european roadmap future light and heavy duty internal
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European Roadmap
Future Light and Heavy Duty Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)
Technologies-Draft-
Zissis Samaras, Professor
ERTRAC Working Group on Energy & Environment
24/11/20151
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• ERTRAC – The European Road Transport Research Advisory
Council
• A Discussion of the possible research targets for the ICE to
address societal needs
• CO2 Emissions
• Pollutant Emissions
in the framework of the European objectives
• Technologies to be developed
• Next steps
Contents
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European Road Transport Research Advisory Council
A European Technology Platform
3 24/11/2015
Societal challenges
• Decarbonisation
• Reliability
• Safety & Security
• Global Competitiveness
Target:
To produce Roadmaps for the European
research Activities in the mid term future
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Reducing Road Transport
CO2 Emissions
Consumer
Information
labeling
Public
procurement
Infrastructure
and traffic
managementEco-driving
and driver
behaviour
Fuels
&
Energy
Motor
vehicles
Taxation and
fiscal measures
Consumer &
Real World Driving
Fleet
renewal
Following an Integrated Approach is Paramount
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Decarbonization of Road Transport:
ERTRAC Guiding objectives for 2030
• Improving the energy efficiency of road transport• Greater fuel efficiency of engines, vehicles, and transport systems
• Greater use of alternative transport modes, especially in urban areas
• Greater use of Information Technology (V2V, V2I, and V2G)
• Increasing the share of renewables in road transport• Greater use of biofuels in road fuels
• Greater use of renewables in electricity generation
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* Versus 2010 baseline
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EC objective
• To reduce GHG emissions in the EU by 80 to 95% by 2050 compared to
1990 levels
• This target sets out the boundaries also for developments in the
transport sector
Transport White Paper
• To reduce the GHG emissions from the transport sector by 60% by 2050
compared to 1990 and by 20% by 2030 compared to 2008 levels
2030 targets
• At least 40% cuts in GHG emissions (from 1990 levels)
• At least 27% share for renewable energy
• At least 27% improvement in energy efficiency
EU Climate & energy framework
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EU 2030 Framework for Climate and Energy:
New Governance System
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Road
Non-road
Source EC, 2014. European Commission’s 2030 framework for climate and energy: A key step in EU "domestic preparations"
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Demanding EU CO2 Transport Targets …
8
EU28 all transport GHG (CO2–equivalent)
Data source: European Environment Agency, 2015 update
Road
Non-road
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…with projections of strong activity growth
9
Road
Non-road
EU28 activity projection
Data source: IIASA, TSAP
Transport growth is
strongly related to
economic growth and
increased trade within
Europe and
internationally.
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Road
Non-road
With 75% CO2 road transport, what do future
targets mean for automotive research?
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Structure of Car Fleet and Fuel Shares
Source: EU ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND GHG EMISSIONS TRENDS TO 2050 – Reference Scenario 2013
Report for DG Energy, DG Climate Action and DG Mobility and Transport
December 2013
Final Energy demand in Transport by Fuel Type
EC’s “Reference Scenario 13”: attempt to define
transport trends to 2030 in compliance with the targets
(with extrapolation to 2050)
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ERTRAC’s view: The evolution of passenger road
transport per energy source
www.ertrac.orgSource: EC, 2013. EU ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND GHG EMISSIONS TRENDS TO 2050
The role of ICE
�The EC Reference Scenario largely overstates the diesel
share, while forecasts low electricity penetration.
�Nevertheless, whatever the scenario, the dominant role of
ICEs both as stand alone prime movers or in hybrid
configurations is underlined – Irrespective of different
approaches regarding fleet composition
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In passenger road transport
energy intensity is expected
to improve by 35% in 2030
relative to 2005
In freight road transport
energy intensity is expected to
improve by 15% in 2030
relative to 2005
Source: EC, 2013. EU ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND GHG EMISSIONS TRENDS TO 2050
The EC “Reference Scenario 13” –
Projected energy intensity reductions to 2030
(extrapolation to 2050)
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ERTRAC Guiding objectives compared to EC’s
“Reference Scenario 13” 1/2
ERTRAC Vision 2030 EC Reference 13 Intensity
Efficiency Intensity 2030 2050
Urban passenger transport +80% -45%
Long distance freight +40% -28,5%
Overall road transport +50% -33%
Road passenger transport -29% -35%
Road freight transport -13% -20%
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ERTRAC Guiding objectives compared to EC’s
“Reference Scenario 13” 2/2
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� ERTRAC’s Guiding objectives are more far reaching than the
current EU Targets for 2030
� ERTRAC’s Vision and Roadmaps have positively influenced so
far the technology development that underpinned the EU’s
targets
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However according to EC’s “Reference Scenario 13” –
additional actions are necessary to control CO2 emissions
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• With the so far measures passenger transport CO2 emissions
decrease by 18 % between 2010 and 2030 and then stabilize
• Freight transport CO2 emissions steadily increase.
