.93 138.61
A2I IX 16.42 12.1 160.65
A2G6 29.02 40.19 936.45
A2I5 13.98 12.88 122.07
A2I4 21.41 12.91 198.77
A2I X 8.69 4.14 30.52
A2I XI 7.92 7.02 47.78
A2I XII 8.48 8.5 60.89
A2HI1 13.81 28.67 240.10
A2HG1 24.43 17.8 403.37
A2HI2 20.89 22.92 337.73
A2HI3 19.59 11.07 138.82
A2HI4 11.56 23.19 276.36
A2HI5 13.9 18.97 192.31
A2HI6 14.65 10.15 155.93
A2HG2 14.06 18.54 242.62
- 33 -
Table 8: Chosen gaps to be sampled and number of plots in each gap
Gaps chosen to
be sampled
Number of
plots N-S
length
Number of
plots E-W
length
Total
Number of
plots
A2G9 6 5 72
A2G1 8 4
A2G3 7 9
A2I2 2 3
A2I3 2 2
A2I6 1 1
A2G8 5 4
A2I8 1 2
A2I VI 2 1
A2I4 4 2
Recommendations for placing permanent plots in gaps
1. The number of permanent plots in each gap will vary depending on the length of
the N-S and E-W lines. This will already be calculated (Table 7).
2. 2 m x 2 m permanent plots will be 4 m spaced apart along the N-S and E-W
lengths of the gaps. N-S and E-W lengths of each gap are known, and how many
plots should be along each line. For example gap A2G9 has an N-S length of
35.76 m and an E-W length of 32.99 m; therefore we would lay 6 and 5 plots
respectively. See Figure 7 for an example of the layout.
- 34 -
Figure 7: Example of permanent plots placed within a gap
Recommendations for establishing permanent plots
1. Use PVC piping to make stakes 1.5 m in length. Eight stakes will be required for
each plot, four in the corners of the 2 x 2 m plot and four in the corners of the 1 x
1 m subplot.
2. Hammer stakes in parallel to either the N-S line or the E-W line, depending on
which plot is being setup.
3. On the N-S line the four stakes will be at the corner points, NE, SE, SW, NW, one
meter from the N-S line. NW & NE will be two meters from each other as will
SW & SE, NE & SE and NW & SW.
- 35 -
4. The remaining four PVC stakes will be placed within the 2 x 2 meter plot forming
the 1 x 1 meter subplot. Follow steps 2-3, except corner points will be 50 cm from
line and NW & NE will be one meter from each other as will SW & SE, NE & SE
and NW & SW.
5. Follow steps 2-4 for the other length of the gap: i.e. N-S or E-W.
6. Nylon cord will be wrapped around the four stakes forming the 2 x 2 m plot, and
another nylon cord will be wrapped around the 1 x 1 m subplot. This will form the
perimeter of the permanent plots.
7. Top of PVC stake will be spray painted and marked with a black permanent
marker for easier identification in the future.
Recommendations for naming plots in gaps
1. Plots will be named for easy identification during future sampling
2. Each PVC stake will be marked with gap name, plot number and coordinate.
3. Ex: A2G9-1-NW; A2G9-1-NE; A2G9 -1-SE; A2G9-1-SW; A2G9-2-NW…etc.
4. For subplot stakes, names should vary slightly. Ex: A2G9-s1-NW; A2G9-s2-NW
Recommendations for surveying plots
1. For sampling the plots 24 tree species will be studied a list compiled from the
2007 study by Kirby and Potvin (2007). These species are considered to be high
carbon, economically important timber species, and species that are important for
local use i.e. housing (Table 9). All others will be classified as either „palm‟ or
„tree‟. To identify species in the field, help of local research assistants will be
- 36 -
necessary, and also preparing vouchers to be identified with the help of botanists
associated with the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute.
2. Large sapling survey: All woody species within the 2 x 2 m plots that are > 1 m
height and > 5 and ≤ 10 cm diameter at breast height (dbh) will be identified;
species and dbh will be recorded.
3. Seedling and small sapling survey: Within the 1 x 1 m subplot all woody species
will be identified to one of two categories; seedlings ≥ 50 cm and ≤ 1 m height or
small saplings >1 m height and ≤ 5 cm diameter. Species, number of species and
dbh will be recorded.
4. Re-sprouts from stump and the five largest trees in all plots within a gap are also
identified and recorded for species and dbh.
