figure 5.5 the human skeleton
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 5.5 The human skeleton.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 5.5 The human skeleton.
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Figure 5.10 Bones of the right side of the pectoral girdle and the right arm and hand.
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Figure 5.11 Bones of the pelvic girdle and the left leg and foot.
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Figure 7.24 The pectoral girdle and clavicle.
Acromial (lateral) end(b) Right clavicle, superior view
Posterior
Sternal (medial)end
Anterior
Acromial endAnterior
Posterior
Sternal end
(c) Right clavicle, inferior view
Clavicle
Acromio-clavicularjoint
Scapula
(a) Articulated pectoral girdle
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Figure 7.25 The scapula.
AcromionCoracoidprocess
Medial border
Inferior angle
Glenoidcavity
Right scapula,anterior aspect
(a)
Coracoid process
Acromion
Glenoidcavityat lateralangle
Spine
(b) Right scapula,posterior aspect
Coracoid process
Glenoid cavity
Acromion
Spine
(c) Right scapula,lateral aspect
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Figure 7.26 The humerus of the right arm
GreatertubercleLessertubercle
Capitulum
Head ofhumerus
Anatomicalneck
Deltoidtuberosity
CoronoidfossaOlecranonfossaMedialepicondyleTrochlea
Surgicalneck
Deltoidtuberosity
Greatertubercle
Lateralepicondyle
(a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view
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Figure 7.27 Radius and ulna of the right forearm.
Radial notch of the ulna OlecranonprocessTrochlearnotchCoronoidprocess
Styloid process of radius
Radius
Neck of radius
Head of radius
Styloidprocess of ulna
Ulna
HeadNeck
Radial tuberosity
Radius
Styloid process of radius
(a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view
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Figure 7.27d Radius and ulna of the right forearm.
(d) Distal ends of the radius and ulna at the wrist
Ulnar notch of radius
Head ofulna
Styloidprocess
Styloidprocess
View
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(c) Proximal portion of ulna, lateral view
Olecranon process
Trochlear notch
Coronoid process
Radial notch
View
Figure 7.27c Radius and ulna of the right forearm.
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Coronoidfossa
Radius
Radialtuberosity
Head ofradius
CapitulumTrochlea
(c) Anterior view at the elbow region
Humerus
Medialepicondyle
Coronoidprocess ofulna
UlnaRadial notch
Figure 7.26c Detailed views of articulation at the elbow.
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Olecranonfossa
Ulna
Olecranonprocess
Medialepicondyle
(d) Posterior view of extended elbow
Humerus
Lateralepicondyle
Head
RadiusNeck
Figure 7.26d The humerus of the right arm and detailed views of articulation at the elbow.
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Figure 7.28 Bones of the left hand.
Phalanges
Carpals
Radius
• Proximal• Middle• Distal
Metacarpals
Carpals
(b) Posterior view of left hand
Ulna
Carpals
(a) Anterior view of left hand
Radius
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Figure 7.29 Articulated pelvis showing the two hip (coxal) bones (which together form the pelvic girdle), the sacrum, and the coccyx.
Coxalbone(os coxaeor hip bone)
llium
Sacroiliacjoint
Pubicbone
Ischium
Sacrum
Acetabulum
Pubic symphysis
Iliac crest
Coccyx
Pubic arch
Anterior inferioriliac spine
Anteriorsuperior iliac spine
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The hip bone, innominate bone or coxal bone is a large, flattened, irregularly shaped bone. It has one of the few ball and socket synovial joints in the body – the so called hip joint. It meets its fellow on the opposite side in the middle line in front, and together they form the sides and anterior wall of the pelvic cavity.
Together with the sacrum and coccyx, it comprises the pelvis
From Wikipedia:
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OS INNOMINATUM
The " os innominatum," so named by Galen, is made up of three bones, distinct in childhood, but united in the adult, and termed the "ilium," "ischium," and "pubes." Thus its constituents have received appropriate names, but the bone, consolidated, remains " nameless."
Human osteology By Luther Holden 1899
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Figure 7.30a Bones of the bony pelvis.
Ilium
PosteriorsuperioriIiac spinePosterior inferioriliac spine
Ischial spine
Ischialtuberosity
Ischium
Ischial ramus Obturator foramen
Acetabulum
Iliac crestAnteriorsuperioriliac spine
Anterior inferioriliac spine
PubisInferior ramusof pubis
(a) Lateral view, right hip bone
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Figure 7.30b Bones of the bony pelvis.
Body ofthe ilium
(b) Medial view, right hip bone
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Table 7.4 Comparison of the Male and Female Pelves (3 of 3)
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Figure 7.31 Bones of the right knee and thigh.
Neck Greatertrochanter
Head
Lesser trochanter
Linea aspera
Lateralcondyle
Medial condyle
Anterior view Posterior view(b) Femur (thigh bone)
Posterior
Anterior
(a) Patella (kneecap)
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Figure 7.32a The tibia and fibula of the right leg.
