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©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
An Introduction to Health and Physical Education
Ted Temertzoglou Paul Challen ISBN 1-55077-132-9
Exercise Science Section 7: The Cardiovascular and Respiratory
Systems
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
The Cardiovascular System
t Composed of: v Heart v Blood vessels v Blood
t Functions: v Delivery of O2, fuel, and
nutrients to the tissues of the body
v Removal of CO2 and waste products from the tissues
v Maintenance of a constant body temperature (thermoregulation)
v Prevention of infection (immune function)
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The Heart
t Formed from myocardium, a specialized muscle tissue t Surrounded by pericardium (tough protective sac); allows heart to
expand and contract t Epicardium lines outside of heart; endocardium lines inside of heart t Made up of four separate chambers: atria (upper chambers) and
ventricles (lower chambers) t Considered a “double-pump” and is divided into the right and left
heart; separated by the interventricular septum v Right heart:
} pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs (pulmonary circulation)
v Left heart: } Pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body (systemic
circulation)
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Structures of the Heart
Common Structures Structure of right side Structure of left side
Chordae tendinae Superior and inferior vena cava Aorta and thoracic (descending aorta)
Papillary muscles Right atrium Left atrium
Interventricular septum
Right ventricle Left ventricle
Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein
Tricuspid valve Bicuspid (mitral) valve
Pulmonary valve Aortic valve
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The Internal Anatomy of the Heart
Aorta
Superior vena cava
Right pulmonary artery Aortic semilunar valve
Right pulmonary veins
Right atrium
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Inferior vena cava
Left pulmonary artery
Left pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Bicuspid (mitral) valve
Left ventricle
Chordae tendinae
Papillary muscles
Interventricular septum
Chordae tendinae
Papillary muscles
Thoracic aorta (descending)
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Path of Blood Through the Heart
Aorta
Superior vena cava
Right pulmonary artery Aortic semilunar valve
Right pulmonary veins
Right atrium
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Inferior vena cava
Left pulmonary artery
Left pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Bicuspid (mitral) valve
Left ventricle
Chordae tendinae
Papillary muscles
Interventricular septum
Chordae tendinae
Papillary muscles
Thoracic aorta (descending)
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The Heart – Electrical Conduction System
Sinoatrial (SA) node
Internodal pathways
Bundle of His (AV bundle)
Atrioventricular (AV) node
Right and left bundle branches
Purkinje fibres
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Excitation of the Heart
t Sinoatrial node (SA node): v Specialized region of tissue found in wall of
right atrium v Location where electrical signals are initiated
(“pacemaker”) t Atrioventricular node (AV node):
v Passes electrical signal from atria into ventricles
v Passes electrical signal to the bundle of His (atrioventricular bundle)
t Bundle of His pass electrical signal to the Purkinje fibres
t Purkinje fibres pass electrical signal to the myocardium
t The myocardium contract v Leads to contraction of the heart v Leads to the pumping of blood
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The Electrical Activity of the Heart
t Measured using an electrocardiogram (ECG) v Graphical representation of
electrical sequence of events occurring with each contraction of the heart
v Each wave generated during contraction is named: P wave: represents
depolarization through the atria
QRS complex: represents depolarization of the ventricle
T wave: represents repolarization of the ventricle
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The Electrical Activity of the Heart
If, for example, a cell has a resting potential of -70mV, once the membrane potential changes to -50mV, then the cell has been depolarized. Depolarization is often caused by influx of cations, e.g. Na+ through Na+ channels, or Ca2+ through Ca2+ channels. On the other hand, efflux of K+ through K+ channels inhibits depolarization, as does influx of Cl– (an anion) through Cl– channels. If a cell has K+ or Cl– currents at rest, then inhibition of those currents will also result in a depolarization.