- 37 -
Table 9: 24 studied high carbon timber species (Source Kirby and Potvin, 2007, Cordero
and Boshier, 2003)
Common Name Scientific Name Use
Espave Anacardium excelsum Preferred Timber
Cuipo Cavanillesia platanifolia Sacred
Caucho / Cauchillo Castilla elastica Rubber
Punula Quararibea asterolepis Timber
Zapotillo Dyospiros sp. Firewood
amarillo pepita Lafoensia punicifolia Timber
Berba Brosimum alicastrum Timber
Tamarindo / zorro macho Dialium guianense Timber
Cedro macho Guarea grandifolia Preferred Timber
Guácimo Guazuma ulmifolia None
Aguacatillo Phoebe cinnomomifolia Timber
Zapatero Hyeronima alchorneoides Preferred Timber
Quiebra hacha Matayba glaberrima Firewood
Níspero Manilkara zapota Timber
Carekidave Guarea sp. Firewood
Bongo Ceiba pentandra Firewood
Guagára Sabal mauritiiformis Construction
Banbito Symphonia globulifera Timber
Amargo Amargo Vatairea erythrocarpa Timber
Sangrillo Pterocarpus officinalis Timber
Sapotillo Pouteria sapota Timber
Tachuelo Zanthoxylum sp. Timber
Amarillo Terminalia amazonia Timber
Cedro espino Bombacopsis quinata Timber
Limitations to Collecting and Analyzing Data
While in the field we encountered many difficulties gaining data and/or accurate data.
Initially locating the gaps in the Ambroya area was difficult. We had no knowledge of
where the gaps where and we fully relied on the OUDCIE research assistant‟s help.
Secondly, once a gap was located it was very difficult to move through. In the one year
since logging the forest has re-grown with saplings twice the height of us. This makes
moving through to the eight cardinal points difficult and tedious. It also results in less
accurate distance measurement and GPS points, because the cardinal point at the edge of
- 38 -
the gap is not necessarily at the exact compass point. A large portion of our GPS points
were taken as approximations to the correct cardinal coordinate.
Limitations to the analysis of our data were due to our inexperience with the GPS unit
and ArcGIS. The first set of GPS points imported into ArcGIS resulted in areas that were
not in the region we wished to study and cardinal points that did not exhibit the correct
path (Figure 3). Our second time in the field we re-took all required GPS points, in order
to re-import them into ArcGIS. However, due to time constraints we have been unable to
do so.
Since we wish to track the growth of the forest, cutting through all growth to make
measuring the gap easier is not an option. It is therefore a limitation that will always need
to be taken into account. As for inaccurate GPS and ArcGIS data, more experience with
these programs is required along with GPS units that have stronger signals for tracking
under forest cover.
Limitations to Recommendations and Considerations
There are many limitations to the recommendations that we have proposed. Primarily, the
area will change in a year due to the fact that it has changed drastically since last year.
There will be a lot of understory cover which will make laying permanent plots rather
difficult. The accuracy of location of permanent plots within the gaps may suffer due to
the steep slope of most gaps and the inability to accurately follow the N-S and E-W
directions from the gap center. It should be considered that a serious limitation to laying
- 39 -
and securing plots is the work load that would be required. Carrying such large quantities
of material will require many hours and human resources. It is also important to note
while considering our recommendations that some roads are still in use and are
frequented by people, horses, dogs and wildlife.
DISCUSSION
As a forest management strategy, the practice of selective logging may seem like an
attractive alternative to conventional clear cutting operations (Whitman et al., 1997).
However, this method of logging still has the potential to severely impact the surrounding
forest. Even though only a few trees are cut and extracted from the area, it still causes
damage to the surrounding area, such as the residual stand and remaining trees. Previous
investigations have shown that selective logging can cause damage to 20-80% of the
remaining trees (Huth and Ditzer, 2001). Indirect impacts of selective logging may still
be rather high in comparison to direct impacts, such as gaps and roads, which only
account for a small proportion of the total logging area (Whitman et al., 1997). The
results from the conducted study show that only a small portion (9.9%) of the total
Ambroya 2 area was affected directly by the logging activities. This low impact level has
been suggested to not provide sufficient disturbance for regeneration to occur (Whitman
et al., 1997). This discrepancy is due to the idea that greater disturbances have been
shown to have better re-growth and recruitment (Frederickson, 2000; Toledo-Aceves,
2009).
- 40 -
Due to the different capacities of forest re-growth, previous studies have suggested that
there are two paths which a forest can regenerate after being disturbed. In some cases,
impacts from logging have included large scale ground disturbance which, in
combination with canopy removal, can result in severe soil compaction and high ground
surface temperatures that can limit the extent of suitable regeneration and obstruct long
term tree growth (Jackson et al., 2002). However, other studies suggest that disturbance
from logging may promote growth through increased sunlight, increased mineral soil
exposure, reduction of competing vegetation and the promotion of seedling germination
(Fredericksen and Mostacedo, 2000). The results from our study concur with the latter of
these two theories, due to the high presence of tree seedling and sapling and high level of
understory cover in each gap a year after logging (Table 5).
