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FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
MEDICAL ELECTRONIC LABORATORY
REPORT ASSESSMENT SHEET BEU40601
MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY
MEDICAL IMAGING LABORATORY
Group No. Name Matric. No
1.
2.
3.
Section
Exercise No.
Lecturer’s name (s) 1.
2.
LAB WORK ASSESSMENT
Psychomotor-50% TOTAL C+P+A (100%)
Assessment Criteria Scale Weight Mark
1 2 3 4 5
Procedures (20%) 4
Data Collection (15%) 3
Result (15%) 3
Total P (50%)
Cognitive-30% Examiner’s Signature Assessment Criteria Scale Weight Mark
1 2 3 4 5
Analysis/ Discussion (20%) 4
Conclusion (10%) 2
Total C (30%)
Affective-20% Lab Stamp
Assessment Criteria Scale Weight Mark
1 2 3 4 5
Team Work (10%) 2
Attendance (5%) 1
Discipline (5%) 1
Total A (20%)
BEU40601 Medical Engineering
Laboratory
Department of Electronic
Engineering
INTRODUCTION
This module is designed for Medical Electronic Engineering Laboratory (BEU40601). In line
with the aspiration to produce a competent medical electronic engineer, this module is designed
to introduce an open-ended engineering problem, which simulates the real working scenario.
Students are required to conduct independent study consolidating their learning activities which
consists of theoretical background, problem solving skills and creative thinking on top of good
management and leadership practice. This approach is suitable to help students to envision and
propose multitude of solutions available for various engineering problems. The module
coverage includes medical imaging and medical instrumentation, known as key areas for
medical electronic engineering.
GOALS
This module aims to coach students to explore and apply suitable solutions to various
engineering problems which focused on medical electronic engineering. To achieve this aim,
important components such as critical thinking ability of student in solving complex problems
in construction of 3D medical image, analization of medical brain and heart waves, and
evaluation of image processing tecniques, are essential to be approached. Moreover, this course
encourages students to work in team for them to get prepared the real engineering environment
in the future.
COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this course, the student will be able to:
1) explain the operation and maintanence of medical instrumentation in laboratory (PLO1-
K-C4),
2) differentiates the physiological signals obtained and manipulate the data for analysis
purposes and prepares comprehensive laboratory reports (PLO2-PS-P4),
3) build team working skill to operate and measure the output from medical
instrumentation using specific medical analyzer (PLO5-TS-A4),
4) demonstrate leadership skill during execute laboratory experiments (PLO9-LS-A4).
SYNOPSIS
This module is designed for medical electronic engineering student approaching the end of their
undergraduate studies. In oder to train and coach students to explore the real working scenario
by experience the various engineering problem, the contents of the lab instructions are designed
to be open-ended. The contents of this course focus on various practical problems in the vital
niche areas of medical imaging engineering such as image acquisition techniques, image
processing techniques and 3D model development.
ASSESSMENT
The assessments of this laboratory will be based on Outcome Based Learning (OBE). Students
will be assess using the rubric as shown in Table F-1, which evaluate the performance of student
based on Cognitive (C), Psychomotor (P), and Affective (A) domain.
Assessment Criteria Mark
Mark scale:
5 – Excellent
4 – Good
3 – Satisfactory
2 – Fair
1 – Poor
Phychomotor
(50%)
Procedures [ /5] x
20%
Data Collection [ /5] x
15%
Results [ /5] x
15%
Cognitive
(30%)
Analysis/Discussion [ /5] x
20%
Conclusion [ /5] x
10%
Affective
(20%)
Team work [ /5] x
10%
Attendance [ /5] x
5%
Discipline [ /5] x
5%
TOTAL
/ 100
INTRODUCTION TO SAFETY IN LABORATORY
LABORATORY SAFETY
All students must read and understand the information in this module with regard to laboratory
safety and emergency procedures prior to the first laboratory session. The following general rules
are to be followed for all laboratories.
Your personal laboratory safety depends mostly on YOU.
With good judgement, the chance of an accident in this course is very small. Nevertheless, research
and teaching workplaces (labs, shops, etc.) are full of potential hazards that can cause serious injury
and or damage to the equipment.
EMERGENCY RESPONSE
It is your responsibility to read safety and fire alarm posters and follow the instructions during an
emergency.
Know the location of the fire extinguisher, eyewash, and safety shower in your lab and know how
to use them.
