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Wintering ecology of the Red Kite in a population from
northern Spain
Javier de la Puente, Manuel Aguilera, Lorena Alos & Ana Bermejo
Red Kite lnternational SimposiumOctober, 17th & 18th 2009
Montbéliard, Franche-ComtéSEO - Monticola
The Red Kite in Spain
Introduction
Breeding and wintering population (last national census from 2004) :
Wintering population: comprised approximately 30.000 birds but suffered decreased by 50% between 1994 and 2004.
Breeding population: the second most important in the world after German population. With 1.994-2.167 pairs in 2004. With
a decrease of 46% in a decade.
Cardiel, I. 2006. El milano real en España. II Censo Nacional (2004). SEO/BirdLife, Madrid.
Distribution of breeding population in Spain
IntroductionThe Red Kite in Spain
Situation of general knowledge about winter ecology of Red Kite in Spain.
Introduction
Other than censusing the species, the winter population of Red Kite has been barely studied,
hence little is known about the various aspects of its wintering ecology.
Nevertheles there are some relevant studies about it:
- Space and habitat use in winter (Heredia et al., 1991: Ibis, 133: 374-381 ).
- Feeding strategies in winter (Hiraldo et al., 1993. Ethology 93:117-124).
- Diet, micoflora alteration, pathogen acquisition (Blanco et al. 2006: Journal of Applied Ecology, 43:
990-998).
Spanish ringing programThe Red Kite in Spain Introduction
Actually the ringing is done only in Binaced (Huesca)
and Mallorca (Balearic Islands).
Number of kites ringed anually in Spain:
Between 1973-2006 1.935 kites were ringed (59 per year)
Year pulli full grown total2003 34 17 512004 87 10 972005 43 73 1162006 70 70 140
1.- Structure of wintering population in relation to age and sex.
2.- Winter variation in body condition in relation to month, winter period, age and sex.
3.- Origin of wintering kites.
4.- Winter site fidelity in relation to age and sex.
5.-Fenology in relation to age and sex.
6.-Biometry and sexing of wintering kites.
7.- Moult and ageing of wintering kites.
8.- Local education of human population in relation to be careful with the feeding place and raptors.
AIMS
Study area
METHODOLOGYTrapping
- Kites are trapped in a supplementary feeding place managed by “Fondo de Amigos del Buitre.”
- Trapping activities are developed and managed by ringers of SEO-Monticola Ornithological Group.
- Birds are trapped with an automatic pull net shoot by remote control.
Processing of kites
Individual marking of kites in winter since 2004-2005 winter with:- Metallic rings from Spanish ringig scheme. - Distant reading rings (PVC rings; white with three digits in black).- Patagial wing tags (yellow, blue and white with SP and a code of two
digits).
GEL3
T
T
T
56AEMO04-45
6857
69 72 01 GYFU-08
GEL3
T
T
T
5656AEMO04-45AEMO04-45
68685757
6969 7272 0101 GYFU-08GYFU-08
METHODOLOGY
Processing of kites
- Biometry, moult card and blood sample is taken from birds. Birds are aged by moult and sexed by genetic analysis.
Monitoring marked kites
- One day per week in winter period birds in feeding place and roosting places are checked looking for marked kites.
Data analysis
Data where introduced in EXCEL files and analysed with Statistica and ArcView programs.
Number of kites
GENERAL RESULTS
Winter period
Trapping days
Ringed AutorecoveriesForeign
recoveriesTotal
Control of wing tags
2004-05 3 15 0 1 16 02005-06 2 56 0 3 59 502006-07 3 58 2 2 62 1222007-08 2 38 4 2 44 352008-09 2 47 5 1 53 30
Total 12 214 11 9 234 237
The population of wintering Red Kite in this area can reach a maximum of over 600 individuals, which constitutes 43% of the wintering population of the province of Huesca and over 2% of those wintering in all of Spain. Winter population is apparently quite dependent on feeding place and roost in Populus plantations.