It has been previously studied that tree seedlings and saplings in multiple tree gaps grow
at three times the rate of those in single tree gaps (Frederickson, 2000). In specific studies
it was shown that disturbances caused by single tree selective logging were found to be
inadequate to support sufficient forest regeneration (Toledo-Aceves, 2009). In this study,
one year after logging, no noticeable differences were observed between gap growth
characteristics of individual and multiple gaps such as those suggested by Frederickson
(2000) and Toledo-Aveces (2009). However, it is important to note once again the time
scale of this overall project. Perhaps these observations will change with time in the
coming years, as abiotic and biotic conditions of the gaps change. Such a study as this
one cannot come to broad conclusions, due to the lack of complete comparable
- 41 -
information; we are only able to make conclusions from our narrowly scoped
observations.
An important point of interest when discussing forest recovery is the types of species
present in various re-growth stages. The quickest species to obtain a spot in a newly
formed forest gap are often shade intolerant, fast growing pioneer species, and not
necessarily species of high timber value or species important for carbon sequestration
(Hall et al., 2003). Therefore it is important to monitor the forest over a long time to
observe the changes in species composition, since pioneer species may eventually be
outlived by slower growing, more resilient species. This study looked only at the species
of logged trees, but had no role in identifying species of re-growing seedlings. Therefore
species composition must be an important aspect of future investigations.
Implications for the Community and REDD
Lastly, the long term implications of this study for the community and its ability to adopt
a strategy compatible with REDD must be addressed. In the interests of Ipetí-Emberá
community members, logging projects are a source of income for families, and therefore
are highly desired. Forest recovery then is a vital aspect to the livelihood of the
community members, and the outcome of future logging projects will depend on the re-
growth of important timber species (Table 9), if they wish to log in similar areas. For
REDD, which is concerned with conserving forests for the purpose of storing carbon, the
regeneration of high carbon species will clearly be of utmost importance. Therefore,
results of this monitoring project will be very informative on many levels, and will
- 42 -
provide valuable knowledge that could help in the management of a carbon stock
program, and to increase carbon recovery in future selective logging projects.
CONCLUSION
Future studies will provide knowledge of this forest‟s recovery after this selective logging
event, and it will provide key insight into the impacts of selective logging operation as an
alternative method to conventional logging. Future studies will also answer our question:
if selective logging is sufficient for the sustainable recovery of the key tree species (Table
9). The results of this study will provide reference for impacts of future logging projects
in the area, and has the potential to influence decision making of future plans for selective
logging projects in the Ipetí-Emberá Tierra Colectiva. This project was the initial step in
a long term monitoring initiative, linking the community‟s necessary use of the forest,
and an attempt to promote sustainable forestry projects along with the initiatives of
REDD.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS2
We would like to sincerely thank all those who have contributed their time, knowledge,
and expertise to the outcome of this project. Firstly, thanks go to Blue Moon for
providing financial support for many aspects of the project. In the community of Ipetí-
Emberá, to OUDCIE and community members, namely Vice President Bonarge Pacheco,
Angel Ruiz, and Cristián Pacheco for their guidance in field work and helping with data
collection. Also thanks go to our host families in Ipetí-Emberá, Gloria and Reinedio
Casama, and Norfelina and family for their hospitality, kindness, and accommodation.
2 To whom it may concern at McGill University please send thank you notes to these presented contributors
- 43 -
We would also like to thank José Monteza for his guidance and aid in getting
accommodated to the community, and to José Quintero, for the use of data he previously
collected. At the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, to Jefferson Hall for his help in
recommending methodologies for laying permanent plots. At CATHALAC (Centro del
Agua del Trópico Humedo para America Latina y el Caribe), thanks to Eric Anderson for
his help in using ArcGIS mapping and for the use of the facility‟s computer lab. Thanks
to McGill University and Catherine Potvin for guidance, support and help in planning the
work needed to be done, and most importantly to Ignacia Holmes for being a wonderful
supervisor and constantly providing assistance and information in all aspects of the
project. Lastly, we wish to thank professors Rafael Samudio and Roberto Ibanez for their
guidance and support throughout the internship period.
- 44 -
REFERENCES
ANAM. Autoridad Nacional del Ambiente. “Estrategia de Reduccion de Emisiones por
Deforestacion y Degradacion del Bosque de Panama 2008-2012”. Gobierno
Nacional, Republica de Panama. 19 May 2009.
<http://www.anam.gob.pa/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=267
&Itemid=478&lang=en>. 19 April 2010.
Barrios, H., Potvin, C., and Tschakert, P. Fondo Canada-Panamá de la Embajada de
Canadá: Documento de Aprobación de Proyecto “MDL para atraer y manejar
inversiones en forma de bonos verdes” in Canadian Embassy in Panama, editor.
