fc.146d colonial and post colonial egypt britain takes egypt in 1882 to protect suez canal (fc.122)...

FC.146D COLONIAL AND POST COLONIAL EGYPT

Britain takes Egypt in 1882 to protect Suez Canal (FC.122)World War I FC.127

Britain uses Egypt as base for N. Afr. campaigns Withdraws army to Canal zone in 1947

Anti-Br. feelings grow Gamal Abdel Nasser overthrows King Farouk in Milit. coup (1952) Start of Cold

War (FC.138)Start of Cold War (FC.138)

World War I FC.127

Br. At war vs. Turkey (which technically owned Eg.) Br. Replaces Turkish Khedive w/protectorate ruled by a sultan & maintains milit. presence

Demos for indep. In 1919 Br. makes Egypt indep. Kgd. In 1922, but still controls the Canal and runs Eg’s econ. & defense

1936- Farouk becomes king Anglo-Eg tr. requiring Br. Troops to leave Eg. exc. for control of Suez Canal

Nasser runs Egypt w/an iron fist (1952-70) & tries to use both US & SU for foreign aid while staying indep.:

Nationalizes Suez Canal (1956) War w/Isr, Br. & Fr Nasser a hero to Arabs

Creates United Arab Rep. W/Syria Falls apart over who leads

Poses as champion of arabs vs Isr Crushed by Isr. In Six Day War (1967)

World War II (FC.136)

1935- Mussolini seizes Ethiopia

(FC.135)

Anwar Sadat succeeds Nasser & at first follows his hard line policies vs. Israel

Attacks Isr in Yom Kippur War Badly defeated (1973)

1st Arab leader to make peace w/Isr (1978) Isr returns Sinai

Tries to develop Egypt’s econ. but peasants esp. suffer

Milit. Coup kills Sadat (1981) Hosni Mubarek continues Sadat’s policies:

Faces growing pressure from rad. Muslims outside Eg.

Maintains close relations w/US in return for milit. & financial support

Cracks down on rad. Muslims opposing his secular rule

Egypt continues to walk fine line b/w keeping good relations w/Us & maintaining image of a good Muslim state

Suez Canal

In 1869, after 10 years of work by the French and Egyptian laborers, the Suez Canal joined the Mediterranean and Red Seas at a length of about 100 miles (161 km)

Britain takes Egypt in 1882 to protect Suez Canal (FC.122)

Egypt & the Sudan"We don't want to fight, but by jingo if we do

We've got the ships, we've got the guns, and got the money too"

Britain’s interest in Egypt lay with the Suez Canal, which opened in 1869. Originally, this canal was a joint venture between France and Egypt. However, the ruler of Egypt fell into debt and had to borrow money from British banks, using his shares in the canal as collateral for the loan. Unfortunately, he defaulted on the loan, and Britain took over the Egyptian half of the canal.

FC. 122 EUROPEAN IMPERIAL EXPANSION INTO AFRICA (c.1870-1914)

Other politicians, not wanting to lose popularity, also support imperialism

Brit. seizes Egypt to guard its interests in Suez Canal

Henry Stanley’s travel account Interest in Afr.

Br. conquers Zulus in S. Afr to protect Dutch Boers

Early efforts focus on Africa as the main object of imperial expansion despite its relative unimportance to Britain’s economy.

Brit. feels powerless to stop these changes &

econ. depression in 1873

Hard to compete vs cheap labor & newer factories

More complex soc Harder to unite politically

German unific. & Balkan turmoil upset balance of power (FC.119)

Spread of Ind. Rev. outside

Britain (FC.116)

Social changes brought by Ind..

Rev. (FC.113) Several problems for Britain after 1870:

Br. Prime min., Benjamin Disraeli proposes imperial expansion which will:

Protect Br’s econ. interests overseas

Enhance Britain’s internat’l prestige

Provide new mkts. & resources

Br. conquers Sudan to keep it from

blocking Nile R.

The British defeat the Egyptians at Tel-el-Kebir (1882)

Alexandria, Egypt after the British naval bombardment in 1882

However, Egypt was rapidly destabilizing, so Britain annexed it as a colony to protect its investment in the Suez.

All seemed safe until an engineer named Sam Baker published an article showing how Sudan, Egypt’s southern neighbor, could cut off Egypt’s lifeline: the Nile. As ridiculous as this fear was, it prompted Britain to take over Sudan as well.

In 1898, the Sudanese, led by a religious leader known as the Mahdi, rebelled against British rule. At Omdurman (9/2/1898), 20,000 British and Egyptian troops, supported by heavily armed gunboats, shattered the suicidal assaults of the Mahdist forces. Below, the surviving rebels flee, having lost 10,000 men as opposed to only 48 British soldiers.

Many times, native forces had modern European weapons in such battles. However, they still lacked the tactics, discipline, and overall mindset needed to use them effectively.

World War I FC.127

(FC.135)

In 1935, Mussolini, encouraged by Hitler’s success, sent Italian forces into Ethiopia, using only the weakest of excuses to cover this blatant act of aggression. When the League of Nations threatened economic sanctions against Italy, Mussolini said a boycott on oil (which would have crippled his war machine) would mean war with the League's members. The League, without any real force to back it up, fell for this bluff.