Notify your instructor immediately after any injury, fire or explosion, or spill.
Know the building evacuation procedures.
COMMON SENSE
Good common sense is needed for safety in a laboratory. It is expected that each student will work
in a responsible manner and exercise good judgement and common sense. If at any time you are not
sure how to handle a particular situation, ask your Teaching Assistant or Instructor for advice.
DO NOT TOUCH ANYTHING WITH WHICH
YOU ARE NOT COMPLETELY FAMILIAR!
It is always better to ask questions than to risk harm to yourself or damage to the equipment.
PERSONAL AND GENERAL LABORATORY SAFETY
1) Never eat, drink, or smoke while working in the laboratory.
2) Read labels carefully.
3) Do not use any equipment unless you are trained and approved as a user by your
supervisor.
4) Wear safety glasses or face shields when working with hazardous materials and/or
equipment.
5) Wear gloves when using any hazardous or toxic agent.
6) Clothing: When handling dangerous substances, wear gloves, laboratory coats, and
safety shield or glasses. Shorts and sandals should not be worn in the lab at any time.
Shoes are required when working in the machine shops.
7) If you have long hair or loose clothes, make sure it is tied back or confined.
8) Keep the work area clear of all materials except those needed for your work.
9) Coats should be hung in the hall or placed in a locker.
10) Extra books, purses, etc. should be kept away from equipment that requires airflow or
ventilation to prevent overheating.
11) Disposal Students are responsible for the proper disposal of used material if any in
appropriate containers.
12) Equipment Failure if a piece of equipment fails while being used, reports the failure
immediately to your lab assistant or tutor. Never try to fix the problem yourself because
you could harm yourself and others.
13) If leaving a lab unattended, turn off all ignition sources and lock the doors.
14) Clean up your work area before leaving.
ADDITIONAL SAFETY GUIDELINES
1) Never do unauthorized experiments.
2) Never work alone in laboratory.
3) Keep your lab space clean and organized.
4) Do not leave any ongoing experiment unattended.
5) Maintain unobstructed access to all exits, fire extinguishers, electrical panels,
emergency showers, and eyewashes.
6) Do not use corridors for storage or work areas.
7) Do not store heavy items above table height. Any overhead storage of supplies on top
of cabinets should be limited to lightweight items only.
8) Be careful when lifting heavy objects.
9) Clean your lab bench and equipment, and lock the door before you leave the laboratory.
LABORATORY SAFETY
1) The lecturer responsible for each laboratory class has complete charge during the class.
2) Except when otherwise directed by the lecturer in charge, no experimental circuit is to
be made live until the lecturer, or one of the demonstrators, has checked the circuit and
ensured that all earth connections have been made.
3) If any faults with equipment are suspected, the laboratory supervisor should be notified
immediately.
4) No live experimental circuit is to be left unattended.
5) No student is to do any practical work using live equipment, or power and machine tools,
whilst alone in a laboratory or workshop.
6) It is highly desirable that shoes with insulating and nonslip soles and heels are worn.
Bare feet, sandals, or loose sandals, will not be permitted in laboratories.
7) Smoking, eating or drinking in the laboratories is forbidden.
8) After completion of an experiment, students must tidy up and stow away.
ELECTRICAL SAFETY
1) Obtain permission before operating any high voltage equipment.
2) Maintain an unobstructed access to all electrical panels.
3) Wiring or other electrical modifications must be referred to the Electronics Shop or the
Building Coordinator.
4) Avoid using extension cords whenever possible. If you must use one, obtain a heavy-
duty one that is electrically grounded, with its own fuse, and install it safely. Extension
cords should not go under doors, across aisles, be hung from the ceiling, or plugged into
other extension cords.
5) Never, ever modify, attach, or otherwise change any high voltage equipment.
6) Always make sure all capacitors are discharged (using a grounded cable with an
insulating handle) before touching high voltage leads or the "inside" of any
equipment even after it has been turned off. Capacitors can hold charge for many hours
after the equipment has been turned off.
7) Keep water away from electrical devices.
8) Never touch an electrical appliance, switch, or plug with wet hands.
9) Never touch an electrical device and a water pipe or other ground at the same time. To
pull out a plug, grasp the plug firmly; do not yank the wire.
10) Report any defective or malfunctioning equipment to your instructor at once.
EFFECTS OF ELECTRICAL CURRENT ON HUMAN
LEAKAGE CURRENTS
FIRST AID FACT SHEET
What should I do if a co-worker is shocked or burned by electricity?