2002.
Cerutti, P. O. and Tacconi, L. “Forests, illegality, and livelihoods: the case of
Cameroon”. Society and Natural Resources 21 (2008): 845-853.
Cordero, Jesús, and David H. Boshier. Árboles de Centro America. United
Kingdom: Oxford Forestry Institute, 2003.
Dickinson, M. B., D. F. Whigham, S. M. Herman. “Tree regeneration in felling and
natural treefall disturbances in a semideciduous tropical forest in Mexico”. Forest
Ecology and Management 134 (2000): 137-151.
Fredericksen, Todd and Bonifacio Mostacedo. “Regeneration of timber species
following selection logging in a Bolivian tropical dry forest.” Forest Ecology and
Management 131 (2000): 47-55.
Hall, Jefferson et al. “The effects of selective logging on forest structure and tree species
composition in a Central African forest: implication for management of
conservation areas.” Forest Ecology and Management 183 (2003): 249-264.
Hayek, L.C., and M. A. Buzas. Surveying Natural Populations. New York:
Columbia University Press. 1997. 66-83.
Huth, A., Ditzer, T. “Long-term impacts of logging in a tropical rainforest: a
simulation ”. Forest Ecology and Management 142 (2001):33-51.
Jackson, S.M., Fredericksen, T.S., Malcolm, J.R. “Area disturbed and residual stand
damage following logging in a Bolivian Tropical Forest”. Forest Ecology and
Management 166 (2002):271-283.
Kahan, W. “Miscalculating Area and Angles of a Needle-like Triangle”. Lecture notes,
Math Department, University of California, Berkeley. 24 March 2000.
<http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~wkahan/Triangle.pdf>. 20 April 2010.
- 45 -
Kirby, Kathyrn, and Catherine Potvin. “Variation in carbon storage among tree
species: Implications for the management of a small-scale carbon sink project.”
Forest Ecology and Management 246 (2007): 208-221.
Luyssaert, S. et al. “Old-growth forests as global carbon sinks”. Nature 455 (2008): 213-
215.
Nepstad, D. C., et al. “Large-scale impoverishment of Amazonian forest by logging and
fire”. Nature 398 (1999): 505-508.
Putz, F. E., P. Sist, et al. (2008). "Reduced-impact logging: Challenges and
opportunities." Forest Ecology and Management 256(7): 1427-1433.
Runkle, J.R. “Guidelines and sample protocol for sampling forest gaps”. U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station,
Portland Oregan. 1992
STRI. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. “About STRI”.
<http://www.stri.org/english/about_stri/index.php>. 19 April 2010.
Toledo-Aceves, Tarin, Silvia Purata-Velarde and Charles Peters. “Pegeneration of
commercial tree species in a loggest forest in the Selva Maya.” Forest Ecology
and Management 258 (2009): 2481-2489.
Tschakert, P., Coomes, O., and Potvin, C. 2007. Indigenous livelihoods, slash-and-burn
agriculture, and carbon stocks in Eastern Panama. Ecological Economics 60:807-
820.
UN-REDD Programme. “About REDD+”. The United Nations Collaborative Programme
on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing
Countries. 2009. <http://www.un-redd.org/AboutREDD/tabid/582/language/en-
US/Default.aspx>. 19 April 2010.
Whitman, A., N. Brokaw and J. Hagan. “Forest damage caused by selection
logging of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) in northern Belize.” Forest
Ecology and Management 92 (1997): 87-96.
- 46 -
APPENDICES
Appendix I: Gap Measurement Diagrams
A2HI1 – Ambroya 2 Hoyo Individual 1
Species: Espave
Tree fell: Southwest
- 84 -
Appendix III: Table of Project Working Days
Project Working Days in Panama City 35
Project Working Days in the Ipetí-Emberá
Ambroya
6
Total Project Days 41
Appendix IV: Product for OUDCIE
La Recuperación del Bosque después de la Tala
Selectiva en la Comunidad de Ipetí-Emberá
De: Adrian Burrill y Stephanie Garbe
Universidad de McGill
Por: OUDCIE
En colaboración con Ignacia Holmes
26 de abril de 2010
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La Recuperación del Bosque Después de la Tala Selectiva en la Comunidad de Ipetí-
Emberá
Adrian Burrill y Stephanie Garbe de la Universidad de McGill ENVR 451
Institución anfitriona: OUDCIE Ipetí-Emberá, Provincia de Panamá 333-0803
Universidad de McGill con Ignacia Holmes 845 Sherbrooke St West, Montreal, QC,
Canadá
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Roosvelt Ave. Balboa, Ancón Panamá 507 212-
8000
Ipetí-Emberá es una comunidad ubicada al este de la Ciudad de Panamá en la región de
Bayano. La tierra comunal, una Tierra Colectiva, comprende 3145 ha, dentro de la cual
un proyecto de tala de pequeña escala se llevó a cabo en una región que se llama
Ambroya 2 entre febrero y abril 2009.