1.- Structure of wintering population in relation to sex.RESULTS
Sex ratio. Near 1:1.No differences for all population and age classes.
56,7
43,3
55,0
45,0
52,9
47,1
55,9
44,1
0,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
60,0
% r
ed k
ites
Juvenile Second year Adult All
Age class
% females % males
1.- Structure of wintering population in relation to age
69,2
16,2 14,5
0,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
60,0
70,0
80,0
% r
ed k
ites
Juvenile Second year Adult
Age class
2.- Winter variation in body condition in relation to age
Juvenile Second year Adult950
975
1000
1025
1050
1075
1100
1125
1150B
od
y co
nd
itio
nANCOVA: Weigh: F2, 228 = 17,951; p < 0,001
Covariate: F1, 228 = 65,987; p < 0,001
2.- Winter variation in body condition in relation to sex
Male Female925
950
975
1000
1025
1050
1075
1100
Bo
dy
con
dit
ion
F1, 139 = 19,478; p < 0,001
F1, 139 = 26,458; p < 0,001
3.- Origin of wintering kites.
Origin of kites ringed or controlled in breeding season (May-July) in the north of Binaced.
3.- Origin of wintering kites.
Controls in migration periods (August, September and April) out of
Binaced of kites ringed in Binaced.
3.- Origin of wintering kites.
Countries of origin of wintering kites.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Germany France Switzerland Czech Republic
% k
ites
n = 22
4.- Winter site fidelity in relation to age and sex.
175 kites marked till 2007-2008 winter period (48 from 2008-2009 winter not included)
47 kites controlled by wing tags in winter period after marking (included winter 2008-09)
26,9 % of kites controlled in winter later than winter marking
19 kites controlled more than oe winter later than winter marking (included winter 2008-09)
10,9 % of kites controlled at least in two winters later than winter marking
4.- Winter site fidelity in relation to sex.RESULTS
59,72
73,77
25,00
13,1115,28
13,11
01020304050607080
% r
ed k
ites
One winter Two winters More than twowinters
Winter site fidelity
Female
Male
4.- Winter site fidelity in relation to age.
79,2 81,8
74,1
11,7 9,1
22,2
9,1 9,1
3,7
01020304050607080
% R
ed K
ites
One winter Two winters More than twowinters
Winter site fidelity
Juveniles
Second year
Adult
Figure 4. Controls in winter period out of Binaced of kites ringed in Binaced
4.- Winter site fidelity in relation to age and sex.
Breeding population in the study area. Navarra 263 pairs, Aragón (258-363) Huesca 169-245.
It seems that all wintering kites are non Iberian. But there are not many birds ringed in the area
in breeding season.
There are no controls of tagged kites from Binaced in southern areas of Spain.
4.- Winter site fidelity in relation to age and sex.
4.- Fenology in relation to sex.
Female
Male
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Oct
1
Oct
2
Nov
1
Nov
2
Dec
1
Dec
2
Jan
1
Jan
2
Feb
1
Feb
2
Mar
1
Mar
2
Apr
1
Apr
2
Fortnigth
Per
cen
tag
e
Female Male
4.- Fenology in relation to age.
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%O
ct 1
Oct
2
Nov
1
Nov
2
Dec
1
Dec
2
Jan
1
Jan
2
Feb
1
Feb
2
Mar
1
Mar
2
Apr
1
Apr
2
Fortnigth
Per
cen
tag
e
Juvenile Second year Adult
6.-Biometry and sexing of wintering kites.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
460-469
470-479
480-489
490-499
500-509
510-519
520-529
530-539
Wing lenght (mm)
Frec
uen
cy
FemaleMale
7.- Moult and ageing of
wintering kites.
RESULTS
7.- Moult and ageing of wintering kites. Partial body moult in first winter of life.