Shut off the electrical current if the victim is still in contact with the energized circuit. While
you do this, have someone else call for help. If you cannot get to the switchgear quickly, pry
the victim from the circuit with something that does not conduct electricity such as dry wood.
Do not touch the victim yourself if he or she is still in contact with an electrical circuit! You do
not want to be a victim, too!
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF ULTRASOUND CAROTID ARTERY IMAGE
ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUE
EXERCISE 1
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF ULTRASOUND CAROTID ARTERY IMAGE
ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUE
1.1 LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this laboratory session, students are expected to be able:
(1) To acquire carotid artery image by using ultrasound machine.
(2) To analyze and evaluate the image enhancement techniques by using MATLAB.
(3) To demonstrate the leadership skills and team working within limited time constraint.
1.2 ACTIVITIES
As a biomedical engineer in a radiology consultant firm, you are given a task to conduct a study
on image enhancement focused on ultrasound carotid artery images. The information of image
enhancement is described in the following section. The software that your firm provides for the
task is MATLAB R2013B.
1.3 SYSTEM DESCRIPTIONS
Image enhancement is the process of adjusting digital images so that the results are more
suitable for display or further image analysis. The techniques are commonly applied to improve
the appearance of an image and a new image is produced. For instance, the techniques of
denoise, sharpen, brighten are to make the image easier to identify any feature.
1.3.1 Principle of Ultrasound
Medical ultrasound, also called sonography, is a mode of medical imaging that has a wide array
of clinical applications, both as a primary modality and as an adjunct to other diagnostic
procedures. The basis of its operation is the transmission of high frequency sound into the body
followed by the reception, processing, and parametric display of echoes returning from
structures and tissues within the body [1][2]. Ultrasound is primarily a tomographic modality,
meaning that it presents an image that is typically a cross-section of the tissue volume under
investigation. It is also a soft-tissue modality, given that current ultrasound methodology does
not provide useful images of or through bone or bodies of gas, such as found in the lung and
bowel [3]. Its utility in the clinic is in large part due to three characteristics. These are that
ultrasound a) is a real-time modality, b) does not utilize ionizing radiation, and c) provides
quantitative measurement and imaging of blood flow.
1.3.2 Image Denoising
The noise removal technique have become an important practice in medical field. The technique
has advantages over simple techniques which reduce noise but at the same time smooth away
edges to a greater image as shown in Figure 1 [4].
Figure 1 – Denoising technique to an image corrupted by Gaussian noise.
1.3.3 Image sharpening
Image sharpening refers to any enhancement technique that highlights edges and fine details in
an image. It consists of adding to the original image a signal that is proportional to a high-pass
filtered version of the original image as show in Figure 2 [4].
Figure 2 – Sharpening process from the original image
1.4 TEAM ORGANIZATION
This project is divided into 7 working groups with each group consists of 3 members. Each
working group needs to appoint a leader to oversee the completion of the project.
1.5 INSTRUCTIONS
The task needs to be completed in three (3) weeks. Each working group is required to submit a
Minutes of Meeting (MoM) on weekly basis. To complete this project, each working group
needs to justify the best image enhancement technique for ultrasound carotid artery images.
1.6 EXPECTED OUTCOMES
At the end of this study, your team needs to present the outcomes and produce and extensive
report with the following details:
(1) Introduction of the study (background, scope, objectives and literature reviews)
(2) Various techniques used to enhance the images.
(3) Comparisons of image quality can be done through visual inspection or determination of
certain parameters (MSE, SNR etc).
(4) An extensive discussions on the results.
(5) Conclusion.
(6) References.
1.7 REFERENCES
[1] Alexander Burdenko (2013). Ultrasonography, Technology Diagnostic Applications
and Potential Benefits/Risks. New York: Nova Science.
[2] Street Laurence (2012). Introduction to Biomedical Engineering Technology. Boca
Raton: CRC Press. Call number: R856 .S77 2012
[3] Ludmila N. Ivanova (2012). Circulatory System and Arterial Hypertension
Experimental Investigation, Mathematical and Computer Simulation. New York: Nova
Science.
[4] Alasdair MacAndrew (2004). Introduction to Digital Image Processing with MATLAB.
United States of America: Thomson Course Technology.