La tala selectiva es el proceso de retirar los árboles más grandes y aislados del bosque de
las especies de madera preferidas para vender. Su uso se ha incrementado en
Latinoamérica en los últimos años como una valiosa fuente de ingreso para los
terratenientes de pequeña escala, y se ha reconocido como una alternativa más sostenible
que las prácticas tradicionales de tala. Sin embargo, han surgido problemas sobre los
impactos en el bosque y su recuperación después de un evento de tala selectiva, y poco es
conocido sobre la recuperación de las especies de madera comerciales. Además, pocas
investigaciones se han realizado sobre el impacto de este método de tala sobre los
diferentes tipos de perturbaciones, por ejemplo los hoyos en el bosque creados por los
árboles cortados y los caminos de tala.
Este proyecto tiene como objetivo hacer una fundación para una iniciativa de
seguimiento de largo plazo para investigar el nuevo crecimiento en los hoyos del dosel
del bosque y los caminos de tala después de la tala selectiva en Ambroya 2. A largo
plazo, el objetivo de este estudio va a ser de crear un modelo del área antes y después de
la tala con respeto a los niveles de carbono, investigando la compatibilidad de la tala
selectiva a pequeña escala con el programa de Reducción de las Emisiones por
Deforestación y Degradación de los bosques (REDD) en la comunidad de Ipetí-Emberá.
Para iniciar este plan, se requiere una muy buena información de base como referencia y
comparación en el futuro. Los objetivos de esta parte del proyecto son de recopilar un
inventario de los hoyos del bosque y los caminos, y de cualitativamente recoger las
características ecológicas de cada hoyo.
Para completar un inventario de todas las perturbaciones, fue requerida el área total de
todos los hoyos y caminos para determinar el nivel de perturbación total. Para los hoyos,
el área fue calculada de los datos anteriormente colectados y de las mediciones realizadas
en el campo. Para los caminos, los datos de ArcGIS fueron analizados para obtener el
área. La caracterización de los hoyos implicó hacer observaciones estandarizadas sobre
los factores bióticos y abióticos de cada hoyo. Estos datos van a ser usados para la
comparación en el futuro y para ver la relación entre estos factores ambientales y la
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regeneración de los especies de madera en los hoyos, y para ver las diferencias en la
recuperación de los bosques entre los hoyos y los caminos.
Los resultados obtenidos mostraron un nivel de perturbación total de 9.9% de toda el área
en Ambroya 2, y un nivel alto de nuevo crecimiento en los hoyos después de la tala, hace
un año. Más estudio se requiere para analizar la recuperación del bosque en profundidad,
incluyendo la composición de las especies con el tiempo, el reclutamiento de las plántulas
y árboles jóvenes, la cubierta del dosel, y otros. Este trabajo recomienda una metodología
para la colocación de las parcelas para la agrimensura en el futuro. Los resultados de este
proyecto iniciado van a ser informados en muchos maneras diferentes, incluyendo la
capacidad de las, comercialmente y culturalmente, importantes especies de árboles de
recuperar suficientemente de la actividad maderera y la capacidad de adoptar un
programa de reserva de carbono compatible con REDD en la comunidad. Van a proveer
referencia sobre los impactos ambientales de los proyectos de tala en el futuro, y podrán
influir en el proceso de toma de decisiones para los planes de tala. En conclusión, este
estudio comenzó un esquema a largo plazo de seguimiento uniendo el uso necesario por
la comunidad y un intento de promover las prácticas de silvicultura sostenibles.
Tablas siguientes:
Tabla 1 es el inventario completo de los 33 hoyos muestreados en Ambroya 2. En esta
tabla se enumeran los atributos que representan el estado de recuperación del bosque.
Estos atributos proporcionan una base y las condiciones de referencia para comparar con
los niveles futuros.
Tabla 2 es también un inventario completo de los 33 hoyos muestreadas en Ambroya 2.
En esta tabla se enumeran los atributos que representan el área que rodea el hoyo dejado
por el árbol talado. Similar a la tabla 1, esta tabla también puede facilitar datos de
referencia para comparar con los futuros niveles de las lagunas del bosque en
recuperación Ambroya 2.
Tabla 3 contiene las longitudes y la área total para todos los hoyos en Ambroya 2,
incluidos los 3 huecos que se perdieron durante el periodo de muestreo en abril de 2010.