25,0
77,182,6
89,6 91,8
75,0
22,917,4
10,4 8,2
0,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
60,0
70,0
80,0
90,0
100,0
Head Upperparts Underparts Uppertailcoverts
Scapulars
% f
eath
ers
% unmoulted % moulted
Situation of 38 juveniles kites at beginning of March
7.- Moult and ageing of wintering kites.
P9
P10
P8
P7P3P2P1 P4
P6
P5S1S3S4S5S6S8 S2S7
S13
S12
S11S10 S9
Scapulars
10 primaries and 13 secondaries.
All wing feathers juveniles
Terminal lightfringes in primary coverts
and great coverts
Feathers in nape juveniles (brown and
abraded) and iris colour darker than adults.
Contour feathers in breast without
prominent blackish streaking
Juveniles. From fledling to next spring.
7.- Ageing kites.
Different colour and pattern between juvenile unmoulted secondaries and moulted secondaries.
Juvenile unmoulted secondaries:Browner, abraded and pointed.
Moulted secondaries:Black, new and rounded.
Remex moult in red kite. Moulting centres (focus) and progression. One in primeries and four in secondaries.
The first complete moult in remix and rectrix in second calendar year kites. Quite similar in adults.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Remix or rectrix
% s
econ
d ye
ar w
ith f
light
fea
ther
mou
lted
in la
st s
prin
g-su
mm
er
10 primaries 6 rectrix13 secondaries
Second year autumn, third year spring.
No terminal lightfringes in primary coverts and
great coverts
Two generations of secondaries: juveniles and
moulted last spring-summer.
Contour feathers in breast with prominent
blackish streaking
Feathers in nape moulted (light and new)
and iris colour light.
Adult, at least in third year autumn, or at least in four year spring.
RESULTSNo terminal light
fringes in primary coverts and great coverts
One or two generations of secondaries. But all moulted,
new and rounded.
Contour feathers in breast with prominent
blackish streaking.
Feathers in nape moulted (light and new) and iris colour light. Bill
can be quite dark.
8.- Local education of human population in relation to be careful with the feeding place and raptors.
Local population visit us in the ringing activities. Aproximately 200
people had visti us. This, of course, do not affect to the correct processing of kites.
We explain them the importance of this specie, biology and conservation problems.
Local newspapers had published notices about our work.
At least local population see than people from other areas of Spain come to his village to study kites. So it must be important for
somethig.
1.- There are a maximum of 600 Red Kites wintering in the study area. Sex ratio for wintering population is 1,3 females/male and quite similar in different ages classes. The age composition is : 69,2% juveniles, 16,2% second year and 14,5% adults.
2.- Body condition. Differences in relation to age and sex. Females and adults in better body condition.
3.- Wintering kites are mainly from Germany, France, Switzerland and Czech Republic.
4.- No differences winter site fidelity in relation to age and sex.
5.-No differences in phenology in relation to sex. Adult and second year depart before than juveniles from winter area.
Conclusions
6.- Biometry per sex and age classes had been described. Red Kites are slightly sexual dimorphic in sice. So sexing by biometrics is difficult because on the overlap in all measurements taken.
7.- Moult strategies per age class had been described and detailed information about this had been obtained. This allow have better information for accurate ageing of Red Kites.
8.- Local education of human population in relation to be careful with the feeding place and raptors.
9.- In the future we must improve the control of wing tagged birds with photo or video in the feeding place to increase the number of controls and improve our studies. Also trap and tag kites in October and November is important.
Conclusions
This presentation has been done in the framework of the monitoring project of the Red Kite in Binaced Suplementary Feeding Point managed by “Fondo de Amigos del Buitre”.
The trapping activities where developed by volunteers from SEO-Monticola Ornithological Group, “Fondo de Amigos del Buitre” and “Brinzal” with no financial support.
To all ornithologist who sent us his sightings of tagged kites.
Environmental Department of Spanish and Aragón government provide the trapping and marking permits.
Acknowledgements
Thank you for your attention
We hope you send us spring sightings of
Binaced wintering kites from your countries next
breeding season
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