DEVELOPMENT OF THREE DIMENSIONAL (3D) MODEL FROM COMPUTED
TOMOGRAPHY (CT) SCAN IMAGES
EXERCISE 2
DEVELOPMENT OF THREE DIMENSIONAL (3D) MODEL FROM COMPUTED
TOMOGRAPHY (CT) SCAN IMAGES
2.1 LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this laboratory session, students are expected to be able:
(1) To develop 3D bone model from CT scan images using 3D Slicer Version 4.8
(2) To examine the anatomical bone structure from the CT scan images
(3) To work in group to solve medical imaging problems in a group within a limited
amount of time frame
.
2.2 ACTIVITIES
As a Biomedical Engineer in an engineering consultant company, you are given are given a task
to develop a 3D model from CT scan images. The software that your company provides to
execute the task is 3D Slicer Version 4.8. In order to do that you are required to explore the
attributes and availability of the CT scan images that can be found from on-line database and
also to discover the functionality of the 3D Slicer Software.
2.3 SYSTEM DESCRIPTIONS
2.3.1 3D Slice Software
3D Slicer software is an open source software platform that is used for medical image
informatics, image processing, and three-dimensional visualization. It is also a software
platform for the analysis (including registration and interactive segmentation) and
visualization (including volume rendering) of medical images and for research in image
guided therapy [1]. The 3D Slicer software brings free and powerful cross-platform
processing tools to physicians, researcher and general public over two decades through the
support from the National Institutes of Health and a worldwide developer community [2] .
This software is available on multiple operating systems Linux, Mac OSX and Windows. It
is extensible with powerful plug-in capabilities for adding algorithms and applications. The
features of the 3D Slicer software include multi organ (from head to toe), support for multi-
modality imaging including, MRI, CT, US, nuclear medicine, and microscopy, and
bidirectional interface for devices [3].
2.3.2 3D Slice Software
The 3D modelling is a process of developing a mathematical representation of any surface and
create an object from a data in 3D via specialized software [4]. The object created is similar
from what it is expected or designed. The 3D modelling is changing the world nowadays due
to its potential to be applied in medical field to improve people’s lives. The application of the
3D modelling helps out doctor to create artificial parts of our body, which has a closer look to
our body structure or even analyzing it without the need of the actual human body parts [2][3].
Recently, the current applications of this technology are used in tissue and organ fabrication,
and also in the development of prosthetics and implants[1][2]. Generally, the process of
generating 3D vertebral model from CT scan data consists of three important steps to create the
object. The steps are (refer to Figure 1): (1) CT scan data acquisition (2) segmentation (3) mesh
generation[7].
Figure 1 – Basic principle of 3D model development
2.4 TEAM ORGANIZATION
This project is divided into 7 working groups with each group consists of 3 members. Each
working group needs to appoint a project leader and the rest of the team will take role as a
biomedical engineer to complete the task.
2.5 INSTRUCTIONS
The task needs to be completed in THREE (3) weeks. Each working group is required to submit
a short report on a completed task throughout the week. You are required to use 3D Slicer
Version 4.8 to develop the 3D model. Find CT scan images of bones from human or animal,
export the images to 3D Slicer Software and finally develop the 3D model of the image.
2.6 EXPECTED OUTCOMES
At the end of this study, your team needs to present the outcomes and produce and extensive
report with the following details:
(1) Introduction of the study (background, scope, objective and literature review).
(2) Lists the type of image format that is compatible for medical purpose.
(3) Identify and describe the anatomical structure of the selected bone.
(4) The method used to construct the 3D image including the methodology to enhance the
image quality.
(5) Discussion on the possible extended application from the 3D model development.
(6) Conclusion of the project.
(7) References related to the project.
2.7 REFERENCES
[1] E. Hassanzadeh et al., “Comparison of quantitative apparent diffusion coefficient
parameters with prostate imaging reporting and data system V2 assessment for detection
of clinically significant peripheral zone prostate cancer,” Abdom. Radiol., vol. 43, no. 5,
pp. 1237–1244, May 2018.
[2] A. B. Scanlan et al., “Comparison of 3D Echocardiogram-Derived 3D Printed Valve
Models to Molded Models for Simulated Repair of Pediatric Atrioventricular Valves,”
Pediatr. Cardiol., vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 538–547, Mar. 2018.
[3] M. Ghafoorian et al., “Transfer Learning for Domain Adaptation in MRI: Application
in Brain Lesion Segmentation,” Feb. 2017.