Tabla 4 es el producto final de todos los tipos de las perturbaciones diferentes con sus
áreas totales. Esta incluye, hoyos individuales, hoyos grupales, switch hala, switch
principal y camino mula. El área total de todas las perturbaciones es requerida para
obtener el área dañada total dentro Ambroya 2. El área total dañada se divide entre el
área total de Ambroya para obtener el porcentaje del área perturbada, que es del 9,9%.
- 87 -
Hoyos
Presencia de residuos de
madera
Cantidad de residuos de
madera
Presencia de residuos de madera
Cantidad de residuos de
madera
Presencia de residuos de
madera
Cantidad de residuos de
madera
Presencia de residuos de
madera
Cantidad de residuos de
madera Presencia de hierbas
Presencia de arbustos
Apertura del dosel
Cobertura del sotobosque
Número de árboles
cortados Dirección
de la caída Especie(s)
de árbol(es)
Fecha Hoyo Tipo de Hoyo Tronco Rama Copa del árbol Liana
4/13/2010 A2I5 Individual N/A N/A Degradación
medio medio Degradación
medio bajo Degradación medio medio medio bajo 1/2 3/4 1 NO Espave
4/13/2010 A2I X Individual N/A N/A Degradación
medio medio Degradación
medio medio Degradación medio medio bajo bajo 1/2 3/4 1 E Espave
4/13/2010 A2G7 Grupo N/A N/A Degradación
medio bajo Degradación
medio bajo Degradación medio bajo medio medio 1/2 1/2 2 SO
Espave, Amargo amargo
4/13/2010 A2I4 Individual N/A N/A Degradación
medio bajo Degradación
medio bajo Degradación medio bajo bajo bajo completamente
abiertas 1/2 1 SE Espave
4/13/2010 A2I3 Individual N/A N/A Degradación
medio bajo Degradación
medio bajo Degradación medio bajo alto bajo completamente
abiertas completamente
cubiertos 1 E Espave
4/13/2010 A2I2 Individual Degradación
medio medium Degradación
medio bajo Degradación
medio bajo Degradación medio medio alto medio 1/2 completamente
cubiertos 1 NE Amargo amargo
4/13/2010 A2I6 Individual N/A N/A Degradación
medio medio Degradación
medio bajo Degradación medio medio bajo medio 1/2 3/4 1 SE Espave
4/13/2010 A2I V Individual N/A N/A Degradación
medio bajo Degradación
medio bajo Degradación medio alto bajo medio completamente
abiertas completamente
cubiertos 1 SE Espave
4/13/2010 A2G8 Grupo N/A N/A Degradación
medio medio Degradación
medio medio Degradación medio bajo bajo alto 3/4 3/4 2 NE Espave, Zapotillo
4/13/2010 A2 HI1 Individual Degradación
medio medium Degradación
medio medio Degradación
medio bajo Degradación medio medio bajo medio completamente
abiertas 1/2 1 SO Espave
4/13/2010 A2I II Individual N/A N/A Degradación
medio bajo Degradación
medio medio Degradación medio medio bajo medio 1/4 completamente
cubiertos 1 SO Cedro macho
4/13/2010 A2I I Individual N/A N/A Degradación
medio medio Degradación
medio medio Degradación medio bajo bajo bajo 1/2 completamente
cubiertos 1 SO Espave
4/13/2010 A2G9 Grupo N/A N/A Degradación
medio medio Degradación
medio alto Degradación medio medio bajo alto completamente
abiertas completamente
cubiertos 3 SO Espave
4/13/2010 A2 HG1 Grupo N/A N/A Degradación
medio medio Degradación
medio bajo Degradación medio bajo bajo medio 1/2 3/4 2 S Espave, Cedro
macho
4/13/2010 A2I VIII Individual N/A N/A Degradación
medio medio Degradación
medio medio Degradación medio bajo bajo alto 3/4 3/4 1 N Espave
4/13/2010 A2G10 Grupo N/A N/A Degradación
medio medio Degradación
medio medio Degradación medio bajo bajo medio completamente
abiertas 1/2 2 O Espave, Cedro
macho
4/13/2010 A2I8 Individual Degradación
medio medium Degradación
medio bajo Degradación
medio medio Degradación medio bajo bajo bajo 3/4 1/2 1 S Espave
4/14/2010 A2I IX Individual N/A N/A Degradación
medio medio Degradación
medio medio Degradación medio bajo bajo medio 3/4 completamente
cubiertos 1 SE Zapotillo
