first language and second language acquisition
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First Language
Acquisition
Cultural
transmission
interaction
ControversyInnatist theory
All human languages are innate.
Babies are programmed to distinguish
between ungrammatical and grammatical.
Environment makes a basic contribution.
Interactionist theory
Interaction between people and objects
The importance of the environment
Motherese
The rule-governed nature
Children seem to be aware that language is
rule governed.
They get engaged with the search of
language rules.
E.g. Use of negatives - No jump – Don´t jump
StagesPre-stage
1)Earliest vocalization
2)Cooing – velar sounds
3)Babbling – vowel sounds – fricative –
nasal
4)9 months – use vocalization to express
emotions and emphasis
Holophrastic stage 12 – 18 months a child speaks single -
words
Generally these words are objects
milk - Mummy – Daddy – door - toy
The two word stage A child is able to speak two separated
words and combined them to get a
meaning.
Context is essential.
Eg. Milk and cookies.
o possession
o request
o Catch someone´s attention
Telegraphic speech Two – Three years old
Telegraph format
Multi-words utterances
E.g. Emma want doll
The acquisition process
The child linguistic production is a matter of
trying out constructions and testing if they
work or not.
Grammatical Morphemes
1. Present progressive - ING-
2. Plural – ‘s
3. Irregular past form
4. Possessives - Joe‘s
5. Copula - Joe is happy
6. Regular past - ed
7. Third person singular simple present - He
says..
8. auxiliary be
Negation
Stage 1
No. No doll .
Stage 2
Mum no doll
Don´t touch my doll
Stage 3
I can´t do that. He don´t know
Stage 4
You didn´t bring me the doll.
She doesn´t want it.
Questions
Wh- questions
1.What?
2. Where? Who?
3. Why?
4. When? How?
Stage 1
Cookie? My doll?
Where´s dad? What´s that?
Stage 2
You like this?
Stage 3
Can I go? Are you there?
Fronting – Do I can have a cookie?
Stage 4
Are you going to play with me?
Do dogs like ice-cream?
Stage 5
Wh- questions
Yes-No questions
Negative questions are still a bit
difficult.
Stage 6
Children are able to correctly form all
questions types.
SemanticsLimited vocabulary and different
meanings
SecondLanguage
Acquisition
Acquisition and Learning
Acquisition: refers to the gradual development
of ability in a language by using it naturally.
Learning: conscious process of accumulating
knowledge of vocabulary and grammar.
Behaviourism
imitation practice reinforcement
Innatist Universal Grammar
Lack of time to acquire a language.
Known of the language.
Difficulties in pronunciation.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z907Q
wXpUqA
Acquisition Barrier
Affective filterUnwilling or embarrassmentLack of empathy with the
culture
stressed
uncomfortable Self- conscious
unmotivated
MethodsGrammar-translation
Long list of words. Memorize grammatical rules. Emphasis on the written language.
Audiolingual
Emphasis on the spoken language.
Moving simple structures to complex ones.
Language learning is a process of habit
formation
Direct
No translation is allowed
The meaning is to be conveyed through the
use of demonstration and visual aids.
InterlanguageLinguistic system and considered the basis of all L2 production.
Motivation
Once L2 learners achieve success
they feel more motivated to learn.
Communicative Competence Use L2 . accurately, appropriately and flexibly
Grammatical competence involves the accurate
use of words and structures in L2.
Sociolinguistic competence enable students to
learn to know when to say what to whom.
Strategic competence is the ability to organize
a message effectively and to overcome if there
is any difficulty.
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