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Air Quality Targets: PM emissions -
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0
100
200
300
400
500
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
kt
PM
2.5
Inl. vessels + ships
Agric. + forestry machines
Construction machines
Rail - diesel only
Other non-road machinery
Heavy trucks - diesel
Cars and light trucks - gasoline
Cars and light trucks - diesel
Mopeds + Motorcycles
Buses + all other
Tyre, brake, abrasion
Generally a success story:
Reductions until 2030
Remaining issues:
• Particle number
emissions in particular
in RDE from GDIs
• Non exhaust emissions
(tyre, clutch and brake
wear) increase
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Road
Non-road
A discussion for target setting
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Targets for roadmaps are deduced in the
framework of ERTRAC system’s approach
20 01/12/2015
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Target of the advanced technologies for the ICE
• Extend the ICE efficiency as close as possible to its
thermodynamic boundaries – Similarly to target
setting in other parts of the world
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Japan’s R&D Program on
Internal Combustion EnginesUS DoE Super Truck Program
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Discussion for peak thermal efficiency
targets
• For Passenger Cars and Light Commercial
vehicles: Peak thermal efficiency 50%
• For Heavy Duty Vehicles:
Peak thermal efficiency 55%
• Question: How the above translate in terms of
cycle fuel consumption? � They should be
complemented with a wider range of good
efficiency. � Closure of the gap between real world and cycle fuel consumption by 2025
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CO2 emission related to the efficiency of a mid-
class vehicle (1360 Kg)
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CO2 challenges for future HD propulsion
24 01/12/2015
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Discussion for pollutant emissions targets
• For regulated pollutants (NOx and PN)
emissions better than Euro 6 emission limits
in RDE conditions (i.e. excellent performance
all over the engine map and under – most –
driving conditions)
• No increase of non-regulated pollutants (i.e.
NH3, N2O etc.)
25 01/12/2015
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ICE improvement areas towards higher energy
efficiency
26 01/12/2015
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Conventional and Alternative / Bio Fuels for
Transportation
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Technologies under discussion
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Advanced technologies for the ICE to reach
efficiency targets
Technologies
Further development of components and systems, based on existing engine
technologies
New combustionprocesses / engine
concepts, new combustion sensing & control
Development of dedicated ICEs for
electrified powertrains
Efficient dedicated combustion engines for alternative/low carbon
fuels
29 01/12/2015
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Future Light Duty ICE Powertrain Technologies
30 24/11/2015
Time for market introduction
Further development on
components and systems, on
the intelligent interplay of
combinations of these
technologies
2015 2020 2025 2030 2040 2050
New combustion processes and
engine concepts
short term
long term
imp
act
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Further development on components and systems
Combustion Improvement � Fully flexible injection systems,
pressure, fuel quality, and rate shaping
� Fully flexible valvetrains and Variable
Compression Ratio (VCR)
� EGR systems (internal, external, low
and high pressure)
� Downsizing, downspeeding, and high-
pressure charging
� Spark Ignition engine technology for
future fuels (including downsizing)
� Compression Ignition engine
technology for future fuels
31 02/06/2015
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Further development on components and systems
Control systems � Multivariable model-based control
systems
� Model based development
� Model based calibration
� Further Sensor development
� Predictive route based control
Emissions Control and
After-treatment
� Particulate Matter (PM) control with
focus on in-Chamber PM Control
� Advanced after-treatment solutions for
Spark Ignited engines including gas
engines
� Advanced After-Treatment Solutions
for Compression Ignited engines
� Non-precious metal aftertreatment
systems
32 02/06/2015
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Further development on components and systems
Cool and Heat recovery � Waste heat recovery
� Advanced cooling technology
Engine lightweight � Integral part of powertrain
lighweighting
Transmission � Advanced Transmissions for
Conventional and Hybrid Powertrains� transmission efficiency
� overall powertrain control
33 02/06/2015
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New combustion processes and engine concepts
34 02/06/2015
+ New Powertrain Architectures
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Potential contribution of the above
technologies to reach the targets
35 01/12/2015
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Heavy-duty Powertrain Future Technologies
� New/modified engine architectures for improved efficiency
� Engine/powertrain systems for Longer/Heavier combinations
� Heavy electrification (PHEV with electrified major roads)
� Improvement of the thermodynamic
� Engine Down speeding and or Engine downsizing
� Combustion improvements (cylinder pressure, chamber
shape, improved heat rejection, fuel injection)
– For conventional and low CO2 fuels
� Turbo efficiency/Turbo-compound Waste Heat Recovery
� Engine friction and fluid pumping
� Ultra low engine-out emission control
� Engine control and adaptation for
– Autonomous vehicles
– Electrified urban delivery36 02/06/2015
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ERTRAC Working Group on Energy & Environment:
• Stefan Schmerbeck (VW) - chair
• Heather Hamjer (Concawe) – co-chair
• Rainer Aust (VW/Eofer)
• Penny Atkins, Simon Edwards (Ricardo)
• Gaetano de Paola (IFPEN)
• Peter Prenninger (AVL)
• Andrea Gerini (CRF)
• …and many others
37 02/06/2015
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Merci de votre attention!
01/12/201538
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