figure 12-1 interconnection of switching exchanges in north america. warren hioki...
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FIGURE 12-1 Interconnection of switching exchanges in North America.
Warren HiokiTelecommunications, Fourth Edition
Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Warren HiokiTelecommunications, Fourth Edition
Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
FIGURE 12-2 Long-distance switching hierarchy within the PSTN depicting possible routes to complete a call between parties A and B.
Warren HiokiTelecommunications, Fourth Edition
Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
FIGURE 12-3 Long-haul network depicting various trunk media. (Courtesy of Bell Laboratories.)
Warren HiokiTelecommunications, Fourth Edition
Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
FIGURE 12-4 Switching centers throughout the United States (Courtesy of Bell Laboratories.)
Warren HiokiTelecommunications, Fourth Edition
Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
FIGURE 12-5 Four-wire trunk circuit with separate amplifiers for each direction.
Warren HiokiTelecommunications, Fourth Edition
Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
FIGURE 12-6 Hybrid two- and four-wire terminating circuit.
Warren HiokiTelecommunications, Fourth Edition
Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
FIGURE 12-7 Echo suppressor.
Warren HiokiTelecommunications, Fourth Edition
Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
FIGURE 12-8 Comparison between a transmission system with and without companding. The diagram depicts signal strength versus transmission distance: (a) transmission system without companding; (b) transmission system with companding.
Warren HiokiTelecommunications, Fourth Edition
Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
FIGURE 12-9 (a) m-Law used for companding in the United Sates.
Warren HiokiTelecommunications, Fourth Edition
Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
FIGURE 12-9 (b) A-law used for companding in Europe.
Warren HiokiTelecommunications, Fourth Edition
Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
FIGURE 12-14 Three satellites in geosynchronous orbit spaced 120° apart can provide full coverage of the Earth, with the exception of the polar caps.
Warren HiokiTelecommunications, Fourth Edition
Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
FIGURE 12-17 Simplified SXS call procedure to subscriber 5831.
Warren HiokiTelecommunications, Fourth Edition
Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
FIGURE 12-19 Detailed views of the crossbar switch: (a) principle of operation; (b) finger action. (Courtesy of Northern Telecom.)
Warren HiokiTelecommunications, Fourth Edition
Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
FIGURE 12-20 Crossbar switch with 25% blocking
Warren HiokiTelecommunications, Fourth Edition
Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
5 ESS Features
• Modular design– Provide service from rural to large
metropoplitan areas
• Runs on C code and UNIX operating system
• Wide range of custom features– see Pgs 318-319 of textbook
FIGURE 12-25 (a) Three independent sine waves mixed with subcarrier frequencies to produce the FDM output; (b) frequency spectrum of the FDM output signal.
Warren HiokiTelecommunications, Fourth Edition
Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
FIGURE 12-26 Hierarchy of the Bell System FDM groups.
Warren HiokiTelecommunications, Fourth Edition
Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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FIGURE 12-27 (a) Formation of the Bell System’s channel group; (b) frequency distribution of the channel group.
Warren HiokiTelecommunications, Fourth Edition
Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
FIGURE 12-28 Frequency distribution of the Bell System supergroup.
Warren HiokiTelecommunications, Fourth Edition
Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
FIGURE 12-29 Simplified diagram illustrating TDM.
Warren HiokiTelecommunications, Fourth Edition
Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Warren HiokiTelecommunications, Fourth Edition
Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
FIGURE 12-30 Block diagram of the North American digital multiplexing hierarchy.
Warren HiokiTelecommunications, Fourth Edition
Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
FIGURE 12-32 T1 carrier frame format.
Warren HiokiTelecommunications, Fourth Edition
Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
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