[4] F. Rengier et al., “3D printing based on imaging data: review of medical applications,”
Int. J. Comput. Assist. Radiol. Surg., vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 335–341, Jul. 2010.
[5] T. Vernon and D. Peckham, “The benefits of 3D modelling and animation in medical
teaching,” J. Vis. Commun. Med., vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 142–148, 2002.
[6] C. L. Ventola, “Medical Applications for 3D Printing: Current and Projected Uses.,” P
T, vol. 39, no. 10, pp. 704–711, 2014.
[7] A. Marro, T. Bandukwala, and W. Mak, “Three-Dimensional Printing and Medical
Imaging: A Review of the Methods and Applications,” Curr. Probl. Diagn. Radiol., vol.
45, no. 1, pp. 2–9, Jan. 2016.
MONITORING AND ANALYZING α AND β WAVE SIGNALS FOR VISUAL
CORTEX ANALYSIS USING ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM (EEG)
EXERCISE 3
MONITORING AND ANALYZING α AND β WAVE SIGNALS FOR VISUAL
CORTEX ANALYSIS USING ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM (EEG)
3.1 LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this laboratory session, students are expected to be able:
(1) To understand the concept of visual cortex electrical signals in response to eyes
movements and human emotions with respect to α wave.
(2) To analyse the effect of α and β wave electrical signals towards various eyes
movements and emotions.
(3) To work in group in completing laboratory tasks and report writing within the time
given.
3.2 ACTIVITIES
As a researcher in medical electronics engineering, you have been assigned to conduct an EEG
experiment related to electrical signal wave response of human visual cortex neuron. In order
to do that, your subject of experiment is required to perform TWO (2) different activities which
you will decide based on α and β frequency wave.
You are given the KL-72001 Main Unit, KL-75004 EEG Module and EEG electrodes to
complete the task. The details of the system connection are described in the following section.
3.3 SYSTEM DESCRIPTIONS
The electroencephalogram (EEG) is a unique and valuable measure of brain’s electrical
function. It is a graphic display of a difference in voltages from two sites of brain function
recorded over time [1]. Potential alterations produced in brain cortex can be recorded with
paired electrodes that are placed on the human skull. These potential alterations occur due to
the electrical rhythms and transient discharge and are so called the electroencephalogram (EEG).
EEG signals can be classified with the measuring positions, frequency ranges, amplitudes,
signal waveforms, periods and the signal-induced actions. When stimulated externally, EEGs
basically are of synchronization [2][3]. Meanwhile, EEGs are affected due to different degree
of alertness. Separate sleeping periods will result in EEGs with different characteristics. During
experimental operations, some unpredictable noise will still interfere with EEG detection. In
general, EEGs can be divided into four types of waveform according to its frequency range as
shown in Table 1.
Table 1- Four Types of EEG signal
3.4 TEAM ORGANIZATION
This project is divided into 7 working groups with each group consists of 3 members. Each
research group needs to appoint a Primary Researcher (PR) and the rest of the team will take
role as Senior Researcher (SR) to complete the project.
3.5 INSTRUCTIONS
The task needs to be completed in THREE (3) weeks. Each working group is required to submit
a short report on a completed task throughout the week. To complete this task, each research
group needs to conduct EEG measurement on subjects with TWO (2) different external
stimulations using KL-72001 Main Unit and KL-75004 EEG Module as shown in Figure 1.
Careful consideration needed with respect to different states of activities and methodology
involving connections of bridging plugs, placement of EEG electrodes and signal filtering
networks used.
Figure 1- Electroencephalogram EEG
3.6 EXPECTED OUTCOMES
At the end of this study, your team needs to present the outcomes and produce and extensive
report with the following details:
(1) Introduction of the study (background, scope, objective and literature review).
(2) The methodology developed to obtain the EEG measurement.
(3) The details of measurement setup involving the subject, type of activity, duration of
measurement etc.
(4) The discussions and the analysis of the results in the context of the EEG signals of
different states of activities in response with the electrical signals produced from each
state.
(5) Conclusion of the project.
(6) References related to the project.
3.7 REFERENCES
[1] William O. Tatum, Aatif m. Husain, Selim R. Benbadis, Peter W. Kaplan (2008).
Handbook of EEG Interpretation, Demos Medical Publishing 2008.
[2] Laurence J. Street (2008). Introduction to biomedical engineering technology. Boca
Raton, FL : CRC, 2008.