4/14/2010 A2G6 Grupo N/A N/A Degradación
medio medio Degradación
medio medio Degradación medio bajo bajo alto 1/2 completamente
cubiertos 3 SE Espave
4/14/2010 A2 HG2 Grupo N/A N/A Degradación
medio medio Degradación
medio medio Degradación medio bajo bajo alto 3/4 3/4 2 NE Espave
Tabla 1: Inventario completo de las características de los hoyos
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4/14/2010 A2G4 Grupo N/A N/A Degradación
medio alto Degradación
medio alto Degradación medio medio bajo alto 3/4 completamente
cubiertos 4 SE Espave
4/14/2010 A2I1 Individual N/A N/A Degradación
medio medio Degradación
medio medio Degradación medio medio bajo alto 1/2 3/4 1 SO Espave
4/14/2010 A2G3 Grupo N/A N/A Degradación
medio medio Degradación
medio medio Degradación medio bajo medio alto completamente
abiertas completamente
cubiertos 5 S Espave
4/14/2010 A2 HI2 Individual N/A N/A Degradación
medio medio Degradación
medio medio Degradación medio bajo bajo alto 3/4 completamente
cubiertos 1 E Espave
4/14/2010 A2I III Individual N/A N/A Degradación
medio medio Degradación
medio medio Degradación medio bajo bajo alto 3/4 completamente
cubiertos 1 SO Espave
4/14/2010 A2 HI4 Individual N/A N/A Degradación
medio medio Degradación
medio medio Degradación medio bajo bajo alto 1/4 completamente
cubiertos 1 E Espave
4/14/2010 A2 HI3 Individual N/A N/A Degradación
medio medio Degradación
medio medio Degradación medio bajo bajo alto 1/2 3/4 1 SE Espave
4/14/2010 A2 HI5 Individual N/A N/A Degradación
medio medio Degradación
medio medio Degradación medio bajo bajo alto 1/2 3/4 1 SE Espave
4/14/2010 A2 HI6 Individual N/A N/A Degradación
medio medio Degradación
medio medio Degradación medio bajo bajo alto 1/4 completamente
cubiertos 1 S Espave
4/14/2010 A2G2 Grupo N/A N/A Degradación
medio alto Degradación
medio alto Degradación medio medio bajo alto 3/4 completamente
cubiertos 3 SO Espave
4/14/2010 A2G1 Grupo N/A N/A Degradación
medio alto Degradación
medio medio Degradación medio bajo bajo alto 3/4 completamente
cubiertos 4 All directions
Espave x3, Amargo amargo
4/14/2010 A2I XI Individual N/A N/A Degradación
medio medio Degradación
medio medio Degradación medio medio bajo alto 1/4 completamente
cubiertos 1 S Espave
4/14/2010 A2I VI Individual N/A N/A Degradación
medio medio Degradación
medio medio Degradación medio medio bajo medio 1/2 3/4 1 NO Espave
- 89 -
Tabla 2: Inventario completo de las características ecológicas del entorno para cada hoyo
Características Ecológicas
Ladera Dirección de la
ladera Color del
suelo Textura
del suelo Presencia de rocas
Densidad de los
árboles
Presencia de árboles grandes
(cerca del hoyo)
Presencia de lianas
Presencia de plantulas de palmas
Presencia de planulas de
árboles
Presencia de plantulas de
bejucos
Fecha Hoyo Tipo de Hoyo
4/13/2010 A2I5 Individual empinado O marrón materia orgánica bajo alto 10 alto medio medio bajo
4/13/2010 A2I X Individual empinado E marrón materia orgánica bajo alto 10 bajo alto medio bajo
4/13/2010 A2G7 Grupo empinado S marrón materia orgánica bajo alto 8 bajo medio medio bajo
4/13/2010 A2I4 Individual empinado E marrón materia orgánica bajo bajo 4 muy alto alto alto bajo
4/13/2010 A2I3 Individual empinado SE marrón materia orgánica bajo medio 2 bajo medio medio bajo
4/13/2010 A2I2 Individual empinado SO marrón materia orgánica bajo alto 4 bajo bajo alto medio
4/13/2010 A2I6 Individual escaso O marrón materia orgánica bajo alto 8 bajo bajo medio bajo
4/13/2010 A2I V Individual escaso SE marrón materia orgánica bajo alto 6 alto bajo alto bajo
4/13/2010 A2G8 Grupo empinado SO marrón materia orgánica bajo alto 12 alto alto alto bajo
4/13/2010 A2 HI1 Individual escaso SO marrón arcilla bajo bajo 4 alto bajo alto bajo