Medial condyleTibial tuberosity
Anterior crest
Tibia
Medial malleolusLateral malleolus
Lateral condyle
Fibula
Head
(a) Anterior view
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Figure 7.32e The tibia and fibula of the right leg.
(e) X ray of Pott’s fracture of the fibula
Parts offracturedfibula
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Figure 7.33 Bones of the right foot.
Phalanges
Metatarsals
TarsalsTalus
Calcaneus
(a) Superior view
Proximal
54321
MiddleDistal
(b) Medial view
Talus
First metatarsal
Calcaneus
(c) Lateral viewFifth metatarsal
Talus
Calcaneus
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Joint = ArticulationAnd Body Movement
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Table 8.1 Summary of Joint Classes(DON’T NEED TO KNOW ALL DETAILS, BUT KNOW THREE BASIC TYPES OF JOINTS)
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Figure 8.1 Fibrous joints. (DON’T NEED TO KNOW ALL DETAILS)
Densefibrousconnectivetissue
Sutureline
Root oftooth
Socket ofalveolarprocess
Periodontalligament
FibulaTibia
Ligament
(a) Suture
Joint held together with very short,interconnecting fibers, and bone edges
interlock. Found only in the skull.
(b) Syndesmosis
Joint held together by a ligament.Fibrous tissue can vary in length, but
is longer than in sutures.
(c) Gomphosis
“Peg in socket” fibrous joint.Periodontal ligament holds tooth
in socket.
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Figure 8.2 Cartilaginous joints. (DON’T NEED TO KNOW ALL DETAILS)
Epiphysealplate (temporaryhyaline cartilagejoint)
Sternum(manubrium)Joint betweenfirst rib andsternum(immovable)
Fibrocartilaginousintervertebraldisc
Pubic symphysis
Body of vertebra
Hyaline cartilage
(a) SynchondrosesBones united by hyaline cartilage
(b) SymphysesBones united by fibrocartilage
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Figure 8.3 General structure of a synovial joint.
Periosteum
Ligament
FibrouscapsuleSynovialmembrane
Joint cavity(containssynovial fluid)Articular (hyaline)cartilage
Articularcapsule
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Figure 8.7b Types of synovial joints.
b Hinge joint (elbow joint)
a
bc
de
f
NonaxialUniaxialBiaxialMultiaxial
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Figure 8.7c Types of synovial joints.
c Pivot joint (proximal radioulnar joint)
a
bc
de
fNonaxialUniaxialBiaxialMultiaxial
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Figure 8.7d Types of synovial joints.
d Condyloid joint(metacarpophalangeal joint)
a
bc
de
fNonaxialUniaxialBiaxialMultiaxial
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Figure 8.7e Types of synovial joints.
e Saddle joint (carpometacarpal jointof thumb)
a
bc
de
fNonaxialUniaxialBiaxialMultiaxial
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Figure 8.7f Types of synovial joints.
f Ball-and-socket joint (shoulder joint)
a
bc
de
fNonaxialUniaxialBiaxialMultiaxial
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Figure 8.8f The knee joint.
Medial femoral condyle
Medial meniscus onmedial tibial condyle
Patella
(f) Photograph of an opened knee joint; view similar to (e)
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Figure 8.4 Bursae
ligament
Subacromial bursa
Cavity in bursacontaining synovial fluid
Bursa rolls and lessens friction.
Humerus head rolls medially as arm abducts.
(b)Showing how a bursa eliminates friction where a ligament (or other structure) would rub against a bone
Humerus resting
Humerus moving
Synovialmembrane
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Figure 8.10c The shoulder joint: bursae and tendon sheath
Acromion ligament
Subacromialbursa ligament
Greatertubercleof humerus ligament
Tendon sheathTendon of longhead of bicepsbrachii muscle
SubscapularbursaTendon
Scapula
Coracoidprocess
(c) Anterior view of right shoulder joint capsule
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A Closer Look 8.1a Joints: From Knights in Shining Armor to Bionic Humans
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A Closer Look 8.1b: Joints: From Knights in Shining Armor to Bionic Humans
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Figure 8.5d Movements allowed by synovial joints.
Extension
Extension
Flexion
Flexion
(d) Angular movements: flexion and extension at theshoulder and knee
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Figure 8.5e Movements allowed by synovial joints.
Abduction
Adduction
(e) Angular movements: abduction, adduction, andcircumduction of the upper limb at the shoulder
Circumduction
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Figure 8.5f Movements allowed by synovial joints.
LateralrotationMedialrotation
Rotation
(f) Rotation of the head, neck, and lower limb
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Figure 8.6a Special body movements.
Supination(radius and ulna are parallel)
(a) Pronation (P) and supination (S)
Pronation(radius rotatesover ulna)
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