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Coronary Vessels – Anterior View
Superior vena cava
Branches of right pulmonary veins
Right pulmonary veins
Right atrium
Right coronary artery
Small cardiac vein
Right ventricle
Inferior vena cava
Aorta
Left pulmonary artery Branches of left pulmonary artery
Pulmonary trunk
Left pulmonary veins
Left atrium Anterior interventricular branch of left coronary artery
Great cardiac vein
Left ventricle
Thoracic aorta (descending)
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Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome – Bicuspid valve
t A person with this syndrome may have: t Chest pain or chest tightness t Dizziness t Light-headedness t Fainting t Palpitations (tachycardia) (a sensation of feeling
your heart beat) t Shortness of breath t http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=MNgl6DVwU8M t http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=585BSzuIZ_Q&feature=fvwrel t http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1fi-iz0NHW8
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Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
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Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
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Cardiac Cycle – Blood Pressure
t Cardiac cycle: series of events occurring through one heartbeat t Involves two phases:
v Systole phase (contraction) Heart contracts and ejects blood
v Diastole phase (relaxation) Heart fills with blood
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Unit 4 Evolution of Sport
Oral Presentation Criteria: - length of presentation - 20 minutes - evidence of student preparation - audience participation/appeal - audio visual/technology - presentation of the information (logical, flowing)
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Unit 4 Evolution of Sport
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Lance Armstrong – Ethics (If everyone is doing?, Big Business (Nike dropped)
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Felix’s Jump from Space – Are we pushing our bodies to much for
performance and money
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Khalif Mitchell Suspended may fired for racial Slur on Twitter - “Both of them hide
money with the Ch**ks,” Presidential Canidates - =
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The Vascular System and Blood
t Vascular System: v A network of vessels that transport blood throughout the
body; vessels divided into four main categories: Arteries: carry blood away from the heart to different
organs Arterioles: regulate blood distribution to various tissues
of the body Capillaries: responsible for the exchange of gases and
nutrients with the tissues Veins (venules): return blood to the heart
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Summary of the Vascular System
Large veins
Medium veins
Venules
Large arteries
Medium arteries
Capillaries
Arteriole
Precapillary sphincters
Capillary bed
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The Return of Blood from the Veins
t The skeletal muscle pump: v Upon contraction of skeletal muscle,
blood is pushed/ massaged back to the heart
t The thoracic pump: v Pressure in veins (in the chest)
decrease while pressure in veins (in the abdominal cavity) increase upon intake of breath
v Difference in pressure pushes blood from veins in the abdominal cavity into veins in the thoracic cavity
t The nervous system: v Sends a signal to veins v Veins constrict allowing more blood
back to the heart
The skeletal muscle pump
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The Return of Blood from the Veins – Varicose Veins
The skeletal muscle pump
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The Return of Blood from the Veins – Varicose Veins t Leg muscles pump the veins
to return blood to the heart (the calf muscle pump mechanism), against the effects of gravity.
t When veins become varicose, the leaflets of the valves no longer meet properly, and the valves do not work (valvular incompetence).
t This allows blood to flow backwards and they enlarge even more.
The skeletal muscle pump
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Properties of Blood t Two main components:
v Plasma Fluid component of blood (mostly water)
v Blood cells Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
² Made in bone marrow ² Transport O2 and CO2 in the blood ² Transport nutrients and waste ² Contain hemoglobin
White blood cells (leukocytes) ² Destroy foreign elements ² Critical in the function of the immune
system Platelets
² Regulate blood clotting
Plasma 55% 90% water 7% plasma proteins 3% other (acids, salts)
Formed elements 45% >99% red blood cells <1% white blood cells and platelets
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Properties of Blood – fat after a burger
, salts)
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Cardiovascular Dynamics
t Cardiovascular system adapts to meet the demands that are placed on it
t Heart adjusts amount of blood pumped by altering: v Heart rate (HR)
duration of each cardiac cycle v Stroke volume(SV)
volume of blood ejected by ventricles v Cardiac output (Q)
HR Î SV = Q t Frank-Starling Law:
v Ability of the heart to stretch and increase the force of contraction t Ejection fraction
v Measure of stroke volume calculated by use of a formula
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Cardiac Cycle – Blood Pressure
t Cardiac cycle: series of events occurring through one heartbeat t Involves two phases:
v Systole phase (contraction) Heart contracts and ejects blood
v Diastole phase (relaxation) Heart fills with blood
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Blood Pressure
t Blood Pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the arteries
t Measuring blood pressure: systolic pressure over diastolic pressure v Systolic blood pressure:
Pressure observed in the arteries during contraction phase
v Diastolic blood pressure: Pressure observed in the arteries
during relaxation phase of the heart
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Blood Pressure
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Normal Blood Pressure
t Normal blood pressure (BP): 120mmHg over 80mmHg t Hypertension
v BP greater than 140mmHg over 90mmHg
t Factors affecting BP v Diet v Aerobic exercise v Stress
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Blood Flow Distribution
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Effects of Training
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The Respiratory System
t Composed of structures that allow: v Passage of air from outside
the body to the lungs v Gas exchange to occur
