fire

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INTRODUCTION

TO

FIREFIGHTING

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Life SafetyThe primary goal of fire safety efforts is to protect building

occupants from injury and to prevent loss of life.

Property ProtectionThe secondary goal of fire safety is to prevent property

damage.

Protection of OperationsBy preventing fires and limiting damage we can assure that

work operations will continue.

What will you learn From this program

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What will you learn From this program

a. How can you prevent Fire accidents?

b. How can you develop fire prevention checklists?

c. How can you inspect and update your fire fighting appliances?

d. How can you use Fire fighting appliances?

e. What will you do in case of fire accidents?

f. How can you develop fire emergency plan?

Pakistan Petroleum LimitedPakistan Petroleum Limited

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What is a Fire

Fire is a chain of chemical reaction involving rapid oxidation or burning of a fuel, which produce smoke, heat and flame.

•Fuel

•Oxygen

•Temperature

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CHEMISTRY OF FIRE

BURNING MATERIAL + TEMPERATURE + OXYGEN + CHAIN REACTION =FIRE

Chain Reaction

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• Class A - Ordinary combustibles• Class B - Flammable liquids Fires• Class C – Class Gas Fires• Class D - Metal Fires• Class E – Electric & Machinery Fires• Class F – Kitchen Fires

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Classifications according to burning materials

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How to extinguish fire?

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How Fire Expands?

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CONVECTION

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RADIATION

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CAUSES OF FIRE

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FIRE PREVENTION

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COMMON CAUSES OF FIRE ACCIDENT Smoking Electric short circuiting Over heating of electric appliances. Over heating of engine or machine. Over heating of oil. Heater or coal burner Matches Spark of oven Sprit lamp Self created fire Friction or resistance High temperature in summer season

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Special Causes of Fire

• Dust Explosion• Gas and Vapor Explosion• Chemical Reactions• Seasonal Changes• Lightening • Etc.

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Basic Principles of Fire Prevention

• Prevention of the starting of fire.• Prevention of the spreading of fire.• Prevention of water damage.

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Prevention of Starting of Fire

• The premises, machines and house-hold articles to be kept neat and clean.

• Sufficient space in between the buildings.• Proper Storage (in godowns)• Careful about fire works.• Periodic inspection of electrical wiring.• No Smoking notices.

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Prevention of Spreading of Fire

• Firefighting Training for all.• First Aid Firefighting Equipment.• Provision of adequate water supply.• Removal of combustible material from room

and attics.• Fire Receptivity.• Efficient Firefighting Service.

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Prevention of Water Damage.

• It is job of the professional firefighters to see that less water damage is caused while fighting a fire.

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FIRE EXTINGUISHER

AN INSTRUMENT USED TO EXTINGUISH THE FIRE IS KNOWN AS FIRE EXTINGUISHER.

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Standards for portable fire extinguishers

• OSHA-29 CFR 1910.157 - Portable Fire Extinguishers.

• NFPA-10

• Civil Defense Of Pakistan

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WATER FIRE EXTINGUISHER

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Common Fire Extinguishing Agents Water

Advantages:

Removes heat Effective on Class A fires Inexpensive Plentiful Non-toxic

Disadvantages:

Conducts electricity May spread Class B fires Freezes in cold climates May carry pollutants as

run-off water

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FOAM FIRE EXTINGUISHER

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DCP FIRE EXTINGUISHER

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Common Fire Extinguishing Agents Dry Chemical

Advantage:• Interrupts chemical reactions• Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda)• Very effective on Class B

and C fires• Not considered toxic

Disadvantage:• Leaves a residue• Obscures vision• Not good on deep-seated fires• Nozzle pressure may cause

burning liquids to splash

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Common Fire Extinguishing Agents Multipurpose Dry Chemical

Advantages:• Interrupts chemical

reactions• Ammonium phosphate• Effective on Class A, B, and

C fires• Non-conductive

• Disadvantages:• Obscures vision• More irritating than

ordinary dry chemical• Nozzle pressure may

cause• burning liquids to splash Create a layer on

components

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CO2 FIRE EXTINGUISHER

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Common Fire Extinguishing Agents Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Advantage:

• Reduces oxygen to less than 15%.• Effective on Class B and C fires.• No residue.• Relatively inert.

Disadvantage:

• Generally >35% concentration needed • Toxic to humans at >4% by volume• Not the best agent for smoldering fires • Dissipates rapidly - allows reflash

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HALONTRON FIRE EXTINGUISHER

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FIRE EXTINGUISHER SLECTION

Type Of Fire Extinguisher

Class A

Class B Class C Class K

Water Type Yes No No No

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) No Yes Yes Yes

Dry Chemical Powder- BC No Yes Yes Yes

Multipurpose Dry Chemical Powder ABC Yes Yes Yes Yes

Halon/ Halotron Yes Yes Yes Yes

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Appropriate use of extinguishers

• You can fight the fire with your back toward an escape route

• The extinguisher matches the fire type

• The extinguisher works effectively

2b

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Appropriate use of extinguishers

• You are properly trained in the use of the extinguisher

• You are confident you can put the fire out

2c

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Appropriate use of extinguishers

• The fire is large and has grown beyond its original confined space

• Your escape path is threatened

• You are not sure if you have the correct type of fire extinguisher

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Personal hazards• Smoke and noxious fumes

• Smoke and fumes cause unconsciousness

• Death may result

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How to inspect your fire extinguisher.

AccessWorking pressureHoseSafety PinRefilling DateExpiry Date

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PASS method of fighting fires

Hold the extinguisher upright• Pull the pin• Aim at the base of the fire• Squeeze the handle• Sweep the base of the fire

• Do not aim high at the flames

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Fire Hydrant System

• OSHA- 29 CFR 1910.158 - Stand pipe and hose systems

• NFPA-25

• IAP Standards

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Fire Fighter Kit

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When not to fight a fire?

Never fight a fire: • If the fire is spreading beyond the spot where it started

• If you can't fight the fire with your back to an escape exit

• If the fire can block your only escape

• If you don't have adequate fire-fighting equipment

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How to create an Emergency Action Plan?

• Objective• Information and communication• Evacuation• Emergency Equipment• workstations of the disabled workers • Emergency Action Leaders and Teams• Emergency Action Plan Locations• Training and Drills

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How to evacuate a burning building?• should not lock the door, just close it

• Proceed to the exit.• NEVER, NEVER use elevators.• Stay low, crawl if necessary.• Once in the stairwell, Never go up.• Report to a predetermined area. • when the evacuation alarm sounds, “EVERYONE MUST LEAVE THE BUILDING”

Assembly Point # 1

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What to do if trapped in a burning building?• Never open a closed door without feeling it first • If the door is hot, try another exit • use wet towels to seal the space under the door and prevent the

entry of smoke • If trapped, look for a nearby phone and call the fire department • If on an upper floor and your window is of a type that CANNOT

be opened, DON'T break it out- you'll be raining glass down on rescuers and people exiting the building

• If you can't contact the fire department by phone, wave for attention at the window. Don't panic.

Pakistan Petroleum LimitedPakistan Petroleum Limited

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Learn Not To BurnLearn Not To Burn

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What to do if someone catches fire?

If a co-worker catches on fire, smother flames by grabbing a blanket or rug and wrapping them up in it. That could save them from serious burns or even death.

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What to do if you catch a fire?

If you should catch on fire:

STOP - where you are

DROP - to the floor

ROLL - around on the floor

This will smother the flames, possibly saving your life.

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Rescue

• Fire Man Crawl• Fire Man lift• Jumping from low window• Jumping from high window