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Evolving Ourselves –
Adapting to Our Unnatural World
Augmented/Amplified Humans Colloquium
Steve Gullans, PhD
Recent News Headlines
Caffeine linked to miscarriageand dad's habit matters, too
Genetically Modified Maggots Can Feast On Wounds And Help It Heal
Smallest-yet genome reveals how little we know about
life — synthetic or real
Gut microbes cause obesity
Grandpa's obesity affects the health of his grandchildren
City Birds Are Smarter and Stronger Than Country Birds
Donald Trump's unsettling nonsense on weather and climate
Happy cows make more nutritious milk
Blind woman may see thanks to gene therapy and light
CRISPR's latest trick is cutting HIV out of human cells
Gene drive and the future of weaponized insects and the elimination of public
health threats like Zika Virus Mosquitoes
National Academy of Sciences
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Origin_of_Species_1859_title_page.jpg\
Survival of the Fittest
- Herbert Spencer, 1864
Random Mutation
Natural Selection
Darwinian Evolution
Natural World
Flickr: Valerii Tkachenko, brewbooks, Peter Alder, Darwinek, Cropbot, Myrabella, Lachaume, Tillea, Anthere
Unnatural World
Flickr: KR3ColinB ecstaticist, DSK_3539, Andrei Dimofte, Jesster79, Billy Hathorn, fishhawk, Matt H. Wade, Chris Metcalf, Rob Chandler, Riverrat303
Non-Random Mutation
Unnatural Selection
Today Humans Run ½ the Show
Unnatural Selection
Unnatural Survival
Avoiding early death
• Modern medicine
• Food & nutrition
• Shelter
• Less violence
Unnatural Reproduction
Passing on “bad” traits
• Prenatal testing
• In vitro fertilization
• Healthy pregnancies
• Safer deliveries
Unnatural Survival
http://krusekronicle.typepad.com/.shared/image.html?/photos/uncategorized/2008/03/17/le01.gif
Credit CDC: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4838a2.htm
Infant Mortality Rate Maternal Mortality Rate
Unnatural Survival
Unnatural Reproduction
Assisted Reproductive Technology • Fertility drugs
• Intrauterine Insemination
• Embryo transfer
• Intracytoplasmic sperm injection
• Autologous endometrial coculture
• Assisted zona hatching
• Embryo splitting
Third Party Reproduction
• Sperm donor
• Egg donor
• Ovum donor
• Mitochondrial donor
• Surrogacy
Unnatural Reproduction - Fertility
Credit: Max Roser https://ourworldindata.org/fertility/
Very Rapid Urbanization
Our biology is designed for this
Flickr: Valerii Tkachenko, brewbooks, Peter Alder, Darwinek, Cropbot, Myrabella, Lachaume, Tillea, Anthere
But we live in this
"Trillium Poncho cat dog". http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trillium_Poncho_cat_dog.jpg#mediaviewer/File:Trillium_Poncho_cat_dog.jpg
Life Around Us Is Changing
And So Are Humans
• Living Longer• Taller• Smarter• Less Violent• Healthier • Allergies
• Autism• Diabetes• Migraines• Infertility• Obesity• Myopia
Nature AND Nurture
EnvironmentGenes
HoloGenome
Genome (DNA)
Microbiome(Bacteria)
Virome(Viruses)
EpiGenome(On/Off Switches)
Transgenerational Inheritance
Credit: Tanya Hall http://www.pdimages.com/web9.htm
Epigenetics and Disease
• Obesity
• Heart Disease
• Diabetes
• Cancer
• Allergies
• Infections
• Fragile X
• Autism
• Schizophrenia
• Depression
• Alzheimer’s
• Autoimmune Diseases
• Angelman’s
• Rett Syndrome
Microbes & Obesity
Credit: Janice Carr - CDC
Microbiome and Disease
• Obesity
• Heart Disease
• Type 2 Diabetes
• Infections
• Growth
• Lipid Levels
• Prostatitis
• Cancer
• Multiple Sclerosis
• Autism
• Depression
• Alzheimer’s
• Parkinson’s
• Stroke
• IBD
• Sickle Cell
• Insomnia
Credit: Orion--13Credit: Tommy Williamson
Genomics
HoloGenomics
Becoming A New Species?Are We Rapidly
Mutating?
Non-Random Mutation
Intelligent Design
Taking Control of Our Genome
Gene Editing
Gene Transfer
Stem Cells
CRISPR
Cycle of Technology Hype
Trough of Disillusionment
Peak of Inflated Expectations
Slope of Enlightenment
Plateau of Productivity
Credit: Roy Amara & Gartner
Cycle of IT Technology Hype
Robotics
Internet of Things
Speech Recognition
Smart Phones Consumer Electronics
Credit: Roy Amara & Gartner
DronesCyber-Humans
https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2013/10/24/moocs-and-the-cycle-of-hype/
3-D Printing
Virtual Reality
Berg, Boyer & Cohen
http://www.whatisbiotechnology.org/people
Cycle of BioTechnology Hype
Synthetic BiologyGMOs, Stem Cells
Gene Editing
Gene Therapy
Insulin, HGH, Botox, Fertility Treatment
Credit: Roy Amara & Gartner
Cancer Therapy (I/O)Anti-Aging
https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2013/10/24/moocs-and-the-cycle-of-hype/
Gene Therapy
Brief History
• First human trial in 1989
• 2300 Human trials
• Approved in China, 2003
• Glybera approved by EU in 2012 to treat lipoprotein lipase deficiency
• $1M for treatment
• None FDA approved
Credit: George Church
Well Worn Path
Disease
Aging & Beauty
Performance
Non-Random Mutation
Modify myself
Modify all my progeny
Modify my children
Transiently
Permanently
Reversibly
Gene Editing – Gene Drive
Adapted from: Patrick Boyle: http://www.methodquarterly.com/2014/11/going-viral/
Carrier of Malaria Resistance Gene Carrier of Malaria Resistance Gene& CRISPR/Cas9
Eliminating Malaria
http://www.godieselusa.com/the-feed/?currentPage=3
DIY Genetic Engineering
Humans are Directly and Deliberately…
Taking Control of Evolution
Ethical Challenges Ahead
• Designer babies
• Designer pets and crops
• Forever young
• Immortality
• Cyber-humans
• New species
• Future humans
Frank K. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_McKinley.jpg
What is Evolution?
Evolution is a process that results in heritable changes in a population
spread over many generations.- Prof. Laurence A. Moran
http://bioinfo.med.utoronto.ca/Evolution_by_Accident/What_Is_Evolution.html
Missing Heredity&
Mystery Toxins
Credit: Claudette Gallant - publicdomainpictures.net
CNS
Immune Endocrine
Hologenome
DESTINY
DietEnriched Environment
StressToxins
InfectionNurture
You
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