4/13/2010 A2I II Individual mediano SO marrón materia orgánica bajo alto 4 medio medio alto bajo
4/13/2010 A2I I Individual plano marrón materia orgánica bajo medio 3 bajo medio alto bajo
4/13/2010 A2G9 Grupo empinado SO marrón materia orgánica bajo alto 6 medio medio alto bajo
4/13/2010 A2 HG1 Grupo empinado S marrón materia orgánica bajo alto 10 bajo alto alto bajo
4/13/2010 A2I VIII Individual plano marrón materia orgánica bajo medio 4 bajo alto alto bajo
4/13/2010 A2G10 Grupo escaso NE marrón arcilla medio medio 1 bajo bajo medio bajo
4/13/2010 A2I8 Individual empinado SO marrón materia orgánica alto medio 7 bajo bajo alto bajo
4/14/2010 A2I IX Individual mediano E marrón materia orgánica bajo alto 8 medio medio alto medio
- 90 -
4/14/2010 A2G6 Grupo empinado E marrón materia orgánica bajo alto 3 bajo bajo alto bajo
4/14/2010 A2 HG2 Grupo mediano NE marrón materia orgánica bajo alto 7 bajo alto alto bajo
4/14/2010 A2G4 Grupo empinado E marrón materia orgánica bajo alto 6 medio alto alto medio
4/14/2010 A2I1 Individual empinado E & O (cima de una colina) marrón materia orgánica bajo alto 10 bajo bajo alto bajo
4/14/2010 A2G3 Grupo empinado E marrón materia orgánica bajo alto 1 bajo bajo alto bajo
4/14/2010 A2 HI2 Individual empinado SE marrón materia orgánica bajo alto 5 bajo medio alto bajo
4/14/2010 A2I III Individual empinado SE marrón materia orgánica bajo alto 7 bajo medio alto bajo
4/14/2010 A2 HI4 Individual empinado S marrón materia orgánica bajo alto 7 bajo medio alto bajo
4/14/2010 A2 HI3 Individual empinado SE marrón materia orgánica bajo alto 7 bajo alto medio bajo
4/14/2010 A2 HI5 Individual empinado E marrón materia orgánica bajo alto 10 bajo medio alto bajo
4/14/2010 A2 HI6 Individual empinado S marrón materia orgánica bajo alto 6 bajo medio medio medio
4/14/2010 A2G2 Grupo escaso O marrón materia orgánica bajo medio 6 medio medio alto bajo
4/14/2010 A2G1 Grupo escaso SE marrón materia orgánica bajo alto 8 bajo alto alto bajo
4/14/2010 A2I XI Individual escaso S marrón materia orgánica bajo alto 3 medio bajo alto bajo
4/14/2010 A2I VI Individual empinado NO marrón materia orgánica bajo alto 6 medio alto alto bajo
- 91 -
Tabla 3: Todos hoyos en Ambroya 2 con su norte-sur, este-oeste longitud y la zona de
diferencia total.
Hoyo N-S longitud (m) E-O longitud (m) AREA (m2)
A2I I 12.91 23.35 206.67
A2I II 9.68 10.12 62.22
A2G9 35.76 32.99 855.15
A2G1 47.17 25.24 1080.18
A2G2 45.91 49.73 1686.88
A2G3 44.98 51.68 1610.06
A2I1 16.43 8.63 150.92
A2I III 12.29 10.97 103.58
A2I2 10.42 17.26 133.77
A2I3 14.57 12.63 135.14
A2G7 17.17 20.81 286.33
A2I IV 9.49 10.22 91.76
A2I6 8.25 6.96 46.83
A2G8 27.62 23.25 512.81
A2I V 10 11.23 70.79
A2G10 9.49 14.42 100.83
A2I8 8.11 10.37 80.46
A2I VI 12.21 8.39 117.54
A2I VII 28.02 27.43 585.17
A2G4 29.3 28.78 1197.11
A2I VIII 11.83 13.93 138.61
A2I IX 16.42 12.1 160.65
A2G6 29.02 40.19 936.45
A2I5 13.98 12.88 122.07
A2I4 21.41 12.91 198.77
A2I X 8.69 4.14 30.52
A2I XI 7.92 7.02 47.78
A2I XII 8.48 8.5 60.89
A2HI1 13.81 28.67 240.10
A2HG1 24.43 17.8 403.37
A2HI2 20.89 22.92 337.73
A2HI3 19.59 11.07 138.82
A2HI4 11.56 23.19 276.36
A2HI5 13.9 18.97 192.31
A2HI6 14.65 10.15 155.93
A2HG2 14.06 18.54 242.62
TOTAL Hoyo
Area 1.28ha
- 92 -
Tabla 4: Inventario completo de las perturbaciones y el área total dañada
Tipo de alteración Área (m2) Media área (m
2) Desviación
Estándar
Hoyo Grupal 8911.78 810.16 547.96
Hoyo Individual 3885.38 155.41 116.5
Switch Hala (Tertiary
Roads)
4540.6 349.28 57.47
Switch Principal
(Secondary Roads)
10058.29 3352.76 236.54
Camino Mula
(Primary Roads)
4157.83 4157.83 N/A
Total Área Dañado 31553.88
Total Área Ambroya 2 319200
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