t Three main functions: v Supply O2 to the blood v Remove CO2 from the blood v Regulate blood pH (acid-base
balance) t Divided into two zones:
v Conductive zone v Respiratory zone
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tockphoto.com/”E
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Respiratory System Structure
Nasal cavity
Mouth Epiglottis
Pharynx
Larynx
Right and left primary bronchi
Trachea
Secondary bronchi
Tertiary bronchioles
Smooth muscle
Pulmonary arteriole
Pulmonary venule
Terminal bronchiole
Respiratory bronchiole
Alveolar sacs
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The Conductive Zone
t The conductive zone is composed of structures that transport air to the lungs: v Mouth and nose v Larynx v Trachea v Primary and secondary
bronchi v Tertiary and terminal
bronchioles t Filters air taken in with each
breath
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The Respiratory Zone
t The respiratory zone is composed of structures involved with the exchange of gases: v Respiratory bronchioles v Alveolar ducts v Alveolar sacs
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Mechanisms of Breathing t Inspiration:
v Contraction of diaphragm v Thoracic cavity expands
Air pressure in thoracic cavity is lower than air pressure outside the body
v Air rushes in to lungs to restore balance Lung pressure = atmospheric
pressure t Expiration:
v Alveolar sacs recoil as diaphragm relaxes
v Air is expelled v Thoracic cavity reduces v Lung pressure>atmospheric
pressure
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Ventilation
t Ventilation (VE) is the volume of air moved by the lungs in 1 minute
t Influenced by two factors: v Tidal volume (VT)
Volume of air in each breath v Respiratory frequency (f)
Number of breaths taken per minute
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Respiratory Control Centres
t Respiratory control centres found within brain stem: v Medulla oblongata
Inspiratory centre ² 15-20 breaths per minute at rest
Expiratory centre ² Two main functions:
Ø Ensure the inspiratory muscles never completely relax Ø Stimulate forceful expiration when required (during
exercise) v Pons
Pneumotaxic and apneustic centres ² Ensure smooth transition of inhalation to exhalation ² Fine-tune the breathing pattern
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Lung Volumes t Lung Volumes are divided into two categories:
v Static lung volumes Determined by the actual structure of the lung Three important static lung volumes:
² Total lung capacity (TLC) Ø Maximum volume of air that lungs can hold Ø Sum of vital capacity
² Vital capacity (VC) Ø Maximum amount of air that can be exhaled following
a maximal inhalation ² Residual volume (RV)
Ø Air that remains in lungs following a maximal exhalation
v Dynamic lung volumes Dependent on volume as well as movement/flow of air
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Fractional Concentrations and Partial Pressures of Main Gasses Found in Air
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Fractional Concentrations and Partial Pressures of Main Gasses Mount Everest
The atmospheric pressure at the top of Everest is about a third of sea level pressure, meaning there is about a third as much oxygen available to breathe as at sea level.
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Training at High Altitude
Proponents claim that when such athletes travel to competitions at lower altitudes they will still have a higher concentration of red blood cells for 10–14 days, and this gives them a competitive advantage. Some athletes live permanently at high altitude, only returning to sea level to compete, but their training may suffer due to less available oxygen for workouts.
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Gas Exchange
t Diffusion mediates gas exchange v Diffusion is the movement of a gas,
liquid, or solid from a region of high concentration to low concentration Can only occur if a difference in
concentration exists ² Concentration gradient
t Diffusion pathway v Area through which gases move from
the lungs into the blood; from the blood into the tissue, and back
v Rates of diffusion depend on: Size of concentration gradient Thickness of barrier between two
areas Surface area between two areas
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Oxygen/Carbon Dioxide Transport
t Oxygen (O2) transport within the blood achieved in two ways: v O2 dissolved within the plasma
Represents 2% of O2 found in the blood v Binds to hemoglobin
t Carbon dioxide (CO2) transport achieved in three ways: v Trace amounts of CO2 dissolved within the plasma v Binds to hemoglobin v Bicarbonate system
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External and Internal Respiration
t External respiration is the result of two main factors: v Increase in pulmonary ventilation (VE)
Maintains necessary gradients in the partial pressures of both O2 and CO2
v Increase in blood flow to the lungs Caused by and increase in cardiac output
t Internal respiration involves exchange of gases at tissue level – extraction of O2 at tissues is increased
t Occurs as result of four main factors: v Increase in partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) gradient v Increase in partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) v Decrease in pH v Increase in temperature
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Flow of External and Internal Respiration
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a-vO2 Difference
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Lactate Threshold
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Oxygen Deficit and EPOC
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Physiological Adaptations Due to Endurance Training
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Asthma t Asthma (acute or chronic) is
characterized by: v Spasm of smooth muscle lining the
respiratory system v Oversecretion of mucous v Swelling of cells lining the respiratory
tract t Asthma results in:
v Dyspnea (shortness of breath) v Wheezing during breathing
t Factors that stimulate attacks: v Exercise v Allergic reactions/contaminates v Stress
t Controlled through the use of medications
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
t Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): v Describes a family of diseases that lead to a reduction in airflow
through the respiratory system v Often fatal in severe cases v Persistent conditions cannot be relieved (quickly or effectively)
through the use of medications v Individuals experience dyspnea while performing everyday
activities v Treatment includes:
Medication Oxygen therapy Respiratory muscle training
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