World War I FC.127

(FC.135)

World War I FC.127

1936- Farouk becomes king Anglo-Eg tr. requiring Br. Troops to leave Eg. exc. for control of Suez Canal World War II

(FC.136)World War II

(FC.136)

(FC.135)

World War I FC.127

(FC.136)

(FC.135)

King Farouk of Egypt, whose corrupt regime tarnished the West’s reputation in the eyes of the Egyptian people and helped pave the way for Nasser’s takeover in the 1950s

Anti-Br. feelings grow Gamal Abdel Nasser overthrows King Farouk in Milit. coup (1952)

World War I FC.127

(FC.136)

(FC.135)

Gamal Abdul Nasser, the charismatic officer who replaced Egypt’s king Farouk. Nasser was the first leader of a developing nation to play the superpowers against each other to get as much foreign aid as possible. He realized, that neither side cared how responsible a regime was as long as it lined up with their side in the Cold War.

World War I FC.127

(FC.136)

(FC.135)

World War I FC.127

(FC.135)

World War I FC.127

(FC.135)

Crowds cheer Nasser after he nationalizes the Suez Canal in 1956

Israeli forces advance against Egypt in anticipation of British and French “intervention.”

British and French forces ‘intervene” (in league with Israel) to secure the Suez Canal after Egypt’s leader, Nasser, seized it.

President Eisenhower reacts angrily to British and French action in the Suez in October, 1956. Part of his frustration was because it distracted world attention from the Hungarian uprising, allowing Soviet forces to force Hungary back into the Warsaw Pact

UN peacekeeping forces replace British forces in the Sinai in 1956.

JordanEgyptSinaiPeninsula

Saudi Arabia

Map of the Middle East showing the placement of UN peacekeeping forces (1956-67)

Israel

Red Sea

Leb-anon

Mediterranean Sea

A ship deliberately sunk in the Suez Canal to prevent any traffic from getting through

A cartoon expressing Israeli feelings about their role in the Suez Crisis of 1956.

Victims of the Suez Crisis of 1956

World War I FC.127

(FC.135)

In 1958, Syrian leaders, fearing a communist takeover in their nation, called upon Nasser for help. The result was the United Arab Republic (UAR), a union of Egypt and Syria that lasted from 1958-61 under Nasser’s presidency with its capital in Cairo. Nasser’s ambition was to have the UAR include the whole Arab world. While communism was thwarted in Syria, its people felt increasingly like they were being treated as Egyptian subjects. Consequently, Syria withdrew from the UAR in 1961, although Egypt continued to use the name until after Nasser died in 1971.**

World War I FC.127

(FC.135)

The Straits of Tiran controlled Israel’s access to the Red Sea and beyond. One of Nasser’s threats was to block it and cut Israel’s trade to the East.

Israeli jets launch a pre-emptive air strike on Arab air fields which virtually decided the war’s outcome in its first twenty minutes (June 5, 1967)

Egyptian planes destroyed on the ground in the pre-emptive air strike by the Israeli air force during the Six Day War in 1967

What few Arab planes made into the air were quickly destroyed by Israeli pilots

Israeli offensive(June, 1967)

The Israeli offensive in1967

Having established air superiority in the opening minutes of the Six Day War, Israeli tanks and other ground forces swept quickly and easily to victory.

Israelis at the Wailing Wall after taking the east half of Jerusalem in the Six Day War

Cartoon showing Moshe Dayan, who commanded the Israeli forces during the Six Day War, as the Biblical hero, David slaying the Arab “Goliath”

World War I FC.127

(FC.135)

World War I FC.127

(FC.135)

Egyptian troops cross Suez Canal

Egyptian soldiers celebrate as they launch their surprise attack on Israel during Yom Kippur in October, 1973.

Israeli troops take cover from an Egyptian artillery barrage along the Suez Canal during the Yom Kippur War (October, 1973)

With its army faced with destruction Egypt called in both the United States and Soviet Union to arbitrate a cease-fire. This precipitated a diplomatic crisis with the potential danger of US & Soviet troops facing each other in a highly volatile situation. Fortunately, Egypt’s leader, Anwar Sadat, defused the crisis by withdrawing his invitation to the Soviets.

Although initially caught off guard by the surprise attack, the Israelis recovered and surrounded the Egyptian army within a few weeks.

Golan Heights

An Israeli jet in combat against Syrian Mig 21s

Because of the oil embargo in 1973, the average price of a gallon of gas jumped 16.6 cents to 55.1 cents in 1974, leading to long gas lines, gas shortages, and a temporary effort to create more fuel efficient cars. However, when some members of OPEC broke ranks in the 1980s, the price of oil came down and our beloved gas hogs were back

World War I FC.127

(FC.135)

World War I FC.127

(FC.135)

World War I FC.127

(FC.135)

World War I FC.127

(FC.135)

World War I FC.127

(FC.135)

World War I FC.127

(FC.135)

World War I FC.127

(FC.135)

Egypt continues to walk fine line b/w keeping good relations w/Us & maintaining image of a good Muslim state

fc.146d colonial and post colonial egypt britain takes egypt in 1882 to protect suez canal (fc.122)...

suez canal fc

suez canal slide

cold war fc

egypt indep

ethiopia fc

world war

canal zone

ruler of egypt

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