[3] Jack M. Winters, Molly Follette Story (2007). Medical instrumentation: accessibility
and usability considerations. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis, 2007.
MONITORING AND ANALYZING HEARTBEAT PATTERNS FOR DIFFERENT
STATE OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES USING ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG)
EXERCISE 4
MONITORING AND ANALYZING HEARTBEAT PATTERNS FOR DIFFERENT
STATE OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES USING ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG)
4.1 LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this laboratory session, students are expected to be able:
(1) To monitor and analyse the ECG signals in response to human activities such as resting
and during exercise.
(2) To assemble laboratory equipment appropriate for ECG measurements related to each
activity.
(3) To organise a balanced work plan with available equipment abilities, time duration, and
group coordination.
4.2 ACTIVITIES
As a research team in medical electronics engineering, you have been assigned to conduct ECG
measurement of different states of human activities in response with the heartbeat patterns
produced from each state.
In order to do that, the measurement should be done on subjects who are in resting and during
exercise. You are given the KL-72001 Main Unit and KL-75001 ECG Module to conduct the
measurement. The details of the system connection can be found as described in the related
manuals.
4.3 SYSTEM DESCRIPTIONS
The Electrocardiogram (ECG) is an important tool used for the diagnosis and treatment of
various cardiac and other related diseases. The cardiac is a two-stage electrical pump and the
it’s electrical activity can be measured by electrodes placed on the skin. The recorded tracing
of the ECG waveforms produced by the cardiac can tell us basic information about a patient’s
condition through the measurement of the rate and rhythm of the heartbeat, as well as provide
indirect evidence of blood flow to the cardiac muscle.
P-QRS-T waves can be identified from ECG measurement. Figure 1 shows the P-QRS-T ECG
wave. Different intervals and segments can be identified to provide information about the health
of heart and its conduction system. Changes in the amplitude and duration of the different parts
of the ECG provide diagnostic information for physicians. Many biomedical engineers have
worked on methods for recording and analyzing the ECGs.
Two of major types of ECG monitoring are resting ECG and stress ECG. A resting ECG test
will provide general information on heart conditions. The examination is carried out on an
inpatient basis and lasts only a few minutes, which is usually not eligible to discover rarely
occurring symptom. On the other hands, stress ECG will show whether taking exercises has
any effect on heart. The test is done on an in-patient basis usually on a treadmill or bike.
Different ECG patterns can be seen from both ECG monitoring.
Figure 1- The ECG wave
4.4 TEAM ORGANIZATION
This project is divided into 7 working groups with each group consists of 3 members. Each
member of the group must play equal role to complete the task given.
4.5 INSTRUCTIONS
The task needs to be completed in THREE (3) weeks. Each working group is required to submit
a short report on a completed task throughout the week. To complete the task, each group is
required to conduct ECG measurement on subjects who are in different states of activity, e.g.
resting and exercise, by using KL-72001 Main Unit and KL-75001 ECG Module. Connection
of bridging plugs, ECG electrodes and signal filtering networks should be carefully considered
during measurement. The analysis of ECG signals from each measurement must be reported
thoroughly in the final report.
4.6 EXPECTED OUTCOMES
At the end of this study, your team needs to present the outcomes and produce and extensive
report with the following details:
(1) Introduction of the study (background, scope, objective and literature review).
(2) The method used to conduct the ECG measurement.
(3) The details of measurement setup involving the subject, type of activity, duration of
measurement etc.
(4) The discussions and the analysis of the results in the context of the ECG signals of
different states of activities in response with the heartbeat patterns produced from each
state.
(5) Conclusion of the project.
(6) References related to the project.
4.7 REFERENCES
[1] R.S. Khandpur (2005). Biomedical Instrumentation: Technology and Application,
McGraw-Hill, New York 2005. Call Number: R856.15 .K43 2005
[2] Jack M. Winters, Molly Follette Story (2007). Medical instrumentation: accessibility
and usability considerations. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis, 2007. Call Number:
R856.6 .M42 2007
[3] James Moore and George Zouridakis (2004). Biomedical technology and devices
handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2004. Call Number: R856.15 .B57 2004
[4] Joseph J. Carr and John M. Brown (2001). Introduction to Biomedical Equipment
Technology. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2001. Call Number: R856 .C37
2001 n.30
[5] Laurence J. Street (2008). Introduction to biomedical engineering technology. Boca
Raton, FL : CRC, 2008. Call Number: R856 